PROGRESS IN STUDIES ON ICE ACCUMULATION IN RIVER BENDS

River ice is an important hydraulic element in temperate and polar environments and would affect hydrodynamic conditions of rivers through changes both in the boundary conditions and the thermal regime. The river bend has been reported as the common location for the initiation of ice jams because the water flow along a river bend is markedly affected by the channel curvature. In this article, the experimental studies about the ice accumulation in a river bend are reviewed. Based on experiments conducted so ...     

CURVED OPEN CHANNEL FLOW ON VEGETATION ROUGHENED INNER BANK

A RNG numerical model together with a laboratory measurement with Micro ADV are adopted to investigate the flow through a 180o curved open channel(a 4 m straight inflow section,a 180o curved section,and a 4m straight outflow section)partially covered with rigid vegetations on its inner bank.Under the combined action of the vegetation and the bend flow,the flow structure is complex.The stream-wise velocities in the vegetation region are much smaller than those in the non-vegetation region due to the retardation caused by the vegetation.For the same reason,no clear circulation is found in the vegetated region,while in the non-vegetation region,a slight counter-rotating circulation is found near the outer bank at both 90o and downstream curved cross-sections.A comparison between the numerical prediction and the laboratory measurement shows that the RNG model can well predict the flow structure of the bend flow with vegetation.Furthermore,the shear stress is analyzed based on the numerical prediction.The much smaller value in the inner vegetated region indicates that the vegetation can effectively protect the river bank from scouring and erosion,in other words,the sediment is more likely to be deposited in the vegetation region.     

含植物河道水动力特性研究进展

水生植物群落是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,利用天然植被护坡固土、净化水质、改善河流生态环境已成为河流生态修复的重要措施。本文从水生植物影响下的河道水流阻力特性及水流结构两方面,总结了国内外对含植物河道水动力特性的研究进展,并对该领域的未来研究方向提出了展望。     

袁河新泉乡段梯级溢流堰水动力模拟及侵蚀分析

为了分析梯级溢流堰对袁河新泉乡段河道行洪及河床抗冲的影响,优化河道治理工程中溢流堰布置,建立了将拦河溢流堰作为闭边界条件的二维水动力数值模型,采用非结构化网格的有限体积法,对比分析了十年一遇洪水情况下梯级溢流堰建设前后河道水动力、河道水位、流场沿程变化特征,讨论了溢流堰布置对河道防洪及冲刷的影响。结果表明,在十年一遇洪水情况下溢流堰会抬升河道水位,平均增加0.49 m,满足河道行洪要求;梯级溢流堰使河道整体形成人工“阶梯深潭”体系,河道流速在空间上发生明显的异质性,堰上流速下降幅度较堰下流速大;水流发生急流与缓流之间交替,水流紊动强烈,加剧了水流能量损失,有效降低流速,减轻了河道冲刷,有利于稳定河岸结构。     

SIMULATION OF LOW-CONCENTRATION SEDIMENT-LADEN FLOW BASED ON TWO-PHASE FLOW THEORY

Low concentration sediment-laden flow is usually involved in water conservancy, environmental protection, navigation and so on. In this article, a mathematical model for low-concentration sediment-laden flow was suggested based on the two-phase flow theory, and a solving scheme for the mathematical model in curvilinear grids was worked out. The observed data in the Zhang River in China was used for the verification of the model, and the calculated results of the water level, velocity and river bed deformation are in agreement with the observed ones.     

