加载条件对土拱效应影响的Trapdoor模型试验研究

土拱效应是一种土中应力的重分布现象,它是由土与土中结构物间刚度的差异而引起的。目前关于循环荷载对于土拱效应影响的研究十分有限。使用铝棒相似土代替砂土作为填料,通过自制的模型试验装置进行了土体自重、表面静荷载及循环荷载作用下的平面应变Trapdoor模型试验,利用土拱率作为土拱效应强弱的衡量指标,对比研究了不同加载条件对土拱效应的影响,并将试验所得结果与前人的研究成果进行了对比验证。结果表明,静荷载与循环荷载均会削弱已有稳定"土拱",削弱程度随荷载幅值及频率的增大而增大,随荷载作用面积的增大而减小。相同荷载水平下,循环荷载对土拱效应的削弱较静荷载更强,两者间的差异随荷载幅值的增大而减小,随荷载频率的增大而增大,且峰值荷载下的差异小于零荷载下的差异。总体而言,Evans提出的土拱率计算公式能够较好地用于土体自重及静荷载作用下的Trapdoor试验中土拱率的预测,而对于循环荷载作用下的情况,还有待对计算公式进行进一步地改进。     

桩承式路堤“土拱结构”形成演化规律离散元分析

"土拱结构"作为桩承式路堤中的主要荷载传递媒介,对路堤荷载传递和路堤填料位移有显著影响。基于室内模型试验,采用颗粒流软件PFC~(2D)建立桩承式路堤离散元(DEM)数值分析模型,基于应力主方向、接触力链及路堤填料沉降分布规律对路堤中"土拱结构"形态及其演化规律进行深入分析。研究结果表明:路堤中"土拱结构"随桩土相对位移的增加而逐渐发展并最终趋于稳定,最终的"土拱结构"形态呈0.8倍桩净间距高的抛物线形;路堤填筑高度对"土拱结构"形态、演化规律以及荷载传递效率有显著影响;路堤填料粗糙度、桩净间距及桩梁宽度对路堤荷载传递效率有显著影响,但对"土拱结构"最终形态几乎无影响。     

桩承式路堤“土拱结构”形成演化规律离散元分析

“土拱结构”作为桩承式路堤中的主要荷载传递媒介,对路堤荷载传递和路堤填料位移有显著影响。基于室内模型试验,采用颗粒流软件PFC^2D建立桩承式路堤离散元（DEM）数值分析模型,基于应力主方向、接触力链及路堤填料沉降分布规律对路堤中“土拱结构”形态及其演化规律进行深入分析。研究结果表明：路堤中“土拱结构”随桩土相对位移的增加而逐渐发展并最终趋于稳定,最终的“土拱结构”形态呈0.8倍桩净间距高的抛物线形;路堤填筑高度对“土拱结构”形态、演化规律以及荷载传递效率有显著影响;路堤填料粗糙度、桩净间距及桩梁宽度对路堤荷载传递效率有显著影响,但对“土拱结构”最终形态几乎无影响。     

桩承式路堤中土拱效应产生过程可视化分析

"土拱效应"在提高桩承式路堤承载能力方面发挥着重要的作用。现今关于"土拱效应"的研究主要采用现场原型试验和数值模拟及其在此基础上的理论计算。借助于传统的光弹试验技术,研制出一种直径3 mm、透明度较高的聚碳酸酯光弹颗粒,用于近似模拟桩承式路堤中的土颗粒,通过自制的加载装置和光测力学图像处理系统,实现多种条件下路基内部应力分布的可视化,重点观测模型内部力链网格的产生、分布及变化规律,试验结果表明:填土高度会对土拱的形成及形状产生极大影响,填土高度太小,斜向力链会因缺乏扩展空间无法闭合而不能形成拱结构,随填土高度增加,土拱由三角拱向半圆拱或梯形拱过渡;荷载的大小变化不会影响土拱效应的出现,但会对土拱的结构形状产生较大影响;随桩距比的增大,土拱由三角拱向半圆拱或多拱演化,当桩距比大于3∶1时,土拱效应开始减弱直至消失,路堤承载能力大幅下降。     

桩承式路堤土拱效应分析的改进有限元模型

土拱效应在桩承式路堤中的桩土荷载分担方面具有重要作用。本文提出了一个改进的三维有限元模型来模拟土拱效应。该模型利用不同刚度的弹簧来模拟桩与桩间土,不需建立桩与土体模型,提高了计算效率。结合现场试验及其他学者提出的理论证明了模型的有效性。通过改变路堤分布荷载以及路堤填料的内摩擦角进行对比试验,数值分析结果表明,土拱存在最大、最小两个临界拱高,且不同位置的桩间土体受土拱效应影响不同。等沉面高度与土拱最大拱高并不完全一致,土拱效应的产生滞后于沉降差。在不同路堤填土内摩擦角情况下,路堤填土的应力及沉降分布基本不变,随着路堤填土内摩擦角的增大,路堤沉降有效减小。研究结果可为工程设计人员提供有益的参考。     

