The chemical composition of human milk from Inner Mongolia of China

In Inner Mongolia, China, the chemical composition of 66 breast milk samples at three lactation stages was analysed. Except for total nitrogen content, the contents of total solid, fat, NPN, lactose and ash were not significantly different between colostral, transitional and mature milk. Fatty acids did not vary over the three lactation stages, while unsaturated fatty acids accounted for 59.95–63.22% of the total fatty acids. Relatively low contents of vitamins were in the milk because the volunteer mothers did not take any vitamin supplementation over the entire lactation period. Besides sodium and phosphate, the concentrations of most minerals in the breast milk remained fairly constant across the three lactation stages.     

母乳中生物活性物质研究进展

母乳不仅提供婴儿生长发育所需的营养物质,还含有丰富的生物活性物质,能针对婴儿在生长发育过程中的特点,特别是在抵抗病原体感染和促进组织器官发育等方面,发挥重要的生物学功能.对母乳中生物活性成分及其功能进行系统研究,可为推广母乳喂养提供坚实的理论基础,并为改进的母乳替代品的全新配方提供广阔的思路和解决方案.     

Concentrations of selenium in human milk

 Selenium (Se) concentrations in 58 samples of mature human milk from Canarian women were determined by spectrofluorimetry. According to the literature the Se concentrations found fall within the normal limits. The concentration of Se in human milk was compared with that in powdered infant formula and presented significantly lower concentrations in the latter. Babies fed with human milk had an adequate intake of Se. However, babies fed with powdered infant formula consumed only 56% of the requirements recommended by The National Research Council. No changes in Se concentration were observed between lactation stages. Human milk produced in springtime was found to be richer in Se than that produced in the autumn, which could be due to changes in the nutritional habits of the mothers. The mother's age, weight, height and number of previous children were not found to influence the Se levels in the milk. Received: 19 January 1998     

Concentrations of selenium in human milk

 Selenium (Se) concentrations in 58 samples of mature human milk from Canarian women were determined by spectrofluorimetry. According to the literature the Se concentrations found fall within the normal limits. The concentration of Se in human milk was compared with that in powdered infant formula and presented significantly lower concentrations in the latter. Babies fed with human milk had an adequate intake of Se. However, babies fed with powdered infant formula consumed only 56% of the requirements recommended by The National Research Council. No changes in Se concentration were observed between lactation stages. Human milk produced in springtime was found to be richer in Se than that produced in the autumn, which could be due to changes in the nutritional habits of the mothers. The mother's age, weight, height and number of previous children were not found to influence the Se levels in the milk. Received: 19 January 1998     

母乳化结构脂制备研究进展

母乳脂可以为婴儿提供约50%的能量, 并且其特殊的成分组成和脂肪酸位置分布, 对婴儿的生长发育具有重要的生理功能。婴幼儿配方奶粉作为母乳最好的替代品, 其脂质成分和功能应与母乳脂最大程度保持一致才能满足婴幼儿的生理需求。目前, 婴幼儿配方奶粉中主要以添加1, 3-二油酸-2-棕榈酸甘油三酯和长链多不饱和脂肪酸来使其脂质成分和功能更加贴近母乳。而中国母乳中含量最丰富的1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯和具有重要生理功能的中长链甘油三酯的制备还未受到广泛重视。脂肪酶可利用其特定的选择性控制脂肪酸在甘油三酯中的位置分布, 因此被广泛应用于结构脂的制备中。本文主要阐述了脂肪酶法制备母乳化结构脂的研究现状, 以及今后利用分子改造技术提高脂肪酶的催化性能, 尤其是选择性, 为未来母乳化结构脂的发展和研究方向提供了新的思路, 对国产婴幼儿配方奶粉的产业升级具有重要意义。     

山羊奶与牛奶和人奶营养成分的比较

对山羊奶、牛奶和人奶中蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质等主要营养成分进行了比较,分析了3种奶中主要营养成分的差别。通过比较发现,山羊奶在总体营养成分方面优于牛奶,更接近人奶。但山羊奶存在铁、叶酸和维生素B12含量较低以及羊奶膻味的问题,应在营养上对这方面加以重视。     