河流生态系统研究的理论框架

讨论了河流生态系统的时空尺度。论述了景观、流域、河流廊道和河段4种空间尺度间的关系。阐述了河流生态系统的4种背景系统,即自然系统、经济系统、社会系统和工程系统。归纳了水文情势、河流地貌、流态和水质等4个主要生境要素。在此基础上进一步讨论了科学范式和模型的概念,介绍了多种重要生态系统结构与功能模型,提出了描述非生命变量和生命变量之间关系的河流生态系统结构与功能整体模型。最后,探讨了科学研究对于制定流域管理战略的意义以及相关技术开发的方向。     

河流生态系统研究的理论框架

讨论了河流生态系统研究的时空尺度,论述了景观、流域、河流廊道和河段4种空间尺度间的关系。阐述了河流生态系统研究的4种背景系统,即自然系统、经济系统、社会系统和工程系统。归纳了水文情势、河流地貌、流态和水质等4个主要生境要素。本文还进一步讨论了科学范式和模型的概念,介绍了多种重要生态系统结构与功能模型,提出了描述非生命变量和生命变量之间关系的河流生态系统结构与功能整体模型。最后,讨论了科学研究对于制定流域管理战略的意义以及相关技术开发的方向。     

交汇河道水沙运动与河床响应研究进展

汇流是平原河网常见的河道形态,河网交汇处伴随着水流、含沙量、地形、水温、生态和环境等的突变,是控制水、沙、污染物输移的重要节点,因此了解汇流处水、沙等物质输移和特殊床面形态对日益恶化的河网水环境的综合治理有非常重要的理论和实际意义。笔者主要从交汇河道的特殊水流结构、泥沙运动规律以及河床对水沙运动的响应分别进行概述和总结,提出了目前交汇河道研究中存在的一些问题,并对交汇河道水沙运动与河床响应研究的研究方向提出了展望。     

MORPHOLOGICALLY RELATED INTEGRATIVE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT FOR RECONNECTING ABANDONED CHANNELS BASED ON AIRBORNE LiDAR DATA AND HABITAT MODELLING

Most of the large rivers are heavily degraded and lack near‐natural conditions due to high human pressure (agricultural use and settlements) especially on former inundation areas. Hence, it is rarely possible to ‘restore’ predisturbance conditions of rivers and their floodplains. Further, river or floodplain restoration programs are often based on type‐specific reference conditions. Those reference conditions are mainly determined on the basis of historical maps not giving any information of, for example, sediment supply, flood frequency and vegetation cover (density). Especially for improving the ecological status of rivers with abandoned channel features, key habitats for target fish species have to be restored by reconnecting floodplains and their secondary channel system. In addition, because of the necessity of improving the ecological status, there is growing interest in interdisciplinary river restoration techniques. Within the presented article, an integrative concept is derived based on Light Detection and Ranging measurements and numerical modelling with respect to river dynamics (hydrologic and morphological). Further habitat modelling, based on unsteady depth‐averaged two‐dimensional hydrodynamics, is applied with a focus on the mesounit scale. For testing the conceptual model, various river reaches at the Morava River were selected, featuring different morphological characteristics. It was found that the applied management concept allows considering the important issues of river dynamics (morphological/hydrologic) using a flow‐ and flood‐pulse approach for identifying bottlenecks of target species at the Morava River. The reconnection of abandoned channels will result in an increase of hydromorphological heterogeneity and/or woody debris within the study reach. This might be of high relevance for habitat features (e.g. backwater habitats) especially for flow pulses between low flow and mean flow and/or in reaches without abandoned channels between low‐flow and the bankfull stage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

支流水沙作用下干流床面冲淤特征试验研究

 通过一系列的水槽试验,研究了交汇角为30°时不同水沙条件下干流床面冲淤特性,获得了在支流有无来水、来沙时不同主支汇流比下的干流床面冲淤二维等值线图,初步揭示了干流床面冲淤随主支流量比及支流是否来沙的变化特性。研究成果对了解交汇区的冲淤变化及河床演变具有积极的作用。     

