PP/甘蔗皮纤维复合材料的拉伸性能

采用热压工艺制造聚丙烯(PP)/甘蔗皮纤维复合材料,并研究其拉伸性能。研究热压温度为175℃、压力为2 MPa、时间15 min工艺条件下纤维粒径大小和质量分数对复合材料拉伸强度和拉伸弹性模量的影响。结果表明:在甘蔗皮纤维质量分数为40%条件下,复合材料拉伸性能随着粒径减小呈现先增加后减少的趋势,当纤维粒径为40~60目(0.45~0.3 mm)时材料拉伸强度最大,为8.58 MPa,此时弹性模量为2.44 GPa;在相同纤维粒径40~60目条件下,纤维质量分数为40%时PP复合材料拉伸强度最大,纤维质量分数为50%时PP复合材料拉伸弹性模量最大,达到2.65 GPa。根据实验结果,甘蔗皮纤维增强PP复合材料在纤维粒径为40~60目、质量分数在40%时综合拉伸性能最佳。     

Elastic behaviour of a model two-phase material

Dense Al₂O₃–NiAl composites containing 0–100% NiAl were prepared in the present study, and their elastic properties are determined by a dynamic method. Comparisons are made between the experimental data and several theoretical models. The elastic and shear moduli fall within the Voigt–Reuss bounds and close to the lower bound of the Hashin–Shtrikman (H–S) model. Nevertheless, the bulk modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the composites show strong dependence on their microstructural characteristics. As two phases are interconnected in the composites to form an interpenetrating microstructure, the bulk modulus deviates considerably from the Voigt–Reuss and H–S bounds. However, the Poisson’s ratio of the composites containing only one continuous phase differs from the model predictions.     

Characterizing elastic properties of carbon nanotube‐based composites by using an equivalent fiber

Effective elastic properties for carbon nanotube (CNT)‐reinforced composites are obtained through a variety of micromechanics techniques. An embedded CNT in a polymer matrix and its surrounding interphase is replaced with an equivalent fiber for predicting the mechanical properties of the CNT/polymer composite. Formulas to extract the effective material constants from solutions for the representative volume element under three loading cases are derived based on the elasticity theory. The effects of an interphase layer between the nanotubes and the polymer matrix as result of effective interphase layer are also investigated. Furthermore, this research is aimed at characterizing the elastic properties of CNTs‐reinforced composites using Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka approach based on an equivalent fiber. The variations of mechanical properties with tube radius, interphase thickness, and degree of aggregation are investigated. It is shown that the presence of aggregates has stronger impact than the interphase thickness on the effective modulus of the composite. This is because aggregates have significantly lower modulus than individual CNTs. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013 © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

碳纤维改性HA/PMMA生物复合材料力学性能的研究

采用原位合成与溶液共混相结合的方法,制备了短切碳纤维增强纳米羟基磷灰石(HA)/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)生物复合材料。研究了碳纤维的含量和长度对HA/PMMA复合材料结构和力学性能的影响。采用万能材料试验机和扫描电子显微镜对复合材料的力学性能及断面的微观形貌进行了测试和表征。结果表明:碳纤维在HA/PMMA复合材料中分布均匀,有效提高了复合材料的力学性能;碳纤维含量为4%时,复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、压缩强度和弹性模量等均达到最大值;复合材料的断裂伸长率随碳纤维含量的增加而减小;当碳纤维含量一定时,随其长度的增加,复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弹性模量均增加,但断裂伸长率降低。     

短切玻纤对硬质聚氨酯力学性能和形态结构的影响

采用一步法制备了玻纤增强硬质聚氨酯的复合材料(RPU).与长径比为20和100的玻纤相比,长径比为40的玻纤增强材料的弹性模量增加了55%,而前者增强材料的弹性模量仅分别提高38.7%和41.7%;该材料增强的压缩弹性模量与拉伸弹性模量规律几乎一致.SEM图表明:适宜长径比的纤维本身的拉伸强度对于硬泡塑料的力学性能增强起了重要作用.     

