低温果胶酶的纯化及酶学性质的研究

进行了低温果胶酶产生菌的筛选,并对低温果胶酶的酶学性质、纯化及动力学常数进行了研究。结果表明:该酶最适酶反应温度25℃,最适酶反应pH为5.8;酶液的pH稳定范围在5～6.4;在25℃保温3h,酶活降至50.5%,在35℃保温2h,酶活降至55.1%,在45℃保温1.5h,酶活降至48.7%,在55℃保温1h,酶活降至43.1%;金属离子Mg2+、Ca2+、Mn2+、Zn2+、Fe2+、Na+对低温果胶酶有激活作用,而Ba2+、Hg2+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Pb2+对低温果胶酶有强烈的抑制作用;当以果胶为底物时,该酶的动力学常数Km为27.86mg/mL,Vmax为152.13μmol/(min·mL);采用不同的处理方法均可使低温果胶酶得到纯化,但40%～85%的硫酸铵分级沉淀纯化效果最好。     

地衣芽孢杆菌弹性蛋白酶纯化和性质研究

用地衣芽孢杆菌发酵液制备弹性蛋白酶粗酶液,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀和Sephadex凝胶柱层析的方法分离纯化弹性蛋白酶,并对弹性蛋白酶的酶学性质进行研究。结果表明：弹性蛋白酶粗酶液经40%～70%饱和度的硫酸铵纯化后比活力提高到120U/mg,经凝胶柱层析纯化后比活力可达到292U/mg,纯化倍数为12.6,SDS-PAGE法证实弹性蛋白酶分子质量为29.5kD。对酶学性质的研究结果表明：弹性蛋白酶最适反应温度为55℃,最适反应pH值为7.4,以刚果红-弹性蛋白为底物,米氏常数Km为9.67mg/mL。低浓度金属离子Ca2+和K+对酶活力有促进作用,而Mg2+、Mn2+、Zn2+和Al3+对酶活力则有抑制作用。     

小麦芽部分阿魏酸酯酶酶学性质的研究

以脱淀粉麦麸作为底物测定小麦阿魏酸酯酶的酶活,探讨了小麦阿魏酸酯酶的部分酶学性质。结果表明,阿魏酸酯酶最适反应温度为35℃,酶活为0.126 U/g;最适反应p H为6.0,酶活为0.125 U/g;在25~35℃保存120 min比较稳定,存活率在97.9%以上;60℃保温120 min,酶的存活率仅为4.6%,基本失活;65、70、75℃保存时,分别在80、20、10 min的时候,酶失活;阿魏酸酯酶在p H5.5~p H6.0条件下保存最稳定。Ca2+对酶活力有显著的激活作用;Hg+和EDTA对酶活力有显著的抑制作用。     

小麦芽脂肪酶酶学性质以及制麦过程的酶活变化

以对硝基苯酚丁酸酯为底物,确定了小麦芽脂肪酶的酶学性质:最适温度为37℃;最适pH为8.0;4～35℃脂肪酶的热稳定性较好,35℃下保温60 min后其活力仍可保持在88.37%,45℃保温60 min后其活力保持在46.81%,55℃保温60 min酶失活;pH5.5～6.0范围内对脂肪酶的破坏力相对较小,保温60 min其活力仍可分别保持在95.11%和91.11%;Fe3+对脂肪酶有较强的抑制作用;Cu2+、Mn2+、Al3+对脂肪酶的抑制作用较小;Ca2+、EDTA对脂肪酶有较强的激活作用。小麦制麦过程中发芽第4天酶活达到最大值,为8.52 u/g,随后酶活下降;干燥会破坏部分脂肪酶的酶活,损失率为27.06%。小麦芽籽粒、胚芽、胚根中的脂肪酶酶活依次降低,分别为8.01 u/g、7.55 u/g、6.83 u/g;协定法麦汁糖化过程中,无胚芽麦芽脂肪酶的酶活比有胚芽的低,且酶的失活速度也比较大,在55 min(70℃)时,脂肪酶完全失活。     

杨桃多酚氧化酶的部分纯化及其特性研究

杨桃多酚氧化酶粗酶液经过DEAE-Toyopearl650M离子交换柱层析,Butyl-Toyopearl650M疏水柱层析后,被纯化了21.6倍,回收率为45.2%。该酶能迅速地催化焦性没食子酸的酶促氧化反应,而对邻苯二酚、间苯二酚、对苯二酚和绿原酸则完全无催化活性。该酶对焦性没食子酸的Km值为7.92mmol/L,其最适pH为8.0,pH稳定性范围在pH4.0-11.0,最适温度为60℃,热稳定性相对较高,在≥90℃加热30min后仍残留约9%的酶活性。该酶的最佳抑制剂是抗坏血酸,其次是NaHSO3和盐酸-L-半胱氨酸,Cu2+、Zn2+、Ca2+等金属离子对该酶也有一定的抑制作用。     

