农业城市主义策略体系初探——浅析荷兰《鹿特丹城市农业空间》研究

《鹿特丹城市农业空间》研究基于农业城市主义的理论背景和“可食的鹿特丹”社会背景,提出确定城市农业可能的类型、绘制城市农业机会地图以及进行案例研究的城市农业空间系统研究方法.在分析该案例的基础上,本文进一步将农业城市主义策略体系总结为:技术联合以形成本地食物系统,空间整合以形成有农城市形态,行为整合以形成多元参与机制.     

西方城市农业与城市空间的整合实验

在反思工业化城市及其食物系统的基础上,西方社会兴起了城市农业运动和学术热潮,在人居环境领域,全面探索了将农业纳入城市空间各层面,与城市、建筑和景观融合的可能性。整合城市农业与城市空间的既有研究,可概括为建筑一场地尺度、城市—街区尺度和区域—城乡尺度三个层面,依此进行了全面梳理和总结。     

从多中心城市到15分钟城市 城市设计和交通的标度：步行、等待和骑行

城市设计的任务是通过个体努力和中央控制相结合来为社会提供服务，同时避免不良后果。在快速城市化、气候变化和人口转型的时代，这一设计任务尤其具有挑战性。人们为了创造有韧性、可持续、凝聚力强且宜居的城市环境，制定了一系列规范和要求，特别是为了促进积极的变革以提高城市生活质量，提出了一系列城市设计和交通发展理念，例如多中心城市发展、网络城市主义、交通导向型发展、立体城市主义和15分钟城市等。文章首先对这些概念进行背景梳理与内涵界定，强调概念中结构与空间存在重叠与相互依存的关系；进而从行程时间的角度重新思考城市设计与交通规划的目标与价值取向，以及城市多中心发展趋势下所隐含的多元化交通标度。作为多层次立体城市主义整合策略的一部分，步行、等待和骑行是需要网络城市主义和景观生态主义关注的城市设计和交通标度。     

城市规划视角下的战术城市主义研究

新常态背景下,我国城市规划研究的重点正在从增量规划向存量规划转变,原来政府主导的、理想蓝图式的规划方法受到挑战.战术城市主义是近年来在国外兴起的一种由个人、社区和市政当局通过短期的、低成本的和小规模的干预方式,促进城市产生长期变化,进而提升城市品质的运动.当前它的影响主要集中在景观设计和城市设计等学科领域,但其思想对我国城市存量规划方法的研究具有重要的借鉴价值和启发意义.现从城市规划学科视角对战术城市主义进行系统解读:首先,通过对战术城市主义概念和产生背景进行梳理,并对战术性城市规划的特征、作用和影响进行总结,构建城市规划视角下战术城市主义研究的理论基础;其次,从战术性城市规划的思维过程、类型做法和城市规划师的作用等三个方面,提出战术性城市规划的操作模式;最后,归纳出战术性城市规划的有效实施必须满足获取多方支持、保障公平参与和明确责任归属等三个条件.     

城市景观主义的理想与现实

景观城市主义，还是城市景观主义？ 从20世纪90年代开始，景观界出现了“景观都市主义”（Landscape Urbanism）一词，且在规划和设计界的影响日渐增大。本人在此提出的“城市景观主义”（Urban Landscapism），是把“城市”与“景观”两个词前后顺序颠倒了一下。这并不是夏日酷暑中闲极无聊的语言游戏，而是一种根本的转向。景观都市主义，是用景观改变和引导城市，给城市染上景观的色彩。然而归根结蒂，景观只是个形容词，城市才是主角。其结果是，把景观纳入城市的藩篱，如狮子进了笼子，虽然威风，却没人怕它。     

从步行城市到汽车城市——马克·韦尔《城市与汽车》评介

马克·韦尔的新书<城市与汽车>从重新理解"城市"这一基本概念入手,将城市机动性放在城市发展基本要素之一的高度来认识,并阐述了它与城市功能空间布局之间的相互作用.运用这一城市观,他分析了当前法国城市发展问题的成因,随后提出解决这些问题的一些建议和方法,如制定地产政策、控制城市地区小汽车的交通速度等.本书是作者在研究如何整合城市交通与城市空间规划问题上的新成果.     

