An improved commutative encryption and data hiding scheme for HEVC video

Multimedia Tools and Applications - With the popularity of cloud computing and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) codec, commutative encryption and data hiding schemes designed for HEVC has...     

可分离的加密域十六进制可逆信息隐藏

针对当前可逆信息隐藏技术可分离性差、载体恢复失真较大的问题,提出了一种可分离的加密域可逆信息隐藏方案。在R-LWE公钥密码算法加密过程中,通过对加密域冗余区间的重量化与对密文数据的再编码,可在密文冗余中嵌入十六进制数构成的秘密信息。嵌入信息后,使用隐写密钥可以完整提取隐藏信息,使用解密密钥可以无差错恢复出加密前数据,提取过程与解密过程可分离。理论推导出了影响信息提取与直接解密正确性的相关参数,通过仿真实验得出了参数的可取值区间,实验结果表明本方案在实现加密域的可分离可逆信息隐藏的基础上充分保证了嵌入后的明文解密的可逆性,而且1比特明文在密文域最大可负载4比特秘密信息。     

Separable authentication in encrypted HEVC video

Multimedia Tools and Applications - A joint encryption and authentication scheme for HEVC compressed video is proposed in this work. It produces a HEVC format compliant video stream that permits...     

基于Paillier的可分离密文域可逆信息隐藏

为了提高信息嵌入率和实现直接解密后无损恢复原始图像,提出了基于Paillier的可分离密文域可逆信息隐藏算法.首先图像拥有者利用Paillier算法对图像进行加密后上传云服务器;而后信息隐藏者在云服务器中生成三个零矩阵,通过构造尺寸大小为2×2的填充分块进行信息嵌入;接收方根据不同的密钥,实现信息提取与图像解密的可分离.实验结果表明,相比于传统的可逆嵌入算法,该算法直接解密后不会存在失真的现象,并且最大嵌入率可达到2 bpp.     

Separable reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on scalable blocks

This paper proposes a new separable reversible data hiding method for encrypted images. Proposed scheme employs the pixel redundancy of natural images to construct embedding space. First, cover image is divided into multiple blocks with different scales. According to the pixel average value of each block, the lowest two bits of every pixel are vacated as reserved rooms. Subsequently, the whole image is encrypted by using stream cipher and the secret messages are finally embedded into the reserved rooms by the embedding key. Proposed scheme is separable in the sense that the recipient can achieve different function by the following ways: (a) If the recipient has only decryption key, an approximation plaintext image containing the embedded information can be obtained. (b) If the recipient has only embedded key, secret messages can be extracted correctly. (c) If the recipient has both decryption key and embedded key, he can not only extract the secret messages, but recover the original cover image perfectly. Extensive experiments are performed to show that our proposed schemes outperform existing reversible data hiding schemes in terms of visual quality, embedding capacity and security performance, even if a large-scale image database is used.

     

Separable reversible data hiding in encrypted images with improved security and capacity

Multimedia Tools and Applications - Reversible data hiding (RDH) has to be conducted in the encrypted images when original images are encrypted for privacy protection in some open environments,...     

Separable reversible data hiding in homomorphic encrypted domain using POB number system

Multimedia Tools and Applications - In this paper, a novel separable reversible data hiding in homomorphic encrypted images (RDHEI) using POB number system is proposed. The frame of the proposed...     

基于码分多址复用的双重加密可逆信息隐藏

针对多数密文域可逆信息隐藏算法嵌入容量小、加密算法单一的问题,提出一种双重加密的方法,并利用码分多址复用（CDMA）的思想嵌入秘密信息。加密时将图像分块,先对像素块进行多粒度置乱加密,再对块中每个像素的中间2位用流密码加密。信息嵌入采用码分多址的思想,选取k个长为4的相互正交的矩阵嵌入k层秘密信息,利用矩阵的正交性实现秘密信息多层嵌入,在提高嵌入容量的同时保证了对像素点的较小改变。对不满足嵌入条件的像素块嵌入伪比特,可避免使用位置图。拥有信息提取密钥的合法接收者可以提取秘密信息;拥有图像解密密钥可以近似恢复原始图像;拥有两种密钥既可提取秘密信息又可无损恢复原始图像。实验结果表明,512×512灰度图像Lena在峰值信噪比（PSNR）大于36 dB时最大嵌入容量133 313 bit。所提算法增强了加密图像安全性,在保证可逆性的同时大大提高密文域可逆信息隐藏嵌入容量。     

Security analysis of multiple permutation encryption adopt in reversible data hiding

Multimedia Tools and Applications - In order to improve the security of reversible data hiding algorithm in encrypted images, Liu designed an image multi-permutation encryption algorithm. By...     

