明胶一海藻酸钠复合纤维的研制及性能表征

明胶（Gel）与海藻酸钠（sA）溶液共混得到不同配比的纺丝原液,通过黏度法,从热动力学角度对两种高分子材料的相容性及分子间作用力进行表征,结果表明,当SA：Gel比例为3：1时最优,此时共混液中两种高分子间存在较为强烈的分子间作用力,并辅以红外光谱分析,再对各种比例条件下共混液的膜材料进行了力学性能的检测,结果显示在该比例时膜材料具有最强的抗张强度。采用正交试验方法对SA—Gel共混纤维的后处理条件进行优化,结果表明,对共混纤维的断裂强度和断裂伸长率影响最大的因素,分别是热处理温度和拉伸率,而共混纤维的线密度和吸湿性均受拉伸率的影响最大。     

共混工艺对长竹纤维/聚丙烯共混材料力学性能的影响

竹纤维具有较高的拉伸强度和模量,应用于增强高分子材料的强度,与塑料共混可以作为一种新型的绿色环保型复合材料,具有广泛的应用前景。研究了竹纤维与PP的共混工艺,分析了偶联剂对竹纤维预处理、纤维的比例以及注塑温度对竹纤维/PP共混材料的物理和力学性能的影响,结果表明:采用马来酸酐类偶联剂处理纤维,可有效提高竹纤维/PP共混材料的力学性能,同时当纤维比例为10%时,纤维/PP共混材料的弯曲性能较佳,而纤维比例为30%时,其拉伸强度最大,纤维/PP共混材料注塑最佳温度为210℃。     

γ射线辐照对PVAL/Gel共混膜拉伸性能的影响

将明胶(Gel)按不同比例加入到聚乙烯醇(PVAL)溶液中,制备Gel质量分数分别为0%,5%,10%,15%和20%的混合溶液,混合均匀后分别浇铸到用硅纸覆盖的玻璃板上制备PVAL/Gel共混膜。研究了用不同剂量的γ射线(60Co)辐照对共混膜拉伸性能的影响,最后用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对共混膜进行了结构表征和形貌分析。研究结果表明,用γ射线辐照时,纯PVAL膜、PVAL/Gel共混膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率均随着辐照剂量的增加而升高,但达到一定值后又开始下降;当辐照剂量为150 krad时,纯PVAL膜的拉伸强度达到最大值,为37 MPa;当辐照剂量为50 krad时,Gel质量分数分别为5%,10%,15%的共混膜的拉伸强度值均有极大值,分别为33,26,24 MPa。当辐照剂量为100 krad时,共混膜的断裂伸长率均有极大值,其中纯PVAL膜、Gel质量分数为10%的共混膜的断裂伸长率分别为175%,162%。FTIR和SEM分析结果表明,γ射线辐照处理后的膜发生了化学反应,形成了更多的化学键,改善了膜的拉伸性能。     

自修复材料应用研究进展

综述了微胶囊型自修复高分子材料、液芯纤维型自修复高分子材料、分子间相互作用力型自修复高分子材料以及反应型自修复高分子材料的发展现状。微胶囊型自修复材料的修复行为可逆性较差,液芯纤维型自修复材料具有可逆性,但多次修复后修复效率有所降低,而分子间相互作用力型以及反应型自修复材料具有极高的可逆性,并且多次修复后修复效率不会降低。目前,自修复高分子材料在适当的修复条件下,修复效率均可达70%以上,甚至有些本征型自修复高分子材料的修复效率可达100%。     

NCC/改性纳米SiO2/PVA共混膜的制备及表征

采用共混法制备了纳米纤维素(NCC)/改性纳米二氧化硅(SiO2)/聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混膜。傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱分析结果表明NCC/改性纳米SiO2/PVA共混膜的共混模式为存在氢键作用力的简单物理共混。力学性能分析结果表明NCC/改性纳米SiO2/PVA共混膜较PVA膜具有较高的拉伸强度,其拉伸强度平均值为128.41 MPa。热学性能分析结果表明NCC/改性纳米SiO2/PVA共混膜较PVA膜具有较好的热稳定性,其最大热失重温度为238℃。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图分析结果表明NCC/改性纳米SiO2/PVA共混膜样品的表面和断面形貌较规整。     

