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1.
This paper presents a study of the solar radiation data measured in Istanbul (41.1°N, 29.0°E) during 1992 and 1993. The monthly and annual average values of total solar radiation and clearness index are analysed. The monthly averages of daily total radiation are 1.23 kW h m−2 day−1 for January and 6.55 kW h m−2 day−1 for July. The annual average value of daily total radiation is 3.81 kW h m−2 day−1. The monthly averages of clearness index for January and July are 0.28 and 0.50, respectively. The annual average value of clearness index is 0.38. In the second part of the study, the seasonal relative frequency of hourly total radiation and clearness index is studied. 46% of the annual data corresponds to a value greater than 300 W m−2. The annual average frequency of clear hours is 24%. The analysis points to the conclusion that solar radiation will be efficient and useful between April and September for heating purposes. A polynomial relationship is developed between hourly clearness index and hourly fractional sunshine duration. Some statistical tests are used to check this relationship for four different ranges of optical air mass. 相似文献
2.
Correlations for the estimation of monthly average daily diffuse solar radiation as a function of the sunshine hours and clearness index have been obtained from Karachi. Generally, two types of correlations are used: (a) diffuse radiation as a function of relative sunshine hours and extraterrestrial radiation, and (b) diffuse radiation as a function of global and extraterrestrial radiation. These correlations are mostly first- and second-order polynomials in the sunshine hours and clearness index, indicating the presence of the diffuse solar radiation component. The diffuse solar radiation shows a peak value during the monsoon months of July–August. The diffuse to global ratio is found to be 0.32 from the analysis, and the diffuse to extraterrestrial radiation ratio is nearly 0.19 throughout the year. Among the established relations, Iqbal and Stanhill overestimate the radiation value, while Liu and Jordan underestimate it. 相似文献
3.
The solar radiation climate of Athalassa, Cyprus, is reported upon in detail. The database utilized in this analysis consisted of daily global and diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface, and global radiation on tilted surfaces, together with the calculated daily values of horizontal beam radiation. In addition, the data reported here include maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and percentage of possible sunshine. Monthly average hourly global and diffuse radiation for the time interval 5 a.m.–7 p.m. are reported and analyzed. The annual means of the daily global, diffuse and beam solar radiation on a horizontal surface are about 17.26, 5.75 and 12.35 MJ m−2, respectively. The average monthly fraction of daily horizontal global radiation that is beam radiation varies from 0.61 in February to 0.77 in September. The average monthly clearness index varies from 0.636 in July to 0.491 in December, whereas the ratio of diffuse to global radiation varies from 0.494 in February to 0.257 in July. The solar radiation climate of the Cyprus environs has also been compared to those reported for two neighbouring countries. We conclude, based upon the above analysis, that Athalassa and its environs are characterized on average, by relatively high daily irradiation rates, both global and beam, and a relatively high percentage of clear days. 相似文献
4.
The solar radiation climate of Beer Sheva, Israel, is reported upon in detail. The database utilized in this analysis consisted of global radiation on a horizontal surface, normal incidence beam radiation, and global radiation on a south-facing surface tilted at 40°. Monthly-average hourly and daily values are reported for each of these three types of measured radiations, together with the calculated monthly-average daily values for the components of the global radiation, viz. the horizontal beam and diffuse radiations. The monthly-average hourly and daily clearness index values have also been calculated and analyzed. Monthly-average daily frequency distributions of the clearness index values are reported for each month. The solar radiation climate of Beer Sheva has also been compared to those reported for a number of countries in this region. The annual-average daily global radiation incident on a horizontal surface is 18.91 MJ/m2 and that for normal incidence beam radiation is 21.17 MJ/m2. The annual-average daily fraction of the horizontal global radiation that is beam is 0.72. The annual-average daily value for the clearness index is 0.587 and the average frequency of clear days annually is 58.6%. We conclude, based upon the above analysis, that Beer Sheva and its environs are characterized by relatively high, average-daily irradiation rates, both global and beam, and a relatively high frequency of clear days. 相似文献
5.