基于单活动门试验的土拱效应演化规律研究

土拱效应是岩溶塌陷、桩承式路堤、隧道开挖以及挡土结构荷载传递的重要机制。针对土拱效应演化规律的研究,采用钢棒相似土作为填料开展二维单活动门试验,得到了土拱效应演化的地基反应曲线(GRC),探讨了曲线特征参数在不同填料高度下的变化规律,分析了填料在活动门不同下沉阶段的细观演化规律。试验结果表明：填料高度较小时,曲线没有明显进入临界阶段的特征。随填料高度增加,曲线起始段斜率、最小应力折减比、曲线恢复段斜率以及临界应力折减比逐渐降低,最小应力折减比对应的标准化位移逐渐增大。活动门下沉过程中,填料从初始三角形下沉区域逐渐向外侧扩展,并在中心处形成位移集中区域,其中填料高度较高时,内部位移集中区域形似塔形,最终下沉区域逐渐扩张为两段式的外张漏斗型,漏斗两侧与垂直方向夹角随填料高度的增大而减小;剪应变集中分布在活动门两侧,整体呈扇形向上发展,存在内外两条滑移面,呈“V”字型分布;活动门上方颗粒会逐渐形成一个向下发展的转角不变拱,拱内颗粒转角不变,拱外颗粒转动偏向拱。     

砂填料桩承式路堤土拱效应模型试验

现有的桩承式路堤荷载传递计算方法主要依据3类土拱效应力学计算模型。由于宏观土拱形态观察的难度较大,现有计算方法普遍缺乏对不同填料与参数下拱效应传力机制以及宏观土拱拱形参数的深入探讨。采用自制的试验装置对砂填料桩承式路堤土拱效应模型进行探讨,进行了3组不同桩距比下3种填土高度的模型试验。模型试验装置配备了位移控制装置模拟与精确控制桩间土下沉,在下沉过程中连续、同步的采集土压力以及砂箱内部填料的照片,并通过摄影测量技术获取全场位移数据。通过对桩土应力比曲线特征以及曲线特征点所对应的填料颗粒位移图的综合分析,探讨了砂填料桩承式路堤拱效应传力机制,揭示了填料内部存在的初始三角形松动滑移面。基于此提出了初始三角拱力学计算模型,分析得到了滑移面角度随桩距比变化的规律,并利用滑移面夹角统计数据确定了拟合计算公式,通过力学推导建立了适用于砂填料桩承式路堤的桩土应力比计算方法。通过与Rogbeck法、BS8006法、Terzaghi法以及模型试验实测数据的对比,验证了计算方法的合理性。     

桩承式路堤土拱效应颗粒流分析

土拱效应是桩承式路堤中荷载传递机制中的关键因素。参照前人室内模型试验,采用颗粒流软件PFC2D建立离散元(DEM)数值模型,对桩承式路堤中的接触力分布、主应力偏转、竖向位移和侧向位移等进行深入分析。模拟中,路堤填料和桩间土采用Disk单元模拟,桩和模型箱采用Wall单元模拟,路堤DEM模型采用分层压实法生成;路堤填料细观参数通过建立数值双轴试验进行标定,桩间土细观参数通过建立数值压缩试验进行标定。模拟结果表明:桩承式路堤中土拱由多个不同圆心的半球形拱共同组成,拱的高度约为5(s-a)/6;在该高度内路堤中的主应力发生明显偏转,竖向位移量和侧向位移量较大。     

基于ABAQUS的高填方软土路基分级堆载预压沉降数值模拟

基于ABAQUS有限元软件对山区高填方高速公路某软土地基路段进行数值模拟,采用莫尔-库仑及修正后的剑桥模型参数,分析路堤分层加载预压过程中的地基土变形及孔压的变化规律,结果表明:路堤中心线处土层底部的孔压最大,并且随着时间的推移很难消散;土层底部靠近中心线节点的孔压变化和加载过程有比较好的相关性,路基填筑的加载过程,孔压上升,固结过程中孔压下降;路堤填土填筑过快,地基土体渗透系数较小时,地基填土的强度得不到有效地增长,致使承载能力破坏;不同渗透系数的地基土,在土体加载初期,水平变形增长速率相差不大,随着时间的增长,渗透系数最小的土体,水平位移增长速率增加,数值模拟结果可供实际工程地基排水及施工方法的确定提供指导,具有较为重要的实用价值。     

