喷射成形含铌M3型高速钢的组织和耐磨性

采用喷射成形技术制备了M3型高速钢和以Nb替代V的M3型高速钢.利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热仪和金相显微镜研究了Nb对M3型高速钢组织的影响.喷射成形能有效消除宏观偏析,细化组织.以Nb代V,提高了MC型碳化物开始析出温度,大量MC相先于共晶反应析出,呈独立的近球形分布于晶界,同时其尺寸减小.由于消耗大量C,抑制了共晶反应,M₂C片层数量减少且厚度变薄,其在热变形过程中更易于分解,进一步增加了组织均匀性.低温低载荷时含铌的M3型高速钢抗磨损性能显著优于M3高速钢,温度升高到500℃时磨损机制逐渐以氧化磨损为主,两合金的抗磨损性能差距减小,主要原因是大量呈弥散球形分布的含铌MC型碳化物能有效提高高速钢的磨粒磨损抗性,而其对抗氧化性能并无明显作用.     

铌对喷射成形M3：2型高速钢组织和性能的影响

采用喷射成形工艺制备了含铌和不含铌M3：2型高速钢,然后进行锻造加工.利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱仪、X射线衍射仪等研究了铌对喷射成形M3：2型高速钢组织和性能的影响.铌的加入细化了沉积态的组织,减小了M₂C共晶碳化物尺寸,而对M₂C的成分影响不明显.沉积态中MC碳化物的数量随铌含量提高而增多,且其成分变化显著.铌的加入可以提高喷射成形M3：2型高速钢的抗回火软化性和二次硬化能力.但是,当铌质量分数为1%时,组织中形成数量较多且难以破碎的以铌为主的块状MC碳化物,导致钢的弯曲强度和冲击韧性下降.铌质量分数为0.5%的喷射成形M3：2型高速钢可以获得最佳的硬度、弯曲强度和冲击韧性.     

喷射成形6061铝合金的显微组织与力学性能研究

研究了喷射成形6061铝合金的显微组织和力学性能,并与熔铸成形6061铝合金进行对比。结果表明,喷射成形6061铝合金显微组织较好,但由于其还未进行致密化处理,组织内存在一定的孔隙,各项拉伸性能低于熔铸成形6061铝合金。     

喷射成形M42高速钢初生碳化物的细化

喷射成形是一种新型的材料制备技术,可以制备常规工艺无法生产的高合金钢。通过研究喷射成形设备喷制的M42高速钢的组织特点以及采用后续的热处理及热加工等对锭坯组织及碳化物的影响,对比不同热处理温度和不同的热加工工艺对喷射成形M42钢碳化物形态及分布的影响,建立了适当的热处理和热加工制度,从而证明了利用喷射成形生产高合金高速钢的可行性,并且为后续的热加工过程工艺参数的制定提供依据。     

喷射成形高速钢HSF640组织与性能研究

利用金相显微镜、SHT4305-W电液伺服万能试验机分析了喷射钢HSF640、粉末钢2004和电渣钢M4的退火组织和非金属夹杂物的级别,对比了三者淬回火后的硬度、冲击功和抗弯强度等力学性能,并研究了耐磨性能。结果表明,退火组织中,HSF640与粉末钢2004的碳化物不均匀度级别相当,电渣M4的碳化物不均匀度稍差;HSF640碳化物颗粒尺寸介于粉末钢2004和电渣M4之间;HSF640冲击功与抗弯强度介于粉末钢2004和电渣M4之间,HSF640的耐磨性能好于粉末钢2004。     

喷射成形焊接高速钢与不锈钢

探索了Ｍ２高速钢与不锈钢（１８－８）的喷射成形焊接工艺，用扫描电子显微镜（ＳＥＭ）和ＳＥＭ／ＥＤＸ研究了焊接面的合金元素分布和组织结构特征。结果表明用喷射成形焊接高速钢和不锈钢有良好的工艺焊接性能。     

喷射成形高速钢显微结构和性能

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜研究了沉积高速钢孔隙的大小、形状、分布及显微结构.测定了试样的力学性能,并与相同成分的铸态、锻造态高速钢进行了对比.结果表明,沉积高速钢显微结构和性能都优于铸态和锻造态高速钢.     

喷射成形M3型高速钢碳化物组织特征与加热过程演化

采用常规铸造和喷射成形工艺分别制备了M3型高速钢铸坯和沉积坯.利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱和X射线衍射等分析方法对冷却速度对合金的显微组织的影响,加热温度对M3高速钢中M₂C共晶碳化物分解行为的影响,以及热加工变形后铸态和沉积态组织的变化进行了研究.结果表明:铸态合金含有粗大的一次枝晶和M₂C共晶碳化物,而喷射成形沉积坯主要为等轴晶且碳化物细小均匀;冷却速度的提高极大地抑制了碳化物的析出和晶粒长大;加热温度的提高有利于M₂C共晶碳化物分解,过高的温度使得分解后的M₆C长大,不利于合金性能的提高;沉积坯经恰当的预热处理