Maternal dietary habits and mycotoxin occurrence in human mature milk

During 2006, 82 samples of human mature milk were collected at Italian hospitals and checked for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) by immunoaffinity column extraction and HPLC. AFM1 was detected in four (5%) of milk samples (ranging from < 7 ng/L to 140 ng/L; mean level: 55.35 ng/L); OTA was detected in 61 (74%) of milk samples (ranging from < 5 ng/L to 405 ng/L; mean level: 30.43 ng/L. OTA levels were significantly higher (p less, not double equals 0.05) in milk of habitual consumers of bread, bakery products and cured pork meat. No other statistically significant differences were observed although habitual consumers of pasta (p = 0.059), cookies (p = 0.061) and juices (p = 0.063) had mean contamination values of OTA higher than the moderate consumer. The very few AFB1 positive samples did not allow statistical comparisons. The present study confirms that the occurrence of OTA in human milk is related to maternal dietary habits. The findings support the possibility of dietary recommendations to woman, during pregnancy and lactation, aimed to tentatively reduce the OTA contamination of human milk.     

Non-digestible carbohydrates in infant formula as substitution for human milk oligosaccharide functions: Effects on microbiota and gut maturation

Human milk (HM) is the golden standard for nutrition of newborn infants. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are abundantly present in HM and exert multiple beneficial functions, such as support of colonization of the gut microbiota, reduction of pathogenic infections and support of immune development. HMO-composition is during lactation continuously adapted by the mother to accommodate the needs of the neonate. Unfortunately, for many valid reasons not all neonates can be fed with HM and are either totally or partly fed with cow-milk derived infant formulas, which do not contain HMOs. These cow-milk formulas are supplemented with non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) that have functional effects similar to that of some HMOs, since production of synthetic HMOs is challenging and still very expensive. However, NDCs cannot substitute all HMO functions. More efficacious NDCs may be developed and customized for specific groups of neonates such as pre-matures and allergy prone infants. Here current knowledge of HMO functions in the neonate in view of possible replacement of HMOs by NDCs in infant formulas is reviewed. Furthermore, methods to expedite identification of suitable NDCs and structure/function relationships are reviewed as in vivo studies in babies are impossible.     

Lipase-catalyzed modification of lard to produce human milk fat substitutes

The objective of the present work was to modify lard into human milk fat substitutes (HMFS) by Lipozyme RM IM-catalyzed acidolysis. Lard and soybean fatty acids were esterified in a solvent-free system. The reaction substrates for HMFS production were specially chosen to mimic human milk fats. Factors such as temperature, time, water content, enzyme load, substrate ratio, and enzyme reusability were investigated. The relationships between initial incorporation rate (Inc/h) and temperature (T, K) were set up, based on the Arrhenius law for both linoleic and for linolenic acids. Scale-up trials were carried out to confirm the feasibility of enzymatic modification for the production of HMFS. The characteristics of the product, produced in the scale-up acidolysis under selected conditions (temperature 61 °C, water content 3.5%, lard:fatty acids 1/2.4 (mol/mol), Lipozyme RM IM load 13.7%, and time 1.0 h), were similar to the fat in Chinese mothers' milk. The results showed that it was possible to produce human milk fat substitutes from lard through enzymatic acidolysis with soybean fatty acids.     

人乳脂肪球的研究进展

人乳是婴儿最理想的食物,人乳脂肪是人乳中的重要组成,不仅是婴儿生长发育所需能量的主要来源,也提供了各种脂溶性营养物质。人乳脂肪在乳清相中并非呈完全均匀地分散,而是以人乳脂肪球的形态稳定存在。人乳脂肪球是由一个三层的膜结构包裹住中心层状排列的甘油三酯组成,这种结构不仅维持了乳液本身的稳定性,还为婴儿的生长发育提供了特有的营养学功能。近年来,这种天然而特殊的物理形态引起了学者们的广泛关注。对国内外人乳脂肪球的相关文献进行综述,主要包括人乳脂肪球的形成、组成、营养学意义以及其在加工过程中的变化,并对今后研究的方向和重点进行了展望。     