季铵化聚砜和季膦化聚砜共混阴离子交换膜的制备与表征

以聚砜为基材制备阴离子导电膜材料。将季膦化聚砜铸膜液与已证实成膜性能良好的季铵化聚砜共混,制备QAPSFOH/QPPSFOH共混阴离子交换膜,以改善季膦化聚砜成膜困难问题。通过改变两种成分比例,可以得到不同性能的阴离子交换膜。在QAPSF与QPPSF摩尔比为1∶2时,共混膜电导率达0.030 9 S/cm,拉伸强度达775 MPa,热分解温度达160℃,满足实际情况对阴离子交换膜的需要。     

纺丝条件对PVDF/PVP共混中空纤维膜性能的影响

采用干-湿法纺丝工艺制备PVDF/PVP共混中空纤维膜,利用红外分析技术和广角粉末衍射表征了膜组成和结晶性质,考察了液膜空气蒸发时间、铸膜液脱泡时间、拉伸速度、芯液温度等纺丝条件对膜的纯水通量、截留率、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率等性能的影响.结果表明,随芯液温度提高,膜纯水通量和截留率变化不大,但能显著提高拉伸强度和断裂伸长率;随着铸膜液脱泡时间和液膜在空气中蒸发时间的延长,膜纯水通量下降,截留率升高,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率增大;拉伸速度与膜拉伸强度和断裂伸长率呈正相关,在3.28 m·min-1时的膜纯水通量和截留率表现最佳.试验条件下得出的最优纺丝条件为:芯液温度60℃,静置脱泡48 h,蒸发时间2s,拉伸速度3.28 m· min-1.     

超声波交联壳聚糖-纤维素共混膜的制备及性能研究

在超声波辐射条件下,采用壳聚糖(CTS)和二乙胺基乙基纤维素(DEC)为原料,在甲醛的交联作用下制备共混膜。考察了m(DEC)∶m(CTS)共混比、甲醛用量、交联时间和超声波辐射功率对膜性能的影响。结果表明,在共混比1∶2,甲醛2 m L,交联时间3 min和超声波功率400 W条件下,得到的共混膜拉伸弹性膜量最大在共混比为1∶2,甲醛1 m L,超声波交联时间3 min和超声波功率360 W时,共混膜的断裂伸长率最大。     

两类不同相容剂对聚氯乙烯/回收聚乙烯共混材料物性的影响

分别采用磷酸三对仲丁基苯基酯(TBPP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)作为相容剂制备了聚氯烯(PVC)/回收聚乙烯(RPE)共混材料;利用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)研究了共混材料的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)和结晶度,结果表明:与DOP相比,磷酸酯能有效提高共混材料中RPE的结晶度。热变形性能测试结果表明:磷酸酯改性的共混体系具有较好的抗热变形能力。力学性能测试结果表明:磷酸酯改性的共混材料拉伸性能和弯曲性能得到了明显的提高,与空白相比,磷酸酯的添加量为5份时,拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别提高了26%和8%,而DOP改性的共混材料相应的强度提高率仅为22%和2%;磷酸酯改性的共混体系冲击强度保持率为83%,而DOP改性的共混材料的冲击强度保持率为76%。     

聚氯乙烯纤维熔融纺丝工艺及性能研究

采用熔融纺丝技术制备聚氯乙烯(PVC)初生纤维,经过75~95℃水浴拉伸3~8倍制得PVC纤维,研究了不同增塑剂含量的PVC体系的流变性和热稳定性,通过X射线衍射和小角X射线散射分析了拉伸条件对PVC纤维结构及力学性能的影响。结果表明:PVC熔体符合"切力变稀"行为;增塑剂加入量越多,PVC分子间作用力越小,PVC熔体流动性越好,PVC体系热稳定性较好;PVC纤维后处理工艺拉伸倍数越大,PVC纤维结晶长周期越小,取向诱导新的结晶结构出现,分子间作用力增大,PVC纤维的强度越大;相同拉伸倍数下,后拉伸温度越高,PVC纤维强度越大;适宜PVC体系配方为PVC与邻苯二甲酸二辛酯及邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的质量比为100∶40∶20,其他添加剂若干,此配方的PVC初生纤维在95℃水浴中拉伸8倍,所得的纤维其断裂强度为1.04 c N/dtex,断裂伸长率35.78%。     