拉萨河流域河宽与地形结构因子相互关系分析

利用Google Earth遥感影像,测量了拉萨河流域451个局部河段的河流水面宽度,得出了10个主要河段的平均河宽。研究中,分别点绘了10个主要河段的平均河宽与5种地形结构因子(河流纵比降、弯曲度、凹度、河流上游集水面积、流域平均坡度)的相关图,采用线性函数、指数函数、对数函数以及幂函数4种函数对其进行相关性分析。结果发现,在5种因子中,河流水面宽度与上游集水面积相关性最好,当用线性函数拟合时确定性系数达到了0.81;河流的纵比降与河宽的相关性也较好,当采用指数函数与幂函数拟合时,两者的确定性系数均为0.76。研究探讨拉萨河流域河宽和地形结构因子的相互关系对认识青藏高原河流地貌特征规律以及提高无资料流域河流流量和总水量预测的能力等均有重要意义。     

Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in large river secondary channels: Contemporaneous and legacy effects of flow connectivity

In large rivers, secondary channels occur where the main channel is divided by an instream island, forming one or multiple smaller channels outside the main channel. Secondary channels are highly variable in morphometry, flow characteristics, and degree of connectivity to the main channel. Engineered closing structures at the upstream end of most secondary channels restrict inflow from the main channel, resulting in gradients of flow connectivity among secondary channels that vary with river stage. We investigated the relationship of flow connectivity to benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage richness and structure among a series of secondary channels of the Lower Mississippi River. Samples were collected over 2 years at times of high and low river stages. We discovered (1) macroinvertebrate assemblage structure and taxonomic richness varied along the flow connectivity gradient, and (2) there was a legacy effect of prior connection on assemblage structure that lasted up to a year. We contend that for management and restoration planning aimed at conservation of large river biological diversity, an important consideration are the life history requirements of animals utilizing secondary channel habitats.     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION FOR EFFECTS OF BED DISCORDANCE ON FLOW DYNAMICS AT Y-SHAPED OPEN CHANNEL CONFLUENCES

Channel confluences are universally present in nature. They can be divided into two types:asymmetrical river confluences and symmetric river confluences. The latter is also called as the Y-shaped confluences. Most of previous work has paid more attention to the asymmetrical river confluences, but few studies have been conducted on the Y-shaped confluences. In this article, the effects of bed discordance on the flow patterns at"Y"shaped open-channel confluences were studied by using a 3-D numerical simulation. It is proved that the model can undertake quantitative assessment of the flow at confluences. The results indicate that there are a lot of differences between the Y-shaped confluence and asymmetrical confluence. The discordant bed height plays an important role at the Y-shaped junction.     

清潩河流域河流环境流量计算与应用

针对北方地区河流环境流量短缺和污染并存的现状,在综合考虑水质保护与水量维持的情况下界定了河流环境流量的概念和内涵,并探讨不同功能目标下河流环境流量的组成。通过分析河流水系特征及河段的空间结构特征,建立了改善河流水质所需环境流量计算模型,同时建立了Tennant和湿周模型计算河流生态系统所需环境流量。利用临颍高村桥的水文水质数据,对清潩河为改善河流水质和生态系统所需环境流量进行了初步评价,为河流应急补水提供了调控建议,并提出了河道应常年保持的流量水平。     

复杂河网水系油粒子模型开发及溢油污染模拟

近年来,油粒子模型在海洋、海湾等水体的二、三维溢油数值模拟中获得广泛应用.然而,河网地区的水流模拟通常采用一维水动力模型,无法根据模型预测结果判断油粒子运动至河网节点后的流动方向,导致现有油粒子模型不能应用于河网水系溢油污染模拟.本研究针对水网地区溢油输移特征,通过定义河网节点出流河道流向因子,判断油粒子运动至河网节点...     

