更加精确的生命周期评价方法——区域生命周期评价

通用的生命周期评价方法将环境影响简化为一个大陆甚至整个世界,而忽略了排放发生的位置和排放的局部环境条件,因而可能带来环境影响的重大误报.同时,由于生产工艺的差别,相同单位的同种物质,在不同地区生产可能造成的环境影响种类和程度也大不相同.为了解决地理变异性对生命周期评价结果的影响,研究人员引入了区域生命周期评价的方法,通过区域化和空间化的措施得到更加精确的评价结果以支持环境政策的制定和环境治理手段的选择.系统介绍了区域生命周期评价方法的发展历程、原理和实施方法,推荐了部分区域化背景数据的获取渠道,并介绍了部分使用区域生命周期评价的研究案例,从而验证区域化有利于提高影响评价结果的稳健性.因此区域生命周期评价可以弥补通用生命周期评价缺乏空间信息的不足,使环境影响评价的结果更加精确.     

基于生命周期评价的铝材环境影响负荷评价

应用生命周期评价理论和方法,采用Athena模型对铝材进行环境影响负荷分析,并对能耗进行初步分析,计算不同窗框比与环境影响负荷的关系,为优化建筑材料在建筑中的应用提供了理论依据。     

生命周期评价方法及应用于我国可再生能源领域研究进展

近年来我国风力发电、太阳能发电的装机并网规模迅速增加。如何科学、准确、全面地评估可再生能源发展所带来的生态环境影响也成为政府、学界和公众普遍关注的问题。在众多的评估方法中,生命周期评价是一种常见和有代表性的方法。该方法起源于西方并逐渐引入我国,已经在我国可再生能源领域的研究中有所应用。本文综述了生命周期评价的生产流程分析法、环境扩展的投入产出法以及混合分析方法等方法学研究进展,然后综述了基于上述方法学的我国可再生能源领域的有关研究进展,包括生命周期方法的应用、本土数据库的发展以及影响评价方法的进展。认为研究高技术单元分辨率的混合生命周期研究方法、拓展建立本土化生命周期评价数据库和开发标准化的生命周期评价指标体系是我国可再生能源生命周期评价研究发展中应注意的问题。     

生命周期评价中应该注意的几个问题

生命周期评价是对产品“从摇篮到坟墓”过程的相关环境问题进行评价的方法，同时也是对目前的环境影响进行客观分析的定量方法。生命周期评价由定义目标与确定范围、清单分析、影响评价和改善四个有机部分组成。本文就清单分析中的数据关联与合并问题、数据分配问题以及改善环节的敏度分析问题进行分析，指出这几个问题是生命周期评级中容易被忽视的，同时也指出如何避免忽视这些问题的重要性。并以木薯乙醇燃料生命周期评价为案例详细给出了这几个问题的分析方法，对今后从事生命周期评价的研究者具有重要意义。     

含氧汽油生命周期排放评价

利用生命周期评价理论，建立了含氧汽油从原料生产列车辆使用的生命周期排放评价模型。以VOC，CO，SOx，NOx，PM10排放和全球变暖影响潜力为评价指标，对采用木薯乙醇、MTBE、ETBE和TAME作为含氧添加剂的含氧汽油进行了生命周期排放评价，并进行了比较。同时分析了影响木薯乙醇含氧添加剂生产阶段排放的主要因素及降低排放的方法。结果表明：在汽油中添加含氧添加剂可以明显降低其生命周期VOC、CO、SOx排放和全球变暖影响潜力指标，而且，木薯乙醇是符合可持续发展要求的、可再生的、绿色的含氧添加剂。     

广州市生活垃圾处理工艺的生命周期评价

运用生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment,即LCA)方法,以广州市生活垃圾的不同处理方式为研究对象,对卫生填埋、焚烧处理和综合处理方式进行了较为系统的生命周期评价。通过目标和范围的确定,对每种处理方式的各个子过程进行了生命周期清单分析及环境影响潜值的计算,结果表明:卫生填埋、焚烧处理和综合处理方式的环境影响潜值分别为5.24×10-2人当量、4.85×10-2人当量和1.68×10-2人当量,综合处理方式明显优于另两种方式。最后根据清单分析及环境影响评价,对每种处理方式的缺点进行了分析并提出建议。     

车用燃料生命周期评估

以国际标准化组织的生命周期评价标准为依据,确定了车用燃料生命周期评估的系统边界和评价指标,给出了模型主要的计算公式,并进行了国外车用燃料全生命周期的能源消耗和排放评价。     