Fatty acids patterns in camel,moose, cow and human milk as determined with GC/MS after silver ion solid phase extraction

Silver ion solid phase extraction (Ag⁺-SPE) followed by GC/EI–MS operated in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode was used for the thorough analysis and comparison of fatty acids from bulk milk samples of farmed camel, moose, and cow along with one human milk sample. The GC/EI–MS–SIM mode took advantage of different time windows and enabled the unequivocal assignment of the number of double bonds. GC/MS was also used for structure verification. Ag⁺-SPE was of particular importance for the separation of cis- and trans-isomers. By the combination of both techniques we were able to determine the amounts of 29 saturated fatty acids (including up to eleven branched-chain fatty acids and the scarcely described 11-cyclohexylundecanoic acid which was detected in all samples), 16 cis- and 23 trans-monoenoic fatty acids as well as 19 polyunsaturated fatty acids including the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) 18:2(9,11tr). Characteristic differences were observed in that human milk differed from the animal milks by its lower trans-fatty acid and branched-chain fatty acid content. In this set of samples, the branched-chain fatty acid content was highest in camel milk while moose milk contained the highest proportion of 18:1(9), 18:3(9,12,15), and 22:6(4,7,10,13,16,19). Although only one bulk sample was available for the animal milk the amounts determined fitted well with published data. Thus, this approach might be helpful to establish a more comprehensive data base for statistic evaluation.     

基于人乳脂肪组成的酶法人乳脂肪替代物的构建

为了开发新型高相似性人乳脂肪替代物,依据中国人乳脂肪的脂肪酸组成和甘油三酯结构,以巴沙鱼油、樟树籽仁油、亚麻籽油、微生物油(富含ARA)及DHA藻油(质量比为153.81∶15.16∶62.33∶7.89∶10.81)为原料油脂,以固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme RM为催化剂,在60℃下酯交换反应8 h制备人乳脂肪替代物,测定其脂肪酸、sn-2位脂肪酸及甘油三酯组成及含量,分析其红外光谱图、熔融性质、结晶性质及流变学性能。结果表明,构建的人乳脂肪替代物中链脂肪酸含量为12%、亚油酸和亚麻酸总含量为19.53%且比例约为1∶1.5,ARA含量为1.17%,DHA含量为1.11%,其sn-2位富含棕榈酸(43.10%),结构甘油三酯含量高(58.75%),无反式脂肪酸生成,熔融温度低于人体温度且在20℃下仍能保持18.7%的固体脂肪含量,结晶形态细腻且流变性能优异。制备的人乳脂肪替代物具有应用于婴幼儿配方奶粉、婴幼儿米糊和婴幼儿饼干等各种婴幼儿食品的潜力。     

Considerable variation in the concentration of osteopontin in human milk, bovine milk, and infant formulas

Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional bioactive protein that is implicated in numerous biological processes such as bone remodeling, inhibition of ectopic calcification, and cellular adhesion and migration, as well as several immune functions. Osteopontin has cytokine-like properties and is a key factor in the initiation of T helper 1 immune responses. Osteopontin is present in most tissues and body fluids, with the highest concentrations being found in milk. In the present study, ELISA for human and bovine milk OPN were developed and OPN concentration in human breast milk, bovine milk, and infant formulas was measured and compared. The OPN concentration in human milk was measured to approximately 138 mg/L, which corresponds to 2.1% (wt/wt) of the total protein in human breast milk. This is considerably higher than the corresponding OPN concentrations in bovine milk (∼18 mg/L) and infant formulas (∼9 mg/L). Moreover, bovine milk OPN is shown to induce the expression of the T helper 1 cytokine IL-12 in cultured human lamina propria mononuclear cells isolated from intestinal biopsies. Finally, the OPN concentration in plasma samples from umbilical cords, 3-mo-old infants, and pregnant and nonpregnant adults was measured. The OPN level in plasma from 3-mo-old infants and umbilical cords was found to be 7 to 10 times higher than in adults. Thus, the high levels of OPN in milk and infant plasma suggest that OPN is important to infants and that ingested milk OPN is likely to induce cytokine production in neonate intestinal immune cells.     