水域城市的主题

水文地理景观需要一种独特的设计思考及实践方式，甚至一种当代设计语境下新的水理念。鉴于水域都市主义急需认知的转变，文章引用达卡城作为此理念的起点。将达卡与经历了类似爆炸式增长的其它城市区别开来的是达卡城与由壮丽河流、凶猛洪水、大量的河道淤积与陆地偏移所构成的景观之间错综复杂的关系。在三角洲变幻莫测的水文世界里，动态的河流、运河、湿地、冲积平原、农田、冲积阶地，及人类栖息地构成了城市及聚落。对这类城市的水利愿景应从其边缘的珍贵湿地和农田景观开始，引导一种整合都市生活、农业和洪泛区的理念。     

社会恢复性城市主义：社会导向下的城市设计原则与实践

介绍一种社会导向的城市设计框架——社会恢复性城市主义的实际应用原则和方法。聚焦于社会、空间和物质维度在城市领域的整合,为思考城市空间结构与社会过程之间的关系提供了新的方式。从这一点来看,社会恢复性城市主义与越来越多的、倡导能够有效回应城市环境的学科理论产生了共鸣,并作出了自己的贡献。社会恢复性城市主义的特殊性在于它是基于城市领域体验维度的形成性研究,鼓励在城市环境变化过程中的包容性、参与式实践,并强调人境的互动对实现城市环境社会效益的重要性。概述了社会恢复性城市主义发展研究的几项核心内容,包括体验式景观（experiential landscape）、体验学过程（experiemic process）、MYTO（我的、你的、我们的、他们的）以及此项研究在人境研究国际协会（IAPS）的“新时代的老城市：城市设计的综合空间社会性方法”（New-Aging Cities: An Integrated Socio-Spatial Approach to Urban Design）研讨会中发表的成果,并进一步说明了这些成果是如何影响人境一体化概念的发展。这一背景促使社会恢复性城市主义逐渐发展,并在实践中应用在城市街景的社会维度——过渡性边缘和微环境。最后,基于社会空间城市主义研究中心（SsUU）的构建,提出了社会恢复性城市主义进一步发展的前景。     

城市、自然与农业

<正>是该把与人类生存有关的基本要素统统纳入视野的时候了。民以食为天,但人们对食物、农业与人居环境可持续发展的重大关系的醒悟,却远远落后于能源、水和空气。现在,我在最宏观层面把人居环境区分为城市、自然和农业三个独立系统,以简要表达人居环境需要并重共求的可持续发展目标。城市、自然和农业三者之间始终存在相互依存又相互损害的矛盾关系。自然界的不良条件对城市和农业的损害很大,而城市是人类改造自然营造出的"安乐窝",农业在改造自然的过程中破坏了自然,其损害程度并不亚于城市。建筑师Jonathan LaRocca认为,代表基本生存条件获取过程的农业和建筑,是导致地球退化的两个最大祸端。     

光明智能城市一座新型中国城市

截至2010年,预计中国将有一半人口由农村转入城市。中国的经济繁荣促使农民渴望进城一试身手,由此引发了移民大潮。中国政府最近向联合国世界城市论坛展示其新型生态城市——可惜关注的焦点仅仅是能源和环境问题,却忽视了社会和经济等重要因素。可否在农村背景下实现经济快速增长,并阻止农村技术人才流失?如何在保留传统和维持社会可持续性的同时促进农村经济增长?从城市的未来长远发展考虑,必须用新型城市蓝图取代当前的生态城市定义,在城市建设中融入教育、农业、环境及社会可持续性等因素。光明智能城市城镇中心保留了农业传统,并率先将城市规划和生态可持续性融为一体。这一创新型城镇中心将为深圳、中国乃至全世界开辟一种新型城市生活方式。     

The Intersection of Planning,Urban Agriculture,and Food Justice: A Review of the Literature

Problem, research strategy, and findings: We draw on a multidisciplinary body of research to consider how planning for urban agriculture can foster food justice by benefitting socioeconomically disadvantaged residents. The potential social benefits of urban agriculture include increased access to food, positive health impacts, skill building, community development, and connections to broader social change efforts. The literature suggests, however, caution in automatically conflating urban agriculture’s social benefits with the goals of food justice. Urban agriculture may reinforce and deepen societal inequities by benefitting better resourced organizations and the propertied class and contributing to the displacement of lower-income households. The precariousness of land access for urban agriculture is another limitation, particularly for disadvantaged communities. Planners have recently begun to pay increased attention to urban agriculture but should more explicitly support the goals of food justice in their urban agriculture policies and programs.

Takeaway for practice: We suggest several key strategies for planners to more explicitly orient their urban agriculture efforts to support food justice, including prioritizing urban agriculture in long-term planning efforts, developing mutually respectful relationships with food justice organizations and urban agriculture participants from diverse backgrounds, targeting city investments in urban agriculture to benefit historically disadvantaged communities, increasing the amount of land permanently available for urban agriculture, and confronting the threats of gentrification and displacement from urban agriculture. We demonstrate how the city of Seattle (WA) used an equity lens in all of its programs to shift its urban agriculture planning to more explicitly foster food justice, providing clear examples for other cities.     