Thermal Sensor to Monitor Mechanical Properties in Polymer/Fiber Composite Molding

Multi‐layered samples of 1) continuous fiber axially aligned and 2) random oriented mat glass fiber composites were manually prepared for a fiber content ranging from zero to 20% (vol.). The uniaxially aligned samples displayed linear relations between both normalized elastic modulus and normalized thermal conductivity, and fiber content, for axially applied load and heat flux. For the random mat composite samples, similar results were obtained, with symmetry displayed in the plane of the mat. In both cases, measured axial thermal conductivity permits an evaluation of the axial elastic modulus. The Mathis surface probe used (US patent #5,795,064) is demonstrated as a non‐intrusive indirect method of obtaining thermal conductivity for heat flux parallel (i.e. axial or transverse) to the plane of a sample. The method shows potential for use as an in‐line monitoring device for the mechanical properties of molded composites.     

承载/声隐身混杂纤维复合材料的研究

通过试验获取了碳纤维(CF)、凯夫拉纤维(KF)、玻璃纤维(GF)、超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMPEF)复合材料的力学性能和声学性能参数,在此基础上分别利用等效刚度法和传递矩阵法,对CF/UHMPEF、CF/KF、CF/GF混杂纤维复合材料的拉伸刚度、声反射系数和声透射系数进行计算。结果表明,材料的刚度和强度基本相同的条件下CF/UHMPEF复合材料声压反射系数最小,其次是CF/KF复合材料,再次是CF/GF复合材料。10kHz频率范围内3种混杂材料的声透射系数都达到95%以上。     

Micromechanical discrete element modeling of fiber reinforced polymer composites

An analytical model of mechanical behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites using an advanced discrete element model (DEM) coupled with imaging techniques is presented in this article. The analysis focuses on composite materials molded by vacuum assisted resin transfer molding. The molded composite structure consists of eight‐harness carbon fiber fabrics and a high‐temperature polymer. The actual structure of the molded material was captured in digital images using optical microscopy. DEM was developed using the image‐based‐shape structural model to predict the composite elastic modulus, stress–strain response, and compressive strength. An experimental case study is presented to evaluate the accuracy of the developed analytical model. The results indicate that the image‐based DEM micromechanical model showed fairly accurate predictions for the elastic modulus and compressive strength. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Flexural modulus of SiC/SiC composites sintered by microwave and conventional heating

To deeply study the variation mechanisms of mechanical properties, flexural modulus of SiC fibers reinforced SiC matrix (SiC/SiC) composites prepared by conventional and microwave heating at 800?°C–1100?°C was discussed in detail. The elastic modulus of fibers and matrix, interface bonding strength and porosity of SiC/SiC composites were considered together to analyze the changing tendencies and differences in their flexural modulus. The elastic modulus of fiber and matrix was determined by nanoindentation technique and interface characteristics applying fiber push-out test. The porosity and microstructure examinations were characterized by mercury intrusion method, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Moreover, two conflicts between the changing trends of elastic modulus and chemical compositions of composite components were focused and explained. Results indicate that three factors played different roles in the flexural modulus of SiC/SiC composites and residual tensile stress in composite components led to the conflicts between their elastic modulus and chemical compositions.     

Mechanical properties of polypropylene composites based on natural fibers subjected to multiple extrusion cycles

The influence of multiple extrusion cycles on the behavior of natural fibers‐reinforced polypropylene was studied. Composites were fabricated with 20 wt % of flax fibers. Final fibers dimensions (length and diameter) were measured by means of optical microscopy. Mechanical properties of matrix and composites were measured after each extrusion cycle. It was observed that the elastic modulus increased by fibers incorporation. The elastic modulus of the matrix was higher after the first process cycle than that of the virgin material, mainly because of chain scission. In the next cycles, the modulus kept constant. On the other hand the elastic modulus of the composite after a single extrusion step was lower than that predicted by the Halpin–Tsai model probably because of a poor mixing and to low adhesion at the fiber–matrix interface. In the following two steps, modulus increased because the better fiber dispersion was observed. For the final two extrusion cycles, the slow decrease in this property was correlated with the darkening and poor organoleptic properties observed as a result of thermal degradation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 228–237, 2007     

