Classification of motor imagery tasks for brain-computer interface applications by means of two equivalent dipoles analysis.

We have developed a novel approach using source analysis for classifying motor imagery tasks. Two-equivalent-dipoles analysis was proposed to aid classification of motor imagery tasks for brain-computer interface (BCI) applications. By solving the electroencephalography (EEG) inverse problem of single trial data, it is found that the source analysis approach can aid classification of motor imagination of left- or right-hand movement without training. In four human subjects, an averaged accuracy of classification of 80% was achieved. The present study suggests the merits and feasibility of applying EEG inverse solutions to BCI applications from noninvasive EEG recordings.     

Optimal spatial filtering of single trial EEG during imagined hand movement.

The development of an electroencephalograph (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) requires rapid and reliable discrimination of EEG patterns, e.g., associated with imaginary movement. One-sided hand movement imagination results in EEG changes located at contra- and ipsilateral central areas. We demonstrate that spatial filters for multichannel EEG effectively extract discriminatory information from two populations of single-trial EEG, recorded during left- and right-hand movement imagery. The best classification results for three subjects are 90.8%, 92.7%, and 99.7%. The spatial filters are estimated from a set of data by the method of common spatial patterns and reflect the specific activation of cortical areas. The method performs a weighting of the electrodes according to their importance for the classification task. The high recognition rates and computational simplicity make it a promising method for an EEG-based brain-computer interface.     

离散差分模块在癫痫脑电分类中的应用

针对癫痫脑电信号多分类的精度提升问题,提出了一种基于信号转差分模块与卷积模块结合的分类算法.信号转差分模块对原始脑电信号进行多阶差分运算,得到描述其波动特征的差分表示;然后卷积模块动态学习的方式将差分脑电信号转换为图片,利用预训练的卷积神经网络来提取信号特征并实现自动分类.分类结果表明,与现有研究相比,所提出的方法的最...     

Current trends in Graz Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) research.

This paper describes a research approach to develop a brain-computer interface (BCI) based on recognition of subject-specific EEG patterns. EEG signals recorded from sensorimotor areas during mental imagination of specific movements are classified on-line and used e.g. for cursor control. In a number of on-line experiments, various methods for EEG feature extraction and classification have been evaluated.     

Comparison of linear, nonlinear, and feature selection methods for EEG signal classification

The reliable operation of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) based on spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) signals requires accurate classification of multichannel EEG. The design of EEG representations and classifiers for BCI are open research questions whose difficulty stems from the need to extract complex spatial and temporal patterns from noisy multidimensional time series obtained from EEG measurements. The high-dimensional and noisy nature of EEG may limit the advantage of nonlinear classification methods over linear ones. This paper reports the results of a linear (linear discriminant analysis) and two nonlinear classifiers (neural networks and support vector machines) applied to the classification of spontaneous EEG during five mental tasks, showing that nonlinear classifiers produce only slightly better classification results. An approach to feature selection based on genetic algorithms is also presented with preliminary results of application to EEG during finger movement.     

The use of EEG modifications due to motor imagery for brain-computer interfaces

The opening of a communication channel between brain and computer [brain-computer interface (BCI)] is possible by using changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra related to the imagination of movements. In this paper, we present results obtained by recording EEG during an upper limb motor imagery task in a total of 18 subjects by using low-resolution surface Laplacian, different linear and quadratic classifiers, as well as a variable number of scalp electrodes, from 2 to 26. The results (variable correct classification rate of mental imagery between 75% and 95%) suggest that it is possible to recognize quite reliably ongoing mental movement imagery for BCI applications.     

The effects of self-movement, observation, and imagination on mu rhythms and readiness potentials (RP's): toward a brain-computer interface (BCI).

Current movement-based brain-computer interfaces (BCI's) utilize spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms associated with movement, such as the mu rhythm, or responses time-locked to movements that are averaged across multiple trials, such as the readiness potential (RP), as control signals. In one study, we report that the mu rhythm is not only modulated by the expression of self-generated movement but also by the observation and imagination of movement. In another study, we show that simultaneous self-generated multiple limb movements exhibit properties distinct from those of single limb movements. Identification and classification of these signals with pattern recognition techniques provides the basis for the development of a practical BCI.     