福建三钢建立ISO14001环境管理体系的实践与创新

通过对福建三钢集团有限责任公司开展ISO14001环境体系认证的分析，对CIS理念、生命周期评价思想、清洁生产方法学在建立体系中的应用进行了探讨，并提出建立和保持环境体系应注意的关键性问题。     

木薯乙醇汽油生命周期能源、环境及经济性评价

建立了木薯乙醇汽油生命周期能源、环境和经济性评价模型，并对木薯乙醇汽油进行了生命周期能源、环境及经济性评价。结果表明：与普通汽油比较，木薯乙醇汽油生命周期整体能源消耗升高，石油消耗降低；生命周期温室气体、VOC和CO等污染物排放降低；销售价格升高并需要政府补贴。从平衡生命周期能源消耗、环境排放和经济性角度出发，木薯乙醇汽油可以在广西推广使用。     

基于电网设备的资产全生命周期成本归集与分摊方法研究

目的 资产全生命周期管理是提高资产成本效益的重要手段。为确保资产全生命周期成本最优化,精准分析资产全生命周期成本和使用情况,需要对全生命周期成本进行量化,提出一套具有可操作性的全生命周期成本的归集、分摊方法。 方法 通过对资产设备在全寿命周期内发生的直接费用、间接费用、及其他相关费用进行研究,规范资产全生命周期费用归集、分摊流程,优化完善资产全生命周期费用构成。 结果 通过完善归集分摊方法,可实现对设备全生命成本进行统计。 结论 为电网规划设计、投资项目技术经济比选、设备采购、资产全生命周期成本管理评价等工作提供辅助决策,推进资产全寿命周期管理实践。     

考虑可再生性的燃料生命周期净能源成本优化

提出了一个新的考虑燃料可再生性的净能源成本指标.这一指标除了燃料的净能源产出和气态污染物排放外部成本之外,还将生命周期成本和燃料可再生性综合成一个指标,而已往的研究一般仅考虑前两项.以广西木薯-汽油混合燃料考虑可再生性的生命周期净能源成本优化为案例,对木薯乙醇-汽油混合燃料考虑可再生性的生命周期净能源成本指标进行了优化.结果表明：与初始值相比,优化后该指标值降低6.9%.     

Trigeneration: A comprehensive review based on prime movers

In this paper, various aspects of trigeneration power plants including advantages, challenges and criteria for high efficiency operation are discussed. In trigeneration systems, prime movers are treated to be the heart of the plant and thus an appropriate selection is crucial for successful operation. A comparative analysis of potential prime movers, together with a comprehensive literature review used in trigeneration and, their selection criteria are presented. A case study of a trigeneration plant based on solid oxide fuel cells and an organic Rankine cycle is examined using thermodynamic analysis. This thermodynamic analysis includes performance assessment of the system through energy and exergy efficiencies. An environmental impact assessment is also conducted based on CO₂ emissions as a measure. The present study reveals that compared to power cycle efficiency (considering net electrical efficiency), there is a minimum potential of 22% gain in efficiency when trigeneration is used. Also, it is shown that there is more than 200 kg MWh^?1 reduction in CO₂ emissions when trigeneration is used compared to the case where a power cycle is only used. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种评价能源利用方式的新方法

基于热力学第二定律的分析方法,按照能质系数的概念确定了电、天然气、煤、蒸汽、热水等各种形式的建筑用能及建筑物耗冷量、耗热量的能源品位高低;提出了一种评价能源利用方式的新方法。该方法利用能量转换系数(ecc/ECC)指标,可对包括园区热电冷联供系统、建筑物制冷供热系统、能量输配系统及末端用能设备在内的一系列用能环节的能源利用效率进行评价,作为确定建筑物用能方式的决策依据。     

Check and evaluation system on heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of china based on multi-index comprehensive evaluation method

Heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China is organized and implemented in a large scale by local government in 15 provinces of North China with the unified guidance and control of central government. Firstly, this paper introduced the target of energy-saving reformation of existing residential buildings in North China and the importance of check and evaluation on this target, then pointed out the necessity of building up an evaluation system for energy-saving retrofit. According to the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), three-grade evaluation system was built up for heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China. Also, based on multi-index comprehensive evaluation method combined with life cycle assessment (LCA) theory, post-evaluation thought and successful degree evaluation method, a mathematical model was established. Finally, a set of scientific method for evaluating heat metering and energy efficiency retrofit of existing residential buildings in northern heating areas of China systematically, scientifically, comprehensively and objectively was created.     