Modeling tensile response of fiber‐reinforced polymer composites using discrete element method

An advanced discrete element method (DEM), coupled with imaging techniques, of the tensile response of carbon fiber‐reinforced composite materials is presented in this article. DEM was developed using the image‐based shape structural model to determine the composites' elastic modulus, stress–strain response, and tensile strength. The developed model utilizes the microfabric micromechanical discrete element modeling technique. Clusters of very small bonded discrete elements were used to model the two composite constituents (matrix and reinforcement). The microparameters of each discrete element were determined from the macrocharacteristics of each constituent. The results from the developed model were compared with the results from an experimental case study. The results obtained from DEM simulations are within the coefficient of variation of the experimental values. The comparison indicates that the image‐based DEM micromechanical model accurately determines the elastic modulus and tensile strength of the molded carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer composite. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:877–886, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

三维石英织物增强氮化硅基复合材料的制备及其力学性能

以分子结构单元为[SiH2NH]n的全氢聚硅氮烷作先驱体，采用聚合物浸渍裂解法制备了三维石英织物增强氮化硅基复合材料（3DSiO2f／Si3N4）。研究了复合材料的致密化工艺与力学性能。结果表明：全氢聚硅氮烷与石英纤维润湿性好，浸渍效率高，陶瓷产率高；经5个浸渍裂解周期后复合材料密度达1．96g／cm^3，孔隙率为10．9％，复合材料室温弯曲强度为33．5MPa，弹性模量为16．3GPa。由断口形貌看出：材料呈现脆性断裂，无纤维拔出现象，纤维与基体发生了较强的界面结合，基体内部和纤维表面均出现微裂纹。界面结合过强是导致3DSiO2f／Si3N4复合材料力学性能不佳的主要原因。     

Elastic Properties of Al2O3 and Si3N4 Matrix Composites with SiC Whisker Reinforcement

A study of the elastic moduli of Al₂O₃ and Si₃N₄ ceramics reinforced with 0 to 25 wt% SiC whiskers has been performed. The Young's moduli, shear moduli, and longitudinal modulus are compared with calculated predictions for aligned fiber composites by Hill and Hashin and Rosen, and for fibers randomly oriented in three dimensions by Christensen and Waal. The measured values are in excellent quantitative agreement with those derived for the random orientation of the SiC whiskers.     

三维取向短纤维增强复合材料弹性模量的计算

基于单取向纤维增强复合材料的力学性能计算模型,借助于纤维取向分布函数及坐标转换,建立了三维取向短纤维增强复合材料弹性模量的数值计算模型。按该模型对短纤维增强树脂基复合材料的弹性模量进行计算,将其结果与同类材料的实验结果比较验证。结果表明,该模型的预测具有较好的准确性。     

Microstructure and elastic properties of individual components of C/C composites

Carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix (C/C) composites are often used for structural and frictional applications at a wide range of temperatures due to their excellent mechanical and thermal properties. Tailoring of mechanical properties through optimization of microstructure is critical for achieving maximum composite performance. This article addresses the evolution of the fiber and matrix microstructure and related nano-mechanical properties in two different C/C composites after being subjected to heat treatment at temperatures between 1800 and 2400 °C. Microstructure and corresponding nano-mechanical properties of C/C composites were studied using Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and nanoindentation techniques. Increased heat treatment temperature (HTT) led to formation of a better-organized microstructure of fiber and matrix and also to formation of thermal cracks. The elastic modulus of rough laminar CVI pyrocarbon decreased from 18 to 12 GPa with increased HTT. In contrast, the isotropic CVI pyrocarbon and charred resin matrix displayed only a slight change of elastic modulus. The elastic modulus of PAN fiber increased from 18 to 34 GPa, indicating the development of a better-organized microstructure in the fiber-axial direction.     