This paper presents data on measurement of actual solar radiation in Abu Dhabi (24.43°N, 54.45°E). Global solar radiation and surface temperatures were measured and analyzed for one complete year. High resolution, real-time solar radiation and other meteorological data were collected and processed. Daily and monthly average solar radiation values were calculated from the one-minute average recorded values. The highest daily and monthly mean solar radiation values were 369 and 290 W/m2, respectively. The highest one-minute average daily solar radiation was 1041 W/m2. Yearly average daily energy input was 18.48 MJ/m2/day. Besides the global solar radiation, the daily and monthly average clearness indexes along with temperature variations are discussed. When possible, global solar energy radiation and some meteorological data are compared with corresponding data in other Arab state capitals. The data collected indicate that Abu Dhabi has a strong potential for solar energy capture. 相似文献
6.
Correlations for calculation of the diffuse component of the daily and monthly average solar irradiation in terms of the clearness index are obtained from available data at both rural and urban locations in Greece. These correlations are mostly of first and occasionally second order in the clearness index and strongly reflect the higher levels of diffuse radiation present in Greece. No evidence of significant seasonal variation has been found, while air pollution in the urban areas is seen to play a small role only in the summer months and at high clearness index values. 相似文献
7.
Very simple models have been made to estimate the monthly and daily average total, diffuse and beam solar irradiation on a horizontal surface in Bahrain. The direct normal solar irradiation has also been measured and modeled using the rotating shadow band pyrometer. The monthly average estimation was found to be more accurate than the daily average, and modeling the direct solar irradiation is the most inaccurate followed by the diffuse; since these two are very susceptible to atmospheric pollution and weather conditions. The highest actually measured monthly average total for direct, diffuse and direct normal solar irradiation was found to be 585, 383, 343 and 716 W m−2, respectively, while the lowest actually measured monthly average values were 373, 242, 96 and 342 W m−2, respectively. The results of the total solar irradiation in four different sites in Bahrain were found to have similar values (the maximum hourly values ranged from 820 to 1000 W m−2 at mid-day in June) which is expected since the area of Bahrain is nearly 700 km2. 相似文献
8.
This paper presents actual measurements of direct solar radiation in Abu Dhabi (24.43°N, 54.45°E) with the existing meteorological conditions encountered during the measurement throughout the year. High resolution, real-time solar radiation and other meteorological data were collected and processed. Daily and monthly statistics of direct solar radiation were calculated from the one-minute average recorded by a Middleton Solar DN5-E Pyroheliometer. The highest daily and monthly mean solar radiation values were recorded as 730 and 493.5 W/m2, respectively. The highest one-minute average daily solar radiation was recorded as 937 W/m2. In addition to direct beam radiation, the daily average clearness indexes, surface temperature variations, wind speeds and relative humidity variations are discussed. When possible, direct beam radiation and some meteorological data are compared with corresponding data of the 22-year average of NASA's surface meteorology and solar-energy model. The measured data (direct beam radiation and meteorological) are in close agreement with the NASA SSE model with some discrepancy. 相似文献
9.
A. A. Trabea 《Renewable Energy》2000,20(1):1596
This paper presents basic data for a five year period from 1986 to 1990 for global and diffuse solar radiation data at Al-Arish (31°04′N, 33°49′E). These data have been processed, analysed, presented, arranged in tables and graphs and discussed. Mean annual monthly and daily total, the diurnal variation and the frequency of daily totals of global solar radiation are computed and discussed. A correlation between the hourly values of the clearness and diffuse index were obtained and the recommended correlation equations were also given. The isopleths of hourly global radiation were also designed and discussed. The frequency distribution and the frequency of extended periods of low radiation income have been studied which are of particular interest in the field performance of solar energy systems. 相似文献
10.