Life cycle assessment of three types of hydrogen production methods using solar energy

A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) is carried out for three methods of hydrogen production by solar energy: hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis coupling photothermal power generation, hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis coupling photovoltaic power generation, and hydrogen production by thermochemical water splitting method using S–I cycle coupling solar photothermal technology. The assessment also contains an evaluation of four environmental factors which are global warming potential, acidification potential, ozone depletion potential, and nutrient enrichment potential. After conducting a quantitative analysis of all three methods with environmental factors being considered, a conclusion has been drawn: The global warming potential and the acidification potential of the thermochemical water splitting by S–I cycle coupling solar photothermal technology are 1.02 kg CO₂-eq and 6.56E-3 kg SO₂-eq. And this method has significant advantages in the environmental impact of the whole ecosystem.     

Life cycle assessment of hydrogen fuel cell and gasoline vehicles

A life cycle assessment of hydrogen and gasoline vehicles, including fuel production and utilization in vehicles powered by fuel cells and internal combustion engines, is conducted to evaluate and compare their efficiencies and environmental impacts. Fossil fuel and renewable technologies are investigated, and the assessment is divided into various stages.     

Comparative evaluation of life cycle impact assessment software tools through a wind turbine case study

This paper seeks to analyse the differences between environmental impact assessment software tools by examining the results that they give when applied to a multi-megawatt wind turbine.Seven different life cycle impact assessment software tools are compared: CML 2001, Eco-indicator 99, Ecopoints 97, EDIP, EPS 2000, IMPACT2002 and TRACI.In Acidification and Eutrophication two groups are found: one includes the results provided by CML, Ecopoints 97, EDIP, EPS and TRACI and the other those of Eco-indicator 99 and Impact2002. In Abiotic Depletion all the results are similar except those of the EPS method, which gives negative figures. Likewise in Ozone Layer Depletion the results provided by Ecopoints 97 differ from the rest. In Human Toxicity and Ecotoxicity markedly different results are obtained by each of the LCIAs studied.In some categories major differences are found between the results provided by the 7 LCIAs examined. Which of the impact assessment software tools currently available in LCA software is chosen is therefore a critical issue. The results provided by the different software tools are not always similar, and this needs to be realised and taken into account when using the resulting data in decision-making processes.     

Wind effect on the performance of a solar organic Rankine cycle

The effects of wind, ambient temperature and solar radiation on the simultaneous productions of mechanical work and heat by a solar Rankine cycle are studied. The on site experimental study uses the pentafluorobutane R365mfc as working fluid in a system consisting of a small-scale single glazed flat plate collector, a micro turbine, a condenser and a pump. The theoretical study focuses on the prediction of the optimum operating temperature of the collector according to the solar radiation, the temperature of air and the wind speed. Then, the total production of mechanical and thermal energy is calculated during a sunny day for which various wind speeds are simulated. The results highlight the effect of wind on the corresponding production and they also establish the value of the recommended evaporating temperature according to weather conditions.     

中国整体煤气化联合循环电厂的经济性估算模型

在实际整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)工程项目进行详细的经济性计算之前,通常需要进行估算,从而对项目的经济性有较为清楚的了解.将国外估算模型与国内目前燃气轮机联合循环电厂的实际经济数据相对比,以获取较为准确的参照标定,确定适用于我国的关键参数和各类计算因子,并对其基本方法进行一定的改进,从而最终建立适用于我国的IGCC经济性估算模型.     

An estimate for thermal osmotic heat storage using precipitation of common salts

In this brief note, a first assessment on the possibilities for thermal osmotic storage by harnessing the thermal dependence of the solubility of common salts as an alternative method to sensible heat storage is discussed. In a recent study it was found that such a dependence could be used to run a heat powered cycle (osmotic heat engine). The question raised then is whether that approach could be suitable for thermal energy storage as well. The attractiveness of such a possibility lies in the capability to store energy for an indefinite period of time without using expensive isolation systems if one considers that osmotic energy only is released when both streams with different salinities are brought together. Utilizing a simplified model, a comparative study with sensible heat storage was performed. It is shown that thermal osmotic storage via thermal precipitation of common salts could be an attractive option when long thermal storage (days) and compactness is desired.