深潜壳体用高模量树脂基体的研究——基体模量对复合材料抗压抗剪性能的影响

制备了高模量树脂基单向复合材料，测试了单向复合材料的纵向压缩性能和平面剪切性能。研究了基体模量对单向复合材料抗压强度及复合材料平面剪切性能的影响，结果表明：单向复合材料的抗压强度与基体模量成线性比例关系，随基体模量的提高而提高，复合材料的平面剪切性能与基体模量基本上呈线性关系，平面剪切强度亦随基体模量的提高而提高。以模量达５．３６ＧＰａ的环氧树脂作为复合材料的树脂基体制备的，单向玻璃纤维增强复合材料其抗压强度高达１．２９５ＧＰａ，碳纤维增强的复合材料抗压强度高达１．３７２ＧＰａ，与普通环氧树脂的单向复合材料相比，分别提高了５５％和４５．８％；复合材料的平面剪切强度达６４．５ＭＰａ，比普通环氧树脂复合材料的平面剪切强度提高了４４．３％，满足了深潜壳体对复合材料抗压强度的要求。     

A micromechanical model for the elastic properties of semicrystalline thermoplastic polymers

This paper presents a micromechanical analysis of the elastic properties of semicrystalline thermoplastic materials. A lamellar stack aggregate model reported in the literature is used to derive tighter bounds and a self‐consistent scheme for the elastic modulus, and it is shown that the existing geometric models of the microstructures are not effective in predicting experimentally measured modulus of semicrystalline materials. Toward addressing this limitation, a model based on Mori‐Tanaka's mean field theory is developed by treating the semicrystalline materials as short‐fiber reinforced composites, in which the lamella crystalline phase is modeled as randomly embedded anisotropic ellipsoidal inclusions, and the amorphous phase as an isotropic matrix. The lamellae are characterized by two independent aspect ratios from three distinct geometric axes in general. Existing morphological studies on polyethylene (PE) and a syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) are used to deduce the corresponding lamella aspect ratios, based on which the theoretical model is applied to predict the elastic modulus of the two material systems. The model predictions are shown to compare well with the reported measurements on the elastic moduli of PE and sPS. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:433–451, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

应用于复合材料的PVC涂层织物下角料的再利用特性研究

利用PVC涂层的玻璃纤维织物下脚料作为原料,试制了玻璃纤维增强聚氯乙烯复合材料。分析了复合材料的性能特点并探讨了提高其成型品品质的有效途经。实验结果表明：利用纤维类下脚直接挤出造粒工艺,其注塑成型品的强度要低于PVC单体的强度;通过与PP（非织造布下角）和PE（废弃渔网）复合后,复合材料的强度和弹性模量得到显著提高,特别是弹性模量方面显示出了玻璃纤维的增强效果。     

Effect of stress transfer between fiber and matrix on toughness of polymer composite

Thanks to their lightweight properties, formability and low cost, polymers have become an essential material for manufactured products. To improve the mechanical properties, almost all polymers are blended with some kind of fiber made from glass, carbon, organic or natural material. The importance of interfacial strength between matrix and fiber is a well known requirement for effective mechanical properties and some experimental results indicate that low interfacial strength helps increase the toughness of composites. In this paper, models of composite reinforced by fiber aligned with maximum principal stress under uni‐tensile loading are simulated. Based on the simulation result, we discuss the effect of interfacial strength, aspect ratio of fiber and friction force between matrix and fiber on stable deformation and provide the guidelines for establishing composites with high modulus and toughness. POLYM. COMPOS. 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers     

短切玻纤增强石油发酵尼龙的研制

本文介绍了玻纤增强石油发酵尼龙的制备工艺和方法，考察了玻纤含量，不同玻纤表面处理剂等地所制材料力学性能和热胀性能（线胀系数）的影响，结果表明，玻纤处理剂以Ａ１１００为最好；随玻纤含量的增加（１０－３０％），ＧＲＰＦ尼龙的拉伸强度和拉伸弹性模量相应提高，冲击强度和断裂伸长率有所下降，在玻纤含量为１０－３０％的范围内，冲击强度的变化幅度较小，通过用ＧＲＰＦ尼龙制作轴承保持器的应用试验表明，该材料的综合