适用于中小河流受损岸坡修复的楔形丁坝群水力特性初探

河道内流动控制结构物作为一种主动防护型的护岸型式,以其特有的生态效益,伴随着河流治理理念由渠化向河流再自然化的回归,日益成为新的研究热点。在归纳总结国内外常见河道内流动控制结构物分类和作用特性的基础上,选取逆水流方向布置的楔形丁坝为研究对象,采用三维数值模拟方法对布置楔形丁坝群前后193°强弯曲水槽内的三维水力特性进行对比分析,初步分析弯曲水槽内楔形丁坝群的作用机制和挑流效果。研究结果表明:楔形丁坝群主要通过调整弯道内的二次流结构,达到将高流速水流挑离凹岸、避免岸坡遭受冲蚀的目的;楔形丁坝群布置会造成弯道内水位雍高,高流速水流向凸岸一侧偏移,其雍水高度和偏移程度与楔形丁坝群的布置方式密切相关。研究成果对于河流生态修复领域生态水工结构物相关研究的开展与深化具有借鉴意义。     

植物坝覆盖区明渠二维两相流场紊动特性研究

漂浮植被占用了行洪断面面积,增大了河流的阻力,遇到障物后,造成河道严重堵塞。通过室内物理模型试验和数值模拟的方法,研究、分析大面积覆盖水面的漂浮植被对河道泄洪能力、河道水体结构、水流特性的影响。根据紊动强度和雷诺应力沿程变化,从波动幅度上看,植物覆盖区波动幅度较大;对根茎区,无植物覆盖但受影响区紊动强度不大,但较无植物覆盖时的明渠水流有明显增大,植物坝覆盖区及植物坝前缘区变化显著,尤其是植物坝前缘区的紊动强度波动很剧烈。     

Non-Uniform Flow Effect on Optimal Waste Load Allocation in Rivers

In this study, the effects of non-uniform flow due to: (i) inflow from tributaries and (ii) the presence of a downstream control structure (such as a weir or a barrage), on the optimal waste load allocation decision and the resulting cost-equity trade-off relationships, have been investigated. These effects are illustrated with in the framework of a typical cost-equity multi-objective optimization model for optimal waste load allocation in rivers. This framework consists of an embedded river water quality simulator with gradually varied flow and transport (BOD-DO) modules and a cost-equity multi-objective optimization model. A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm known as Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II is used for solving the optimization problem. The optimal fraction removal levels, the treatment cost and the system inequity measure are under predicted in certain reaches of the river, if the uniform flow assumption is made, while actually non-uniform flow conditions exist. This effect is quite pronounced when the flow non-uniformity results from a downstream control structure such as a weir.     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON SALINITY STRATIFICATION IN THE OUJIANG RIVER ESTUARY

The variations of current, salt intrusion and vertical stratification under different conditions of river flow and wind in the Oujiang River Estuary (ORE) were investigated in this article using the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC). The model was verified against water level variation, velocity, and salinity variations in June 2005. The simulation results agreed well with measured data. Six sensitivity tests were conducted for different conditions of river flow and wind specified in the model. Model results show that salinity intrudes further upstream under scenarios with low flow and downriver local wind conditions. In contrast, the responses of salinity stratification to different environmental forcing functions were different in different portions of the estuary. Salinity stratification was enhanced under high flow condition. Model results also show that wind is not crucial to the salt intrusion and salinity stratification in the ORE.     

High-resolution Numerical Simulation of Flow Through a Highly Sinuous River Reach

River dynamics involve complex, incompletely understoodinteractions among flow, sediment transport and channel form.The capacity to predict these interactions is essential for avariety of river management problems, including channelmigration, width adjustment and habitat development. To addressthis need, high-resolution numerical models increasingly arebeing used by river engineers, fluvial geomorphologists andriver biologists to explore the complexity of river dynamics andto predict fluvial behavior.This paper presents numerical simulations through a naturalmeadering river using two different models: a depth-averagednumerical code with secondary flow correction and a fully 3-D,state-of-the-art, Computational-Fluid-Dynamics (CFD) code.Models predictions are compared to high-quality 3-D velocitydata collected in a highly sinuous reach of the Embarras Riverin Central Illinois, showing a successful simulation of the mainflow features. Implications for sediment transport, planformdevelopment and habitat structure throughout the reach areanalyzed, demonstrating the potential use of the models as atool for river management.