中国对虾蛋白酶性质的研究

采用酶学分析方法研究了中国对虾蛋白酶的性质。结果表明,该酶最适温度为60℃,最适pH为9.0,是一种碱性蛋白酶。此酶在50℃以下及pH 7.0~10.0稳定性较好。以酪蛋白为底物,蛋白酶的最适底物浓度为2%。60℃时,该酶的半衰期为22 min,70℃时则为7 min。低浓度的EDTA对酶活有抑制作用,Mn2+、Ca2+、Mg2+对蛋白酶有一定的激活作用,而Cu2+、Zn2+、Fe2+、Pb2+对酶活有不同程度的抑制作用,可推断该酶是一种金属蛋白酶。     

粪肠球菌SK32.001精氨酸脱亚胺酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

对Enterococcus faecalis SK32.001所产的精氨酸脱亚胺酶(ADI)进行分离纯化并对其酶学性质进行研究。实验结果表明,通过细胞破碎,硫酸铵沉淀,Hi Prep Q FF 16/10阴离子交换层析,Sephadex G-75等纯化方法获得电泳纯精氨酸脱亚胺酶,分子量约为42ku,催化最适温度和p H分别为50℃和6.5,在30~40℃和p H5.5~7.5时较稳定。不同浓度的Zn2+对酶活性影响较大。1mmol/L的Zn2+和10mmol/L的Co2+、Ca2+、Mg2+对酶活有较大的促进作用,10mmol/L的Cu2+对酶的抑制作用最强。精氨酸脱亚胺酶在最适反应条件测定其米氏常数为1.33mmol/L,最大反应速度为2.41μmol/min。     

中国蛤蜊内源酶性质的研究

研究了中国蛤蜊的肌肉与消化腺中内源酶的性质。结果表明:1中国蛤蜊肌肉中蛋白酶最适温度为60℃,最适p H为7.0与9.0,可能存在同工酶;Pb2+对蛋白酶活力有激活作用;Ca2+对酶活力有抑制作用;Mg2+与Cu2+在5mmol/L时,对酶活力有激活作用,随着浓度升高对酶活力有抑制作用;Mn2+在5~15 mmol/L时,对酶活力影响不大,在20 mmol/L时对酶活力有激活作用。2消化腺中蛋白酶最适温度为60℃,最适p H 8.0;Pb2+对蛋白酶活力有激活作用;Mn2+对酶活力有抑制作用;Mg2+与Ca2+在5 mmol/L时,对酶活力有抑制作用,随着浓度升高有促进作用。Cu2+在5~15 mmol/L时对酶活力有促进作用,当浓度为20 mmol/L时,对酶活力有抑制作用。3肌肉中淀粉酶最适温度为40℃,最适p H 10.0;Mn2+、Ca2+对淀粉酶活力有促进作用;Pb2+在5~10 mmol/L时对酶活力有促进作用,在15~20 mmol/L时对酶活力有抑制作用;Mg2+在5~10 mmol/L时对酶活力有抑制作用,在15~20 mmol/L时对酶活力有促进作用;Cu2+在5 mmol/L时对酶活力有促进作用,随着浓度升高,对酶活力有抑制作用。4消化腺中淀粉酶最适温度为40℃,最适p H为9.0;Ca2+在20 mmol/L时对淀粉酶活性有促进作用,低于此浓度有抑制作用。Pb2+、Mg2+、Cu2+和Mn2+对淀粉酶活性皆有不同程度的抑制作用。     

海参体壁中α-1,4淀粉酶的分离纯化及性质

通过采用匀浆、硫酸铵盐析、透析、DEAE-52阴离子交换层析、Sephacryl S-300凝胶层析等方法从海参体壁中分离纯化并得到了α-1,4淀粉酶。结果表明,该酶具有3条亚基链,分子质量约为420 k D;最适p H值为9.0,最适温度为80℃,90℃条件下保温30 min后仍有38%以上的相对酶活性,因此,该酶是一种具有较高热稳定性的碱性高温淀粉酶。K+、Fe3+和Mn2+对其有较强的抑制作用,Cu2+和Ca2+对其有较强的激活作用。     

基于正交试验的蔗糖酶酶学特性研究

蔗糖酶是一类由酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)合成并分泌到胞外的果糖基转移酶。为了进一步提高蔗糖酶活性,对该酶进行单因素试验及正交试验优化。通过单因素试验优化得到一定范围内酶活随p H升高而降低,最适温度为60℃,Mn2+对酶活促进作用最强,Ca2+浓度为0.3 mmol/L时,促进作用最强。通过对各类因素的正交试验,确定蔗糖酶活性最高的条件为:p H 4.2,65℃,Ca2+浓度为0.2 mmol/L,Mn2+浓度为0.2 mmol/L。此时蔗糖酶的单位转化率达到18.06%/(m L酶·min),酶活为2.709 U/m L酶。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the