Issues and solution on distortion drift in reversible video data hiding

Different from reversible image data hiding, most reversible video data hiding schemes have the particular problem that the distortion due to hidden data will spread and accumulate. In this paper, the problem of distortion drift caused by reversible data hiding in compressed video is analyzed, and a lossless drift compensation scheme is proposed to restrain the distortion for the first time. In order to ensure the reversibility, drift compensation signals are merged in the quantized DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) coefficients of P-frames and the corresponding recovery mechanism is presented as well. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed lossless drift compensation scheme significantly improves the video quality, and the original compressed video can be recovered exactly after the hidden data and compensation signals are removed. In addition, the proposed scheme does not depend on specific reversible data hiding method.     

Separable reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on flexible preservation of the differences

To better protect the security of users’ private data in the cloud environment, the technology for separable reversible data hiding in encrypted images has been attracting increasing attention from researchers. In this paper, we propose a separable reversible data hiding scheme in encrypted images based on the flexible preservation of differences. This scheme has three parts: 1) For the content owner, the original image is divided into non-overlapping blocks, for which block-mean is computed. Then the differences between the values of every pixel and the block-mean are obtained and an initial label map is generated. Because most of the differences tend to concentrate around 0, we use two bits to dynamically record the range of the differences to vacate space for hiding. Further, introducing the block-mean differences also serves to vacate more space, for which the label map is amended accordingly. Finally, the image with free space is encrypted into the encrypted image using an encryption key. 2) For the data hider, the secret bits are embedded into the encrypted image by directly replacing the spare bits without obtaining any information of the original image. 3) For the receiver, he/she can achieve the desired information according to the key in his/her possession. Experimental results show that our proposed scheme is able to achieve an average embedding capacity as large as 1.785 bpp and 1.709 bpp when block size is set to 2?×?2 and 2?×?4, respectively. Comparison with those of previous schemes, the proposed scheme has excellent embedding capacity, especially for smoother images.

     

Hierarchy-based reversible data hiding

In this paper, we propose a new method for reversible data hiding by employing the hierarchical relationships of original images. There are many parameters for accessing the performances of reversible data hiding algorithms, including the output image quality, the hiding capacity, and the overhead for decoding. Considering the ease of implementation and the little overhead needed for decoding, we employ modification of difference values between pixels by using histogram-based scheme with extensions to pyramidal structure by utilizing inherent characteristics of original images. By doing so, global and local characteristics of original images can be utilized for hiding more capacity with acceptable quality of output image. With our method, better performances can be obtained with enhanced image quality, the more embedding capacity, and comparable amount of side information for decoding. More importantly, the reversibility of our method is guaranteed, meaning that original image and hidden message can both be perfectly recovered at the decoder. Simulation results demonstrate that proposed method in this paper outperforms those in conventional algorithms.     

Prediction-based reversible data hiding

For some applications such as satellite and medical images, reversible data hiding is the best solution to provide copyright protection or authentication. Being reversible, the decoder can extract the hidden data and recover the original image without distortion. In this paper, a reversible data hiding scheme based on prediction error expansion is proposed. The predictive value is computed by using various predictors. The secret data is embedded in the cover image by exploiting the expansion of the difference between a pixel and its predictive value. Experimental results show that our method is capable of providing a great embedding capacity without making noticeable distortion. In addition, the proposed scheme is also applicable to various predictors.     

A new data hiding method for H.265/HEVC video streams without intra-frame distortion drift

Multimedia Tools and Applications - This paper presents a readable H.265/HEVC data hiding method. First, three conditions of the directions of intra-frame prediction and the multi-coefficients are...     