Novel anti-oxidative peptides from enzymatic digestion of human milk

Human milk pepsin and pancreatin digests were separated using molecular membrane and reverse phase chromatography. Chemical screening of the resulting fractions using the ORAC antioxidant assay yielded a peptide fraction (PF-23) with high antioxidant activity (5207 μM Trolox Equivalents (TE)/g). Tandem mass spectrometry allowed the identification of twenty peptides. Eight small molecular weight peptides from 4 to 6 amino acids were synthesised and screened for antioxidant properties using ORAC and linoleic acid emulsion. On ORAC, the peptides YGYTGA (5169 μM TE/mmol) and ISELGW (4479 μM TE/mmol) were the most active. At 250 μM peptide ISELGW and its derivatives significantly reduced hydroperoxides formed during autoxidation of linoleic acid for 4 days at 50 °C. Further testing of these peptides may allow their inclusion in infant formulas to reduce the incidence of oxidative stress-mediated diseases in newborns.     

母乳中的多不饱和脂肪酸

母乳含有丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸,为婴儿的生长发育所必需,尤其是促进婴儿中枢神经系统的发育,因此母亲膳食多摄取多不饱和脂肪酸,提高母乳中的营养成分,以及在婴儿奶粉中强化多不饱和脂肪酸都是十分重要的。     

人乳中抗菌物质的研究进展

乳被誉为接近完善的食品,其中不仅含有丰富的蛋白质和很高的能量,更含有许多的生物活性物质。本文从蛋白质和肽类物质两个方面对人乳中的抗菌成分相关的研究进行了综述,以期促进相关领域的进展,并推动这些抗菌物质在食品工业中的应用。     

母乳、牛乳与主要小品种乳蛋白质组成及乳清蛋白二级结构比较

目的 对比母乳、牛乳、山羊乳、绵羊乳、驼乳和驴乳的蛋白质组成及乳清蛋白二级结构,厘清主要加工乳种与母乳的蛋白质差异。方法 通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE）和傅里叶变换红外光谱法（Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR）对比各乳种的蛋白质组成和乳清蛋白二级结构。结果 绵羊乳中蛋白质、乳糖、脂肪含量均显著高于母乳、牛乳、山羊乳、驼乳和驴乳（P<0.05）,母乳中蛋白质、乳糖、矿物质与驴乳各对应指标均无显著性差异（P>0.05）;酪蛋白﹕乳清蛋白（C:W）是衡量动物蛋白质量的指标,检测结果为母乳C:W为38.58﹕61.42,牛乳C:W为81.43﹕18.57,山羊乳C:W为61.14﹕38.86,绵羊乳C:W为68.42﹕31.58,驼乳C:W为56.16﹕43.84,驴乳C:W为8.91﹕91.09;母乳与驼乳均含有较高的乳铁蛋白与血清白蛋白,且几乎不含β-乳球蛋白;驼乳与母乳乳清蛋白的α?螺旋结构占比较高。结论 母乳与主要加工乳种蛋白质组成与乳清蛋白二级结构不尽相同,该研究为各种乳源高值化利用和纯度鉴别提供了参考依据。     

免疫学检测羊乳中掺入牛乳成分

由于营养、价格和原料等原因，市场上在羊乳中掺入牛乳的现象常有发生。针对这种乳源性掺假陆续产生了多种检测方法，本文主要综述了以ELISA为主的免疫学快速检测方法。     

Effects of milk powders in milk chocolate

The physical characteristics of milk powders used in chocolate can have significant impact on the processing conditions needed to make that chocolate and the physical and organoleptic properties of the finished product. Four milk powders with different particle characteristics (size, shape, density) and "free" milk fat levels (easily extracted with organic solvent) were evaluated for their effect on the processing conditions and characteristics of chocolates in which they were used. Many aspects of chocolate manufacture and storage (tempering conditions, melt rheology, hardness, bloom stability) were dependent on the level of free milk fat in the milk powder. However, particle characteristics of the milk powder also influenced the physical and sensory properties of the final products.