Voronoi tessellation of points with integer coordinates: Time-efficient implementation and online edge-list generation

The Voronoi tessellation in the plane can be computed in a particularly time-efficient manner for generators with integer coordinates, such as typically acquired from a raster image. The Voronoi tessellation is constructed line by line during a single scan of the input image, simultaneously generating an edge-list data structure (DCEL) suitable for postprocessing by graph traversal algorithms. In contrast to the generic case, it can be shown that the topology of the grid permits the algorithm to run faster on complex scenes. Consequently, in Computer Vision applications, the computation of the Voronoi tessellation represents an attractive alternative to raster-based techniques in terms of both computational complexity and quality of data structures.     

二阶导数型边缘检测算子边缘定位误差的研究

本文首先导入了离散的高斯-拉普拉斯(DLOG)及二项分布--拉普拉斯(LOB)两种二 阶导数型边缘检测算子.由独立的高斯噪声所污染的数字边缘作为边缘图象模型.使用二阶 导数型边缘检测算子对图象模型进行卷积后,用均方误差最小的准则对卷积后的图象进行平 面拟合,并求出零交点作为图象的边缘点.推导了二阶导数型算子的边缘定位概率Pd及假边 缘检测概率Pf,继而比较了两种二阶导数型边缘检测算子的性能.     

Acquiring a radiance distribution to superimpose virtual objectsonto a real scene

This paper describes a new method for superimposing virtual objects with correct shadings onto an image of a real scene. Unlike the previously proposed methods, our method can measure a radiance distribution of a real scene automatically and use it for superimposing virtual objects appropriately onto a real scene. First, a geometric model of the scene is constructed from a pair of omnidirectional images by using an omnidirectional stereo algorithm. Then, radiance of the scene is computed from a sequence of omnidirectional images taken with different shutter speeds and mapped onto the constructed geometric model. The radiance distribution mapped onto the geometric model is used for rendering virtual objects superimposed onto the scene image. As a result, even for a complex radiance distribution, our method can superimpose virtual objects with convincing shadings and shadows cast onto the real scene. We successfully tested the proposed method by using real images to show its effectiveness     

Multi-sensor data fusion using NIHS transform and decomposition algorithms

Multi-spectral image fusion is to enhance the details present in multi-spectral bands with the spatial information available in the panchromatic image. Fused images have the effect of spectral distortions and lack of structural similarity. To overcome these limitations, three methods are proposed using intensity, hue, saturation (IHS) and nonlinear IHS (NIHS) transform along with the Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) and 2D-Empirical Mode Decomposition (2D-EMD or IEMD). An intensity plane is calculated from the NIHS transform. The modes are constructed using DMD by considering the variations between the intensity plane computed using NIHS transforms of a low resolution multi-spectral image and a panchromatic image. Similarly, 2D-EMD is also used for image fusion. Modes are subjected to weighted fusion rule to get an intensity plane with spatial and edge information. Finally, the calculated intensity plane is concatenated along with the hue and saturation plane of low-resolution multi-spectral image and transformed into RGB color space. Thus, the fused images have high spatial and edge information on spectral bands. The experiments and its quality assessment assure that proposed methods perform better than the existing methods.     

Single View Metrology

We describe how 3D affine measurements may be computed from a single perspective view of a scene given only minimal geometric information determined from the image. This minimal information is typically the vanishing line of a reference plane, and a vanishing point for a direction not parallel to the plane. It is shown that affine scene structure may then be determined from the image, without knowledge of the camera's internal calibration (e.g. focal length), nor of the explicit relation between camera and world (pose).In particular, we show how to (i) compute the distance between planes parallel to the reference plane (up to a common scale factor); (ii) compute area and length ratios on any plane parallel to the reference plane; (iii) determine the camera's location. Simple geometric derivations are given for these results. We also develop an algebraic representation which unifies the three types of measurement and, amongst other advantages, permits a first order error propagation analysis to be performed, associating an uncertainty with each measurement.We demonstrate the technique for a variety of applications, including height measurements in forensic images and 3D graphical modelling from single images.     