Solar radiation models for predicting the average daily and hourly global radiation, beam radiation and diffuse radiation on horizontal surface are reviewed in this article. Estimations of monthly average hourly global radiation from daily summations are discussed. It was observed that Collares‐Pereira and Rabl model as modified by Gueymard (CPRG) yielded the best performance for estimating mean hourly global radiation incident on a horizontal surface for Indian regions. Estimations of monthly average hourly beam and diffuse radiation are discussed. It was observed that Singh‐Tiwari and Jamil‐Tiwari both models generally give better results for climatic conditions of Indian regions. Therefore, their use is recommended for composite climate of Indian regions. Empirical correlations developed to establish a relationship between the hourly diffuse fraction and the hourly clearness index using hourly global and diffuse irradiation measurements on a horizontal surface are discussed. Fifty models using the Angstrom–Prescott equation to predict the average daily global radiation with hours of sunshine are considered. It was reported that Ertekin and Yaldiz model showed the best performance against measured data of Konya, Turkey. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
This paper is about predicting the average conventional energy conversion by a photovoltaic system in Malaysia. The calculation is based on average number of days in a month. Average hourly energy flows are estimated based on knowledge of array test parameters, monthly average of hourly ambient temperature and monthly average of daily hemispherical radiation. The monthly average of diffuse component of radiation can be predicted based on hemispherical radiation, by using an appropriate empirical correlation related to the monthly average of diffuse fraction to monthly average of clearness index. The values of hourly average radiation are estimated based on a statistical model. 相似文献
12.
The diffuse radiation falling on a horizontal surface at Madras, India has been analysed and the results presented. Five years of data have been used for the analysis and a correlation has been established between the daily average diffuse radiation with the monthly average clearness index. It has also been shown that there is an appreciable difference in the ratio of monthly average hourly diffuse to the monthly average daily diffuse radiation with respect to day length. 相似文献
13.
Tawanda Hove 《Renewable Energy》2000,21(2)
A method for predicting the long-term average conventional energy displaced by a photovoltaic system comprising of a photovoltaic array, a storage battery, some power conditioning equipment with maximum power tracking capability and an auxiliary power facility, is described. System simulation is done over the average day of the month. Average hourly energy flows are estimated from a knowledge of array test parameters, monthly average hourly ambient temperature and monthly average daily hemispherical radiation. The monthly average diffuse component of radiation can be predicted from the hemispherical radiation by the use of an appropriate empirical correlation relating the monthly average diffuse fraction to monthly average clearness index. Hourly average radiation values are estimated from daily values using a statistical model. The condition that there should be no net battery energy gain during the average day enables the correct setting of the battery energy level at the beginning of the day. For a given hourly load profile, for example a constant 24 h-per-day load, a chart relating annual solar fraction with array and storage battery size, for a given location and set of array test parameters, can be plotted as a basis for design and economic optimisation of the system. 相似文献
14.
The regression coefficient of the well-known Angstrom correlation are determined for Riyadh city (the capital of Saudi Arabia) longitude 46° 14′E 24°55′N The relationship of the daily and monthly variation of the fraction of the diffuse solar irradiation to extrateresstrial
and the clearness index
are obtained. The variation of the values of the average daily global solar radiation against the month of the year is reported. The value of Kn defined as the ratio of direct normal Insolation, Hbn measured in Riyadh to direct normal solar extraterrestrial radiation with the KT and Kd were obtained. The daily diffused ratio
and the daily clearness index are shown as a function of the month of the year. 相似文献
15.
The validity of the correlations[1–3] to estimate the hourly global and diffuse solar radiation components for an independent dataset of fourteen locations is examined in this article. The correlations for the diffuse component[2,3] are found to be in rather poor agreement with the data. An improved correlation for the diffuse component that includes a daily diffuse fraction as a parameter is developed. The influence of this improved correlation on estimating the beam radiation component is examined. A convenient form of describing asymmetry for these three components of solar radiation distribution is proposed and validated. 相似文献
16.