Adjustable prediction-based reversible data hiding

Reversible data hiding has received considerable interest recently in the field of information hiding. However, most of difference expansion (DE-based) schemes suffer from the problem that image cannot be restored into its original one free from location map. Reversible data hiding scheme with location map cannot effectively raise hiding capacity; in addition, it also incurs the computational cost during embedding and extracting. This study presents a reversible data hiding scheme that is free of location map and thus the computational cost, associated with embedding and extracting, is lower than that of most DE-based schemes. Furthermore, our scheme solves the problem of the low embedding rate of Tseng and Hsieh?s scheme because our scheme takes advantage of the bulk of relatively high small prediction-errors to raise embedding capacity. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves the larger payload and the better image quality than some existing schemes by an adjustable control factor. The performance of the proposed scheme is more stable for the different images.     

Pairwise IPVO-based reversible data hiding

Recently, Peng et al. proposed a reversible data hiding method based on improved pixel-value-ordering (PVO) and prediction-error expansion. In this paper, a novel method is proposed by extending Peng et al.’s work. In our method, three largest (or smallest) pixels in a block are utilized to generate two differences, and a new pixel modification strategy is proposed so that the PVO remains unchanged after data embedding. Taking three largest pixels for example, we utilize the third largest pixel to predict the second largest one, and meanwhile use the second largest one to predict the maximum. In this way, two differences are obtained. They are modified jointly so as to be embedded with log 23 bits instead of 2 bits in the traditional RDH methods. The advantage of doing so is to exclude situations where PVO is changed. Moreover, two embedding layers are utilized together to further decrease the embedding distortion. Extensive experiments verify that the proposed method outperforms Peng et al. ’s and some other state-of-the-art works.     

Three-dimensional histogram shifting for reversible data hiding

Histogram shifting is an important method of reversible data hiding. However, every pixel, difference, or prediction-error is respectively changed to hide a data bit in the traditional histogram shifting, which constrains the capacity-distortion embedding performance. An efficient three-dimensional histogram shifting is proposed for reversible data hiding in this paper. Take H.264 videos as covers to show this method. In a 4 × 4 quantized discrete cosine transform luminance block, which is not inferred by others, three alternating current coefficients are selected randomly as an embeddable group. According to the different values of the selected coefficient groups, they could be divided into different sets. Data could be hidden according to these sets. In the traditional histogram shifting, only one information bit could be hidden with at most one modification of one coefficient, whereas two data bits could be hidden at the same cost by using the proposed scheme. The superiority of the presented technique is verified through experiments.     

Improved PVO-based reversible data hiding

This work extends a recently proposed reversible data hiding (RDH) scheme of Li et al. which is based on pixel-value-ordering and prediction-error expansion. In Li et al.ʼs method, the maximum and minimum of a pixel block are predicted and modified to embed data. The pixel value order of each block is unchanged after data embedding and the property guarantees the reversibility. In this work, instead of the difference between the maximum and second largest value of a block (or, the minimum and second smallest value of a block) considered in Li et al.ʼs method, new differences are computed and new histogram-modification-strategy is utilized. Take the maximum for example, the new difference is defined considering the pixel locations of the maximum and second largest value. In this way, the blocks where the maximum equals to the second largest value can be exploited to embed data while these blocks suitable for RDH are not utilized in Li et al.ʼs work. This can better exploit image redundancy and achieve a superior embedding performance. Extensive experiments verify that the proposed method outperforms Li et al.ʼs and some other state-of-the-art works.     

Unified entropy-based sorting for reversible data hiding

Multimedia Tools and Applications - Reversible data hiding schemes compete against each other for a sharply distributed prediction error histogram, usually realized by utilizing prediction...     

Histogram-based reversible data hiding for vector quantisation-compressed images

Reversible data hiding is required and preferable in many applications such as medical diagnosis, military, law enforcement, fine art work and so on. The author proposes to use reversible data hiding applications with a vector quantisation (VQ)-compressed image. The histogram of the prediction VQcompressed image is explored. The prediction VQ encoded image is identical to traditional VQ encoding. The index of prediction encoded VQ images is modified to embed secret data. Furthermore, the VQ images can be completely reconstructed by the recovery procedure. The experimental results show the performance of the proposed method and the efficiency of the embedding, extraction and recovery procedures. In comparison with other VQ-based schemes, the proposed method provides a higher hiding capacity and a better stegoimage quality. Also, the lossless VQ image is recovered