Geometric reconstruction of buried heat sources from a surface thermogram

Attempts to reconstruct the spatial location, size, and form of buried heat sources from the measured pattern of thermograms are, in general, prohibited by the lack of a priori information about the thermal (flow) model and the source structure. In this paper, a method is introduced based on geometric reconstruction of a buried heat source configuration. This configuration must contain point sources and/or sharp edges and be confined to a plane region parallel to the surface. The medium, in which the heat source is embedded, is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic, and of large size compared to the size of the source and to its depth below the surface. The heat flux from the surface to the ambient is assumed to follow the Newtonian cooling law. The spatial density distribution of the flux can be described by a Green function with coefficients determined by the depth of the source plane. It is possible to approximate a corresponding inverse mapping algorithm (reconstruction filter) for each source plane depth, with only one (depth) scaling parameter. The density distribution of the source structure is optimally deblurred when the reconstruction filter's scaling parameter matches the actual depth of the source plane below the surface. In the reconstruction procedure, this reconstruction filter is consecutively applied for several values of the scaling parameter. The so-called ``deblurring quality' of the point or edge information is utilized to decide which scaling parameter achieves the sharpest image. This procedure resembles the focusing of a lens.     

Affine invariant watermarking algorithm using feature matching

Geometric attacks are among the most challenging problems in present day watermarking. Such attacks are very simple to implement yet they can defeat most of the existing watermarking algorithms without causing serious perceptual image distortion. In this research, a novel method to estimate the geometric manipulation is reported. The point pattern matching measure is computed for estimating geometric manipulation. The reference point patterns (i.e., a triple) are computed from feature ellipse of the original image. The proposed scheme does not require the original image because reference triple information of the original image has been contained in the secret key. Novel algorithm has been proved its robustness to geometric attacks through experiments results.     

Automatic extraction of brain surface and mid-sagittal plane from PET images applying deformable models

In this study, we propose and evaluate new methods for automatic extraction of the brain surface and the mid-sagittal plane from functional positron emission tomography (PET) images. Designing methods for these segmentation tasks is challenging because the spatial distribution of intensity values in a PET image depends on the applied radiopharmaceutical and the contrast to noise ratio in a PET image is typically low. We extracted the brain surface with a deformable model which is based on a global optimization algorithm. The global optimization allows reliable automation of the extraction task. Based on the extracted brain surface, the mid-sagittal plane was determined. The method was tested with the image of the Hoffman brain phantom (FDG) and the images from the brain studies with the FDG (17 images) and the C11-Raclopride tracers (4 images). In addition to the brain surfaces, we applied the deformable model for extraction of the coarse cortical structure based on the tracer uptake from FDG-PET brain images. The proposed segmentation methods provide a promising direction for automatic processing and analysis of PET brain images.     

基于边缘细化的角点提取算法

图像的角点提取在计算机视觉领域中具有重要的应用价值。本文基于角点一定是边缘点且是两条边缘或多条边缘交点的这一几何特性,提出了一种基于边缘细化的角点提取算法。算法先用Canny算子提取图像的边缘,然后进行细化并填充边界线上的断点,再利用角点的几何特性来确定角点的位置。实验结果表明,这种算法提高了角点提取的正确率、定位精确、实用性强。     

基于机器视觉的公差检测系统算法研究与应用——自适应边缘检测与修正Hough变换

介绍了基于机器视觉的几何量和位置公差检测中常见的计算模型、图像处理和直线拟合一般算法，进一步介绍了一种自适应的边缘检测方法。着重分析了传统的Hough变换的优势和缺点，在此基础上提出了适应形位公差检测特点的修正Hough变换算法。自适应边缘检测方法被应用于检测实际工程的图像边缘，检测到的边缘区域在亚像素之内；修正的Hough变换算法也被运用于相应工程的直线拟合，与传统的Hough算法相比，结果表明其速度更快、精度更高，抗干扰能力更强，其拟合直线的极径精度可达到0．1个像素，极角精度可达0．01°。     