聚甲醛纤维的一步法制备及其性能研究

采用自制的熔融纺丝一体化设备,使用不同熔融指数的聚甲醛的共混料为原料,通过DSC、TGA等测试以及纺丝工艺过程的分析,得出了最佳的原料配比和熔融纺丝工艺。研究了牵伸倍数对聚甲醛纤维拉伸强度的影响,结果表明:在10倍牵伸下,可以制备出拉伸强度为6.2 cN/dtex的聚甲醛纤维。     

纳米羟基磷灰石增强聚己内酯/明胶纤维膜的制备及其性能

引导组织再生膜在引导组织再生术中发挥着关键作用,高性能的引导组织再生膜能更好地促进组织再生修复。本文以纳米羟基磷灰石（n-HA）、聚己内酯（PCL）、明胶（Gel）为原料,通过静电纺丝法制备了不同含量n-HA增强的PCL/Gel/n-HA纤维膜,并对其形貌、组成、力学性能及降解性能进行了研究。SEM结果表明,纤维膜中的纤维形态良好,纤维直径大致分布于200～400nm之间,交联后纤维直径明显增加;TEM结果表明,n-HA较均匀分散在纤维中,随着n-HA含量的增加,n-HA在纤维膜表面发生聚集。力学测试结果表明,随着n-HA含量的增加显著提高了纤维膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,当n-HA含量约为15%时,其拉伸强度和伸长率分别达到9.18MPa和180%。n-HA加入后,纤维膜的降解速率明显降低,n-HA含量约为15%的复合纤维膜体外降解12周以后约降解25%。本文制备的PCL/Gel/n-HA纤维膜的力学性能和降解速率能满足临床对引导组织再生膜的性能要求。     

Influence of tension on the oxidative stabilization process of polyacrylonitrile fibers

Polyacrylonitrile fibers were heat‐treated in air, and a series of stretching experiments were conducted in different temperature zones. The effects of tension on the microstructure of the heat‐treated fibers and the tensile strength of the resultant carbon fibers were investigated. The results show the variations in morphological characteristics affected by stretching were different as stabilization proceeded. A possible mechanism of tension on cyclization and, thus, stabilization was elucidated. During stabilization, tension at low temperatures led to a great increase in the tensile strength of the carbon fibers, whereas tension at high temperatures resulted in only small improvement in the tensile strength of the carbon fibers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1029–1034, 2005     

Physical modification of polyacrylonitrile precursor fiber: Its effect on mechanical properties

Polyacrylonitrile precursor fiber of a special grade for making carbon fibers was modified by stretching in the prestabilization stage to various extents. The effect of such stretching on tensile properties of the original precursor fiber, intermediate (oxidized) fiber, and resultant carbon fiber prepared through a continuous process was monitored. Improvements in tensile modulus of fibers at various stages were observed with increasing stretch ratios. However, no obvious enhancement of tensile strength of final carbon fibers was found. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Modification of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) carbon fiber precursor via post-spinning plasticization and stretching in dimethyl formamide (DMF)

This study investigates the possibility of using a post-spinning plasticization and stretching process to eliminate suspected property-limiting factors in polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers. This process was performed with the intention of removing surface defects (to improve tensile strength), attenuating fiber diameter (to promote more uniform heat treatment), and reducing molecular dipole interactions (to facilitate further molecular orientation). Among the various organic and inorganic solutions tested, treatment using aqueous dimethyl formamide (DMF) offered far and away the best properties and was therefore selected for further testing. Tested individually (as single filaments), fibers exposed to 80% DMF for 10 s gave the highest precursor values of elastic modulus (9.07 GPa) and tensile strength (675 MPa). While fibers treated in 80% DMF gave a 73% improvement in elastic modulus and a 53% improvement in tensile strength over as-received PAN, limitations in sample preparation and carbonization necessitated a reduction in DMF concentration (to 30%) to allow extraction of individual carbon fibers for tensile testing. Despite this compromise, results for fibers carbonized at 1000°C ultimately showed a 32% improvement in carbon fiber elastic modulus and a 14% improvement in carbon fiber tensile strength over regularly prepared carbon fibers. These results show that, to a certain extent, improvements in PAN precursor properties can translate to corresponding improvements in subsequently produced carbon fibers. Additional characterization using wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggests that these improvements are due in part to improved lateral order as well as the successful elimination of surface defects and prevention of skin-core formation.     