食物都市主义的概念、理论基础及策略体系

食物都市主义(Food Urbanism)是2011年国际景观设计师联盟年度会议的研讨主题之一,它通过风景园林和城市规划设计手段正深层次地推动城市可持续发展和城市食物安全.研究对食物都市主义进行了概念辨析,指出食物都市主义包含食物生产和食物系统两个范畴,并分析其出现的社会背景、理论基础及策略体系.食物都市主义对我国城乡...     

都市农业在国外建筑和规划领域的研究及应用

都市农业是一种在城市中进行食品生产的产业形式。通过简要梳理19世纪至今国外农业与城市关系的演变和发展,总结都市农业的研究历程及代表理论,介绍并分析规划和建筑领域应用都市农业理论进行的设计研究,探讨都市农业项目的建成实例并展望未来的发展前景;提出都市农业的研究和发展对于建筑师及规划师意义重大,且能有效推进中国城市向生态、可持续方向发展。     

谈农业生态策略在城市建筑设计中的应用

快速城镇化已然成为当今社会的趋势,随着我国的城镇化进程的加快,城市环境以及城市食物供养模式则面临极大的挑战,国内外学者积极探索新的解决方案,都市衣业理念开始走进人们的视线,本文主要探索都市农业理念的其中一种重要方式,即以建筑为载体的生态农业策略,着重探索建筑与农业整合的方式,以及对未来城市建筑中生态农业策略的应用提出几点思考,希望在有限的土地资源条件下,最大发挥农业的生态效益以及经济效益,解决当前城镇化所带来的问题。     

现代城市农业景观基础设施

摘要：农业生产是城市基础设施的重要组成部分之一,而现代城市普遍存在着一定的农业生产和粮食安全问题。通过对城市的农业生产潜力和景观的农业生产性传统两方面进行研究,探索城市景观与农业生产的关联性,进而提出了现代城市农业景观基础设施的设计思想,并从城市立体农业景观基础设施、城市社区农业景观基础设施和城市农业公园3个方面,结合实例对其空间构成、表现形态、生产模式、公共功能等方面内容进行研究。     

Urban governance and urban food systems in Africa: Examining the linkages

Urban food systems have increasingly been recognised as a topic that needs to be better understood, in order to address issues of urban food security and urban poverty. This is particularly so in Africa, which has high rates of urban population growth and high levels of urban food insecurity. There has, however, been surprisingly little work on examining the existing processes through which urban food systems are governed. In this article, based on a review of the relevant literature, I examine what we know about urban governance and urban food systems in Africa. The governance of urban food systems in Africa is complex, with a range of governance actors with competing agendas. These governance actors impact on urban food systems, and thus on urban food security, in a variety of ways, including: the impact on food production (e.g. urban and peri-urban agriculture); the impact on the distribution of food; the impact on the retail of food by formal and informal traders; and the impact on food safety. There are many gaps in our knowledge about urban governance and urban food systems in Africa, including: processes in secondary cities; the role of, and impact of, local governments on urban food systems; the impact of inadequate transport systems on food distribution; and the impact of supermarkets (and their expanding supply chains) on urban food systems. We need to better understand existing urban governance processes, and their impacts on urban food systems, in order to be able to collaboratively design interventions to improve urban food security in Africa.     

Growing Communities: Integrating the Social and Economic Benefits of Urban Agriculture in Cape Town

There has been growing interest in the use of urban agriculture to address food insecurity and poverty in Cape Town. This reflects debates on urban agriculture in the global south. In the north, growing food in cities has been tended to be framed in terms of its social benefits. This paper investigates the perceived benefits of urban agriculture in projects in Seawinds and Vrygrond in Cape Town. Using the concept of metabolic rift is argues for connections between northern and southern constructions of urban agriculture. This approach enables connections to be seen between the practice in seemingly different areas without losing the local context. The paper argues that by using this integrated approach, projects may be more sustainable and ultimately provide both clearer social and economic benefits.     

Where is urban food policy in Switzerland? A frame analysis

Food is increasingly included on the urban agenda in many countries, and comprehensive food policies have been developed in several cities, but the development of articulate urban food policies is still in its infancy in Switzerland. The goal of this paper is to explore the ways in which food is framed in official policies in Switzerland and thereby gain a better understanding of the potential for the development of urban food policies. The analysis is based on a case study approach focusing on the formal frames of food: reconstructed from official policy documents on agriculture, food, health, environment, and planning, at the federal and the local level. The results show that ‘urban food’ is not a major topic in most policy documents and that the dominant frame of food is economic. There is a clear distinction between the rural and the urban, and there were no frames integrating (rural) food production and (urban) consumption, across the city’s departments, or between the local and the federal level. We can conclude that there is not yet a comprehensive urban food policy in Switzerland. The analysis further allows the nomination of two possible pathways to guide the development of coherent and integrative urban food policies.