C.T. Leung 《Solar Energy》1980,25(6):485-494
Measurements of the total global solar irradiance on a horizontal surface in Hong Kong during the 10-yr period 1969-78 are analysed. Mean annual, monthly and daily totals and their frequency distributions are computed and examined. The seasonal and climatic effects on the fluctuation of solar irradiance in Hong Kong are discussed. The effect is particularly large during the spring months when the transition from cold to warm weather occurs.The diurnal variation of total global solar irradiance in Hong Kong is also examined and the measured hourly data are observed to be in good agreement with Liu and Jordan's procedure of estimation from daily totals.Results of regression analysis relating total solar irradiance with duration of bright sunshine hours based on data for Hong Kong are summarized. The yearly regression coefficients are found to be varying in an unsystematic manner.Estimation of the Hong Kong monthly average diffuse solar irradiance based on the correlation with the cloudiness index is also performed and the results are found to vary between 7.39 MJ m?2 d?1 in the summer and 4.44 MJ m?2 d?1 in the winter. 相似文献
17.
An empirical model for determining the monthly average daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface for Makurdi, Nigeria (Latitude 7°7′N and Longitude 8°6′E) was developed using the Angstrom–Page equation. The solar radiation (W/m2), hours of bright sunshine and cloudiness were measured hourly from 0600 H to 1800 H daily for 18 months. The constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ of the Angstrom linear type equation were determined by plotting the clearness index (H/Ho) against the possible sunshine hours (ns/N) to obtain the line of best fit. The constant ‘a’ was obtained from the intercept of the line on the y-axis while the constant ‘b’ was obtained from the slope of the line. The developed model for determining the global horizontal solar radiation at the location was H = Ho [0.17 + 0.68(n/N)] with a coefficient of correlation of 0.78. The mean bias error and root mean square error that were used to test the performance of the constants were 0.17% and 1.22% respectively. The measured solar radiation was compared with the solar radiation predicted by the model and no significant difference was found between them using F-LSD at P ≤ 0.05. 相似文献
18.
Hourly pyrheliometer and pyranometer data from four U.S. locations are used to establish a relationship between the hourly diffuse fraction and the hourly clearness index kT. This relationship is compared to the relationship established by Orgill and Hollands and to a set of data from Highett, Australia, and agreement is within a few percent in both cases. The transient simulation program TRNSYS is used to calculate the annual performance of solar energy systems using several correlations. For the systems investigated, the effect of simulating the random distribution of the hourly diffuse fraction is negligible. A seasonally dependent daily diffuse correlation is developed from the data, and this daily relationship is used to derive a correlation for the monthly-average diffuse fraction. 相似文献
19.
A method of smoothing solar data by beta probability distributions is implemented in this paper. In the first step, this method has been used to process daily sunshine duration data recorded at thirty-three meteorological stations in Algeria for eleven year periods or more. In the second step, it has been applied to hourly global solar irradiation flux measured in Algiers during the 1987/89 period. For each location and each month of the year, beta probability density functions fitting the monthly frequency distributions of the daily sunshine duration measurements are obtained. Both the parameters characterising the resulting beta distributions are then mapped, enabling us to build the frequency distributions of sunshine duration for every site in Algeria. In the case of solar radiation for Algiers, the recorded data have been processed following two different ways. The first one consists in sorting the hourly global solar irradiation data into eight typical classes of the daily clearness index. The second one is based on the repartition of these data per month. The results of the first classification show that for each class of daily clearness index, the hourly data under consideration are modelled by only one beta distribution. When using the second classification, linear combinations of two beta distributions are found to fit the monthly frequency distributions of the hourly solar radiation data. 相似文献
20.
A. A. Trabea 《Renewable Energy》1999,17(3):1792
Measurements of global solar radiation, diffuse radiation and sunshine duration data during the period from 1982 to 1988 at different locations over Egypt were used to establish empirical relationships that would connect the daily monthly average diffuse irradiation with both relative sunshine duration and clearness index separately and in combination. The selected locations were chosen to represent the different weather conditions of North, Middle and South Egypt. Our correlation equations were tested using measured data for the year 1992 at the same locations. The correlation connecting diffuse radiation with both clearness index and percentage possible sunshine is found to be applicable over Egypt. 相似文献