岩板断裂铰接成拱过程及其失稳特征试验研究

 利用MTS岩石力学试验机和自主研发的加载装置,进行集中荷载作用下,岩板断裂铰接成拱过程及其失稳特征的试验研究,得到竖向荷载¬¬–位移–水平反力关系曲线。试验结果表明：随着竖向荷载的不断增大,岩板梁式断裂后铰接形成拱形结构,并在铰接点产生水平反力。在竖向荷载和水平反力的共同作用下,竖向荷载–位移–水平反力关系曲线存在4个明显的力学响应阶段：加载前应力调整、岩板断裂铰接成拱、岩拱结构承载的峰前硬化和峰后软化4个阶段。基于岩板铰接拱结构工程力学模型,推导出岩拱结构承载力与水平反力关系式,并进行岩拱结构受力随岩板参数变化的敏感性分析。     

Two-dimensional soil arching evolution in geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported embankments over voids

Soil arching and tensioned membrane effects are two main load transfer mechanisms for geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankments over soft soils or voids. Evidences show that the tensioned membrane effect interacts with the soil arching effect. To investigate the soil arching evolution under different geosynthetic reinforcement stiffness and embankment height, a series of discrete element method (DEM) simulations of GRPS embankments were carried out based on physical model tests. The results indicate that the deformation pattern in the GRPS embankments changed from a concentric ellipse arch pattern to an equal settlement pattern with the increase of the embankment height. High stiffness geosynthetic hindered the development of soil arching and required more subsoil settlement to enable the development of maximum soil arching. However, soil arching in the GRPS embankments with low stiffness reinforcement degraded after reaching maximum soil arching. Appropriate stiffness reinforcement ensured the development and stability of maximum soil arching. According to the stress states on the pile top, a concentric ellipse soil arch model is proposed in this paper to describe the soil arching behavior in the GRPS embankments over voids. The predicted heights of soil arches and load efficacies on the piles agreed well with the DEM simulations and the test results from the literature.     

Full-scale model tests of load transfer in geogrid-reinforced and floating pile-supported embankments

Well-designed field full-scale model tests were carried out to enhance the understanding of geogrid-reinforced and floating pile-supported (GRFPS) embankments constructed on medium compressibility soil (MCS). Two comparative test sections of GRFPS embankments with and without pile caps were built over silty clay with medium compressibility for field monitoring, over 25 months. The heavily instrumented embankments produced comprehensive high-quality data. Settlement, earth pressure, and geogrid strain measurements during embankment filling stages and the postconstruction placement stage were conducted. The influence of pile cap installation on the differential deformation and load transfer behaviour of the GRFPS embankment was evaluated. The results demonstrate the installation of pile caps can significantly improve the evolution characteristics of the stress increment ratio on the pile, facilitating a change in load sharing of the pile top from a “softening” feature to a “hardening” feature. The state of the “arching structure” heavily depends on the relative displacement. After the maximum arching is formed, although the subgrade load continuously increases, the arching enters the damage and recovery state, and the transfer of the overburden load increment is largely conducted by the tensioned membrane effect.     

Load Transfer by Soil Arching in Pile-Supported Embankments

Piles have been used to support unsymmetrical surcharges due to embankments or backfills on soft grounds. The unsymmetrical surcharges can be transferred by embankment piles to a firm layer below soft grounds according to mobilizing soil arching in pile-supported embankments or backfills. Two kinds of model tests such as the soil arching test and the load transfer test were performed to investigate, respectively, the configuration of the soil arch and the loads transferred on piles in pile-supported embankments. In these model tests, model piles were installed in several rows below sand fills, and the heads of piles in each row were connected with cap beams. The soil arch showed a configuration of a semi hollow cylinder, whose diameter was equal to the space between the outer edges of two cap beams and thickness was equal to the width of the cap beams. Based on the configuration of the soil arch defined by the soil arching test, a theoretical analysis was carried out to predict the loads transferred on the piles according to mobilizing soil arching in pile-supported embankments. The equation presented by the theoretical analysis could consider the effect of various factors affecting on the loads transferred on the cap beams; the loads depended on space between cap beams, width of cap beams, height and strength parameters of embankment fills, etc. The loads predicted by the presented equation showed good agreement with those measured in not only the presented test but also the previous test. Finally, the presented theoretical analysis was compared with the previous theoretical analyses on soil arching and its differences from the previous theories were discussed.     