多尺度几何活动曲线及MR图像边界提取

活动曲线方法是８０年代末发展起来的基于模型的图像分割方法,主要有两大类,能量活动曲线方法和几何活动曲线方法,几何活动曲线言方法在数学上比较完备,较好地克服了能量的许多缺点,但是在医学图像分割中,尤其是结构性噪声比较严重的情况下,几何活动曲线向边界的演化会受到一定程度的影响,为了解决这个问题,作者利用基于小波变换的多尺度边缘检测算法,提出了多尺度几何活动曲线模型,在人体头部ＭＲ图像脑边界的提取中,多     

未标定单幅结构场景图像的三维重构

提出了一种单视三维重构方法，该方法是利用用户提供图像点及其对应的三维点之间几何信息。由于结构场景是由大量平面构成的，存在大量的平行性、正交性约束，因此该方法主要应用于结构场景的三维重构。首先，相机定标和计算每个平面的度量信息，即先基于3组互相垂直方向的影灭点，对方形像素相机标定，再利用影灭线和圆环点像，对每个平面度量校正；然后考虑每个校正平面的尺度因子和非正交平面间的相对面向，从而将所有校正后的平面缝合起来。采用真实图像进行实验，实验结果表明，该方法简单易用。     

基于PM模型的曲面去噪变分水平集方法

PM（perona-malik）模型是一种经典的非线性图像扩散模型,该模型能根据设定的阈值对图像光滑区域进行扩散,并能自适应地保持图像边缘。本文将曲面法矢量与一般灰度图像的强度进行类比,将经典的图像扩散的PM模型转化为曲面几何噪声处理的自适应扩散变分模型,在使曲面光滑的同时,能够保持曲面边缘。曲面采用隐函数的零水平集表达,能量泛函中的数据项用初始水平集函数的Heaviside函数与演化后水平集函数的Heaviside函数差的平方表达,能量泛函中的光滑项基于几何曲率定义。此外,在能量泛函中增加了水平集函数为符号距离函数的惩罚项,避免了水平集函数需要不断重新初始化的问题。数值实验验证了所提出模型的曲面噪声去除及曲面边缘保持效果。     

基于方向Snake模型的心脏磁共振图像左心室内外膜分割

针对心脏磁共振图像(MRI)左心室内膜与外膜边缘方向不同的特点,提出一种基于曲线演化框架的方向主动轮廓模型进行左心室内外膜分割。曲线演化方程中包含基于图像边缘与区域灰度特征的混合几何流。几何流中的边缘信息项由经Fast Marching方法扩展后的动态方向梯度矢量流场（DDGVF）构成,用以引导曲线向具有不同方向的目标边缘运动,而区域灰度信息项则由Chan-Vese (CV)模型构成,用以防止曲线在演化过程中受其他边缘成分的影响而发生泄漏。最终的曲线演化方程采用水平集方法求解。实验结果表明,所提方法能够较为准确地分割出心脏MRI图像中的左心室内外膜并具有较好的鲁棒性,对于实现基于心脏MRI图像的左心室心肌区域自动快速分割和心脏功能分析与评价具有一定的应用价值。     

Multiscale Segmentation of Three-Dimensional MR Brain Images

Segmentation of MR brain images using intensity values is severely limited owing to field inhomogeneities, susceptibility artifacts and partial volume effects. Edge based segmentation methods suffer from spurious edges and gaps in boundaries. A multiscale method to MRI brain segmentation is presented which uses both edge and intensity information. First a multiscale representation of an image is created, which can be made edge dependent to favor intra-tissue diffusion over inter-tissue diffusion. Subsequently a multiscale linking model (the hyperstack) is used to group voxels into a number of objects based on intensity. It is shown that both an improvement in accuracy and a reduction in image post-processing can be achieved if edge dependent diffusion is used instead of linear diffusion. The combination of edge dependent diffusion and intensity based linking facilitates segmentation of grey matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid with minimal user interaction. To segment the total brain (white matter plus grey matter) morphological operations are applied to remove small bridges between the brain and cranium. If the total brain is segmented, grey matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid can be segmented by joining a small number of segments. Using a supervised segmentation technique and MRI simulations of a brain phantom for validation it is shown that the errors are in the order of or smaller than reported in literature.     