基于离散小波变换的卷积自编码运动想象脑电信号的分类

左右手运动想象脑电信号(MI-EEG)分类准确率低,制约了相关脑-机接口技术的发展。实验采集了16名健康受试者的运动想象脑电信号,提出了一种基于离散小波变换(DWT)和卷积自编码(CAE)的运动想象脑电信号分类算法。利用离散小波变换将EEG转换成时频矩阵,输入到卷积自编码网络中进行脑电信号的特征分类。该算法在实验数据集和公开数据集上测试都得到了较好的分类结果,静息-想象左手、静息-想象右手、想象左手-想象右手3组EEG在实验数据集上分类准确率分别为97.36%、97.27%、86.82%,在公开数据集上分类准确率分别为99.30%、98.23%、92.67%。离散小波变换结合卷积自编码网络模型在左右手运动想象脑电信号分类应用中比其他深度学习方法(CNN、LSTM、STFT-CNN)性能更优。     

基于RSVP的面向不良信息检测人机协作系统研究

针对复杂的环境背景下不良信息的快速准确检测问题,提出了基于快速序列视觉呈现( rapid serial visual presentation, RSVP)的面向不良信息检测人机协作系统。 首先利用快速佩戴便携式采集系统采集了 12 名受试者的脑电数据;然后采用 Mallat 算法提取较低维度的时频特征,使用人工神经网络(ANN)和支持向量机(SVM)两种模型分类对比;最后在训练集中引入 不同次数的叠加平均数据以改善模型的分类性能。 实验结果表明,在含有 3 个目标的 60 张图像中平均正确输出至少 2 张目 标,AUC 值达到了 0. 9。 该系统在小批量数据集、环境变化复杂的不良图像信息检测中有着良好的性能,相较于人工检测提高 了效率。     

Peripheral electrical stimulation triggered by self-paced detection of motor intention enhances motor evoked potentials

This paper proposes the development and experimental tests of a self-paced asynchronous brain-computer interfacing (BCI) system that detects movement related cortical potentials (MRCPs) produced during motor imagination of ankle dorsiflexion and triggers peripheral electrical stimulations timed with the occurrence of MRCPs to induce corticospinal plasticity. MRCPs were detected online from EEG signals in eight healthy subjects with a true positive rate (TPR) of 67.15 ± 7.87% and false positive rate (FPR) of 22.05 ±9.07%. The excitability of the cortical projection to the target muscle (tibialis anterior) was assessed before and after the intervention through motor evoked potentials (MEP) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The peak of the evoked potential significantly (P=0.02) increased after the BCI intervention by 53 ± 43% (relative to preintervention measure), although the spinal excitability (tested by stretch reflexes) did not change. These results demonstrate for the first time that it is possible to alter the corticospinal projections to the tibialis anterior muscle by using an asynchronous BCI system based on online motor imagination that triggered peripheral stimulation. This type of repetitive proprioceptive feedback training based on self-generated brain signal decoding may be a requirement for purposeful skill acquisition in intact humans and in the rehabilitation of persons with brain damage.     

Conversion of EEG activity into cursor movement by a brain-computer interface (BCI)

The Wadsworth electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) uses amplitude in mu or beta frequency bands over sensorimotor cortex to control cursor movement. Trained users can move the cursor in one or two dimensions. The primary goal of this research is to provide a new communication and control option for people with severe motor disabilities. Currently, cursor movements in each dimension are determined 10 times/s by an empirically derived linear function of one or two EEG features (i.e., spectral bands from different electrode locations). This study used offline analysis of data collected during system operation to explore methods for improving the accuracy of cursor movement. The data were gathered while users selected among three possible targets by controlling vertical [i.e., one-dimensional (1-D)] cursor movement. The three methods analyzed differ in the dimensionality of the cursor movement [1-D versus two-dimensional (2-D)] and in the type of the underlying function (linear versus nonlinear). We addressed two questions: Which method is best for classification (i.e., to determine from the EEG which target the user wants to hit)? How does the number of EEG features affect the performance of each method? All methods reached their optimal performance with 10-20 features. In offline simulation, the 2-D linear method and the 1-D nonlinear method improved performance significantly over the 1-D linear method. The 1-D linear method did not do so. These offline results suggest that the 1-D nonlinear or the 2-D linear cursor function will improve online operation of the BCI system.     