桩间三维土拱效应颗粒流数值模拟及其演化规律

抗滑桩桩间形成的土拱是水平土拱和竖向摩擦拱的共同体现,具有明显的三维特征。利用颗粒流分析软件PFC~(3D)建立数值模型,在桩后不同高度处及同一水平面不同位置设置一系列测量球,监测桩后土体应力变化情况。结合颗粒位移变化情况对抗滑桩桩间三维土拱效应的形成演化进行分析,并对土拱厚度的演化规律做了深入研究,提出结合相对位移和最大主应力等值线综合确定土拱厚度的新方法。分析表明:桩后土拱由桩间临空面靠近桩底开始并不断向土体内部和上部发展,土拱的破坏过程由桩底向桩顶扩展;土拱厚度随深度变化表现为沿桩底向桩顶先增加后减小的趋势;土拱厚度随时间的变化表现为随着加载时间增加,土拱厚度先增加后减小直至土拱破坏。     

桩承式加筋路堤土拱效应试验研究

桩承式加筋路堤中存在土拱效应,它影响着路堤的荷载传递和沉降变形性状,桩土应力比是反应土拱效应的重要参数。本文通过模型试验,研究了桩土相对位移、路堤高度、桩梁净间距、桩梁宽度及水平加筋体等因素对桩土应力比及路堤沉降的影响。结果表明:①桩土应力比随桩土相对位移的发展而变化,存在上限值和下限值;②路堤高度与桩梁净间距之比越大,桩土应力比越大;桩梁宽度与桩梁净间距之比越大,桩土应力比也越大;③使用水平加筋体能提高桩土应力比,提高的幅度与水平加筋体拉伸强度有关;④当路堤高度与桩梁净间距之比小于1.4时,无论是否使用水平加筋体,路堤顶面均会出现明显的差异沉降;当路堤高度与桩梁净间距之比大于1.6时,路堤顶面不会出现明显的差异沉降。该研究成果可为桩承式加筋路堤设计提供有益的参考。     

Mehrlagig mit Geogittern bewehrte Erdkörper über pfahlartigen Gründungselementen – Numerische Simulation des Verformungsverhaltens unter statischer und zyklischer Einwirkung

Numerical simulation of the deformation behaviour of multi‐layered geogrid‐reinforced embankments on pile foundations under static and cyclic loading. Embankments for traffic constructions above soft soil are often founded on piles and geogrids are inserted at the bottom of the embankment. In the framework of present design procedures the cyclic (dynamic) traffic loads are considered in a very simplified manner. They are replaced by a static load with a magnification factor. The established model perception for static loading is a redistribution of stress due to arches in the embankment and tensile stress in the geogrids. However it has to be expected that the load bearing and deformation behaviour of such soil structures will change during the life time of the structure (millions of cycles). The cycles cause an accumulation of deformations and changes of stresses in the soil. This may cause a large destruction of the arches and may lead to unexpected settlements. Numerical strategies and constitutive models for the investigation of the behaviour of soils under high‐cyclic loading using finite element method were recently developed. This paper presents the results of such calculations of multi‐layered geogrid‐reinforced embankments on soft soil for the 2D case. The results show that, depending on the position of the geogrids in the embankment, their contribution is unequally to the bearing behaviour and that the stress arches will actually be destroyed under cyclic loading.     

3D numerical study of the performance of geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments

Geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported (GRPS) systems provide an economic and effective solution for embankments. The load transfer mechanisms are tridimensional ones and depend on the interaction between linked elements, such as piles, soil, and geosynthetics. This paper presents an extensive parametric study using three-dimensional numerical calculations for geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments. The numerical analysis is conducted for both cohesive and non-cohesive embankment soils to emphasize the fill soil cohesion effect on the load and settlement efficacy of GRPS embankments. The influence of the embankment height, soft ground elastic modulus, improvement area ratio, geosynthetic tensile stiffness and fill soil properties are also investigated on the arching efficacy, GR membrane efficacy, differential settlement, geosynthetic tension, and settlement reduction performance. The numerical results indicated that the GRPS system shows a good performance for reducing the embankment settlements. The ratio of the embankment height to the pile spacing, subsoil stiffness, and fill soil properties are the most important design parameters to be considered in a GRPS design. The results also suggested that the fill soil cohesion strengthens the soil arching effect, and increases the loading efficacy. However, the soil arching mobilization is not necessarily at the peak state but could be reached at the critical state. Finally, the geosynthetic strains are not uniform along the geosynthetic, and the maximum geosynthetic strain occurs at the pile edge. The geosynthetic deformed shape is a curve that is closer to a circular shape than a parabolic one.     

刚性桩加固软土路基竖向土拱效应的试验分析

刚性桩加固软土路基填土在自重作用下形成竖向土拱并通过土拱传递荷载,浅层荷载传递机制直接影响到桩土协调工作和加固效果,但目前对竖向土拱效应以及土拱的特性仍然缺乏深入研究。利用设置试验段进行现场试验,对采集到的路基孔隙水压力和桩土相对位移数据进行分析处理,从应力和变形两方面验证了刚性桩竖向土拱的存在性。试验数据分析反映,一定的荷载对应一定的土拱力学平衡结构;在现场试验条件下土拱形成后,荷载每增加约20kPa,土拱破坏一次,而后重新形成;粗骨料填土材料形成的土拱稳定性较好,加桩帽形式的土拱效应更为显著。