基于几何活动轮廓模型的人脸轮廓提取方法

针对在结构性噪声较严重的情况下 ,常规几何活动轮廓模型无法获得理想分割效果的问题 ,提出一种基于几何活动轮廓模型的人脸轮廓提取方法 ,该方法首先将人脸形状的椭圆性约束作为算子嵌入到几何活动轮廓模型中 ,并利用几何活动轮廓模型提取任意轮廓的优势来快速抽取出图象中类似椭圆的目标边缘 ;然后根据图象中人脸的先验知识 ,通过对检测到的椭圆目标进行进一步验证来找出最终人脸轮廓 .由于采用变分水平集方法做数值计算 ,因此该方法不仅能够自然地处理曲线的拓扑变化和能较精确地提取出图象中的人脸轮廓 ,而且同时可以给出人脸水平旋转的大致角度等信息 .实验结果表明 ,该方法是有效的 .     

Detecting image forgeries using metrology

Image forgery technology has become popular for tampering with digital photography. This paper presents a framework for detecting fake regions using single view metrology and enforcing geometric constraints from shadows. In particular, we describe how to (1) estimate the region of interest’s 3D measurements from a single perspective view of a scene given only minimal geometric information determined from the image, (2) determine the fake region by exploring the imaged shadow relations that are modeled by the planar homology. We also show that image forgery on the vertical plane or arbitrary plane can be detected through the measurement on such plane. Our approach efficiently extracts geometric constraints from a single image and makes use of them for the digital forgery detection. Experimental results on both the synthetic data against noise and visually plausible images demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.     

Classification of reflectors with an ultrasonic sensor for mobile robot applications

This paper describes a sensor model made up of four ultrasonic transducers able to classify reflectors (wall, edge or corner) in specular environments. The main goal has been to effect the classification from a single reading cycle: emission of ultrasounds and reception of echoes (measuring only times of flight—TOFs). Working from the four TOFs obtained after a single emission of ultrasounds (thereby facilitating its practical implementation in a mobile robot, when readings are taken while the robot is moving), an algorithm has been proposed for discriminating between edge and plane type reflectors. The configuration of the four transducers enabled dependent discriminating functions to be determined directly from the quadratic terms of the TOFs, without the need for previous geometric transformations. Special attention was given to the effect of the separation between the sensor transducers and the reading-associated noise. Finally, some considerations have been pointed out about the possibility of two transducers emitting, so allowing discrimination between walls and corners.     

虚拟演播室的一种虚拟无缝合技术方案研究

研究了虚拟演播室中,节目主持人实拍图象与计算机生成的虚拟环境的一种无缝合成技术,提出了用以视频对象分割边缘等分抽样点为型值点的闭合B样条曲线,建立视频对象的平面格网真实感图形的算法,并用于虚拟演播室中节目主持人图象的真实感图形建立,通过对单个节目主持人视频摄像输入的实验,对算法的可行性进行了验证,实验结果表明,该算法对视频对象做基于分割边缘线拟合的简单三维重建是有效的,且具有自适应性。     

一种快速边缘检测算法

边缘检测是对图像中像素值的不连续性的度量、检测和定位,是图像分析领域中的一个基础问题.基于斜面分解的非对称逆布局图像表示方法(IDNAM)借鉴斜面拟合和逆布局的思想,使用矩形斜面子模式(RIP子模式)实例的集合来表示图像.基于IDNAM,提出一个RIP子模式内的理想边缘模型,将RIP子模式内的边缘分成五种,并给出了每一种边缘的强度和方向的计算公式.为了消除噪声对边缘检测结果的干扰,提出了RIP子模式内边缘存在性判定条件.根据理想边缘模型和判定条件,提出了一种基于IDNAM的边缘检测算法.理论分析和实验结果均表明,基于IDNAM表示的边缘检测算法的处理速度较传统的边缘检测算法更快.