Application of tripolar concentric electrodes and prefeature selection algorithm for brain-computer interface.

For persons with severe disabilities, a brain-computer interface (BCI) may be a viable means of communication. Lapalacian electroencephalogram (EEG) has been shown to improve classification in EEG recognition. In this work, the effectiveness of signals from tripolar concentric electrodes and disc electrodes were compared for use as a BCI. Two sets of left/right hand motor imagery EEG signals were acquired. An autoregressive (AR) model was developed for feature extraction with a Mahalanobis distance based linear classifier for classification. An exhaust selection algorithm was employed to analyze three factors before feature extraction. The factors analyzed were 1) length of data in each trial to be used, 2) start position of data, and 3) the order of the AR model. The results showed that tripolar concentric electrodes generated significantly higher classification accuracy than disc electrodes.     

Application of Tripolar Concentric Electrodes and Prefeature Selection Algorithm for Brain–Computer Interface

For persons with severe disabilities, a brain-computer interface (BCI) may be a viable means of communication. Lapalacian electroencephalogram (EEG) has been shown to improve classification in EEG recognition. In this work, the effectiveness of signals from tripolar concentric electrodes and disc electrodes were compared for use as a BCI. Two sets of left/right hand motor imagery EEG signals were acquired. An autoregressive (AR) model was developed for feature extraction with a Mahalanobis distance based linear classifier for classification. An exhaust selection algorithm was employed to analyze three factors before feature extraction. The factors analyzed were 1) length of data in each trial to be used, 2) start position of data, and 3) the order of the AR model. The results showed that tripolar concentric electrodes generated significantly higher classification accuracy than disc electrodes.     

A time-series prediction approach for feature extraction in a brain-computer interface.

This paper presents a feature extraction procedure (FEP) for a brain-computer interface (BCI) application where features are extracted from the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded from subjects performing right and left motor imagery. Two neural networks (NNs) are trained to perform one-step-ahead predictions for the EEG time-series data, where one NN is trained on right motor imagery and the other on left motor imagery. Features are derived from the power (mean squared) of the prediction error or the power of the predicted signals. All features are calculated from a window through which all predicted signals pass. Separability of features is achieved due to the morphological differences of the EEG signals and each NNs specialization to the type of data on which it is trained. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is used for classification. This FEP is tested on three subjects off-line and classification accuracy (CA) rates range between 88% and 98%. The approach compares favorably to a well-known adaptive autoregressive (AAR) FEP and also a linear AAR model based prediction approach.     

基于两阶段数据增强和双向深度残差TCN的用户负荷曲线分类方法

深度挖掘用户负荷规律并感知用电行为对于提升电网服务质量、改善用户用能体验具有重要意义.针对用户负荷中存在的数据缺失、类别不平衡问题以及分类模型性能缺陷,提出一种基于数据增强和双向深度残差时间卷积网络(temporal convolutional network,TCN)的电力用户负荷曲线分类方法.首先,提出考虑负荷数据...     

A parametric feature extraction and classification strategy for brain-computer interfacing.

Parametric modeling strategies are explored in conjunction with linear discriminant analysis for use in an electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI). A left/right self-paced typing exercise is analyzed by extending the usual autoregressive (AR) model for EEG feature extraction with an AR with exogenous input (ARX) model for combined filtering and feature extraction. The ensemble averaged Bereitschafts potential (an event related potential preceding the onset of movement) forms the exogenous signal input to the ARX model. Based on trials with six subjects, the ARX case of modeling both the signal and noise was found to be considerably more effective than modeling the noise alone (common in BCI systems) with the AR method yielding a classification accuracy of 52.8+/-4.8% and the ARX method an accuracy of 79.1+/-3.9 % across subjects. The results suggest a role for ARX-based feature extraction in BCIs based on evoked and event-related potentials.     