Microporous polypropylene fibers containing poly(methylsilsesquioxane) filler

Microporous polypropylene fibers were prepared by stretching polypropylene fibers containing poly(methylsilsesquioxane) filler. The properties of the resultant fibers are controllable by adjusting the filler content and stretching degree. The resultant fibers have a fine texture of polypropylene fibrils, in which the filler particles are dispersed. Some properties were investigated: tensile strength, elongation, Young's modulus, porosity, pore size, and specific surface area. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Properties of fibers produced from soy protein isolate by extrusion and wet-spinning

Fibers were produced from soy protein isolate by both wet-spinning and extrusion. In the wet-spinning process, aged, alkaline protein solution was forced through a spinnerette into an acid coagulating bath. In the extrusion process, a twinscrew extruder forced a protein isolate-water mixture through a die. The physical properties of the fibers were measured at various water activities. The fibers produced by both methods were brittle and lacked tensile strength (tenacity). The addition of glycerol reduced brittleness in extruded fibers. Zinc and calcium ions decreased the brittleness of wet-spun fibers. The tenacity of soy fibers was significantly improved by post-spinning treatments, including acetic anhydride, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, a combination of glutaraldehyde and acetic anhydride, and stretching. The best extruded fibers were produced with a mixture of 45% soy protein, 15% glycerol, and 40% water, finished with a combination of glutaraldehyde and acetic anhydride and then stretched to 150% their original lengths. The best wet-spun fibers were produced with a 19.61% soy protein suspension at pH 12.1; coagulated in a 4% hydrochloric acid solution that contained 3.3% sodium chloride, 3.3% zinc chloride, and 3.3% calcium chloride; and followed by treatment with 25% glutaraldehyde and stretching to 170% their original lengths.     

Effects of static axial strain on the tensile properties and failure mechanisms of self-assembled collagen fibers

Collagen fibers form the structural units of connective tissue throughout the body, transmitting force, maintaining shape, and providing a scaffold for cells. Our laboratory has studied collagen self-assembly since the 1970s. In this study, collagen fibers were self-assembled from molecular collagen solutions and then stretched to enhance alignment. Fibers were tested in uniaxial tension to study the mechanical properties and failure mechanisms. Results reported suggest that axial orientation of collagen fibrils can be achieved by stretching uncrosslinked collagen fibers. Stretching by about 30% not only results in decreased diameter and increased tensile strength but also leads to unusual failure mechanisms that inhibit crack propagation across the fiber. It is proposed that stretching serves to generate oriented fibrillar substructure in self-assembled collagen fibers. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 63: 1429–1440, 1997     

Carbon fiber‐reinforced gelatin composites. I. Preparation and mechanical properties

Composites were made from carbon fibers and gelatin using a solvent‐casting or solution‐impregnation technique. Relationships between the fiber volume fraction (Vf), glycerol (plasticizer) content, gelatin content, fiber form, and mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus, elongation at break, and shear strength) of the composites were investigated. In long carbon fiber gelatin composite (C_L/Gel), tensile strength, modulus, and shear strength increased steadily with the Vf. In the case of a short carbon fiber gelatin composite (C_S/Gel), an initial improvement in tensile strength and modulus was followed by a reduction, whereas the shear strength improved with the Vf and then reached a constant value. The elongation decreased with the Vf for both composites. It is shown that C_L/Gel had higher values of strength, modulus, and elongation than did C_S/Gel at any Vf level. The effects of glycerol and gelatin contents on the mechanical properties of the composites were found to be much less significant as compared to the Vf. According to scanning electron microscopic observation of the fracture surfaces, the fibers were uniformly distributed in the gelatin matrix, but the interfacial adhesion between the gelatin matrix and the carbon fibers was not very good for both composites. Fiber surface modification would be necessary to further improve the mechanical properties of the two composites. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 987–993, 2000