基于BP神经网络的运动想象脑电信号分类研究

运动想象脑机接口因具有更大的自主性、灵活性,在脑机互联领域得到了广泛应用,相比较其它范式分类准确率偏低,限制了其发展。本文利用时频图谱、脑地形图两种特征分析方法对上肢运动想象脑电信号进行了特征分析,并采用滤波器组共空间模式(filter bank co-space,FBCSP)特征提取算法对上肢运动想象信号数据进行了特征提取,再将提取结果分别利用支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）算法、K-最近邻(K-Nearest Neighbor)算法、反向传播（back propagation,BP）神经网络三种分类算法进行分类,研究结果发现SVM算法、KNN算法、BP神经网络算法应用在上肢运动想象脑机接口系统的平均分类准确率分别为76.45%、74.55%、81.70%,BP神经网络算法相比SVM算法、KNN算法在上肢运动想象任务的分类准确率上分别高出了5.25%、7.15%,并且t检验后得到分类准确率均具有极显著的统计学差异,并利用ROC曲线和AUC值检测了分类器效果,BP神经网络的AUC值相比SVM算法、KNN算法也分别提升了0.1226、0.1285,表明BP神经网络分类算法相比较SVM算法、KNN算法更适用于上肢运动想象脑机接口系统,提高了系统的分类准确率,推动了上肢运动想象脑电信号实际应用的发展进程。     

Utilizing gamma band to improve mental task based brain-computer interface design.

A common method for designing brain-computer Interface (BCI) is to use electroencephalogram (EEG) signals extracted during mental tasks. In these BCI designs, features from EEG such as power and asymmetry ratios from delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands have been used in classifying different mental tasks. In this paper, the performance of the mental task based BCI design is improved by using spectral power and asymmetry ratios from gamma (24-37 Hz) band in addition to the lower frequency bands. In the experimental study, EEG signals extracted during five mental tasks from four subjects were used. Elman neural network (ENN) trained by the resilient backpropagation algorithm was used to classify the power and asymmetry ratios from EEG into different combinations of two mental tasks. The results indicated that ((1) the classification performance and training time of the BCI design were improved through the use of additional gamma band features; (2) classification performances were nearly invariant to the number of ENN hidden units or feature extraction method.     

基于改进胶囊网络的运维知识库故障分类方法

针对传统运维知识库不具备图像故障现象识别能力,无法处理非结构化数据的问题,基于深度学习的故障分类网络,提出改进胶囊网络特征提取结构的Caps-DRFN算法,实现机电设备运维图像自动分类。首先,针对运维图像存在的多噪声问题,引入深度残差收缩网络(deep residual shrinkage networks, DRSN)提高模型在含噪声数据上的特征提取效果。然后,针对实际拍摄的运维图像多尺度问题,结合FPN(feature pyramid networks)算法,实现图像多尺度特征融合提高模型分类准确率。最后,利用胶囊结构构建向量神经元,通过动态路由的特征传递方式,得到分类结构数字胶囊,实现机电设备故障分类。实验结果表明,相较于传统胶囊网络算法,提出的基于特征融合的Caps-DRFN算法准确率提高了15%且有着更强的鲁棒性。     

基于用电信息采集系统用户负荷特性聚类分析

基于用电信息采集系统的用户负荷数据聚类分析,是获得典型负荷曲线和按负荷特性完成用户分类的重要手段。K均值聚类算法(K-means)是目前应用较多的电力负荷分类算法,但K-means算法最大问题在于无法自动获取最优聚类数目。对此,文章提出了一种基于聚类结果评价指标及分类复杂程度确定聚类数目的方法,得到的聚类数目可作为K-means的初始输入。该方法可以有效降低K-means分类算法中人工参与程度,并能获得较优的聚类结果。文章末尾通过实际算例分析验证了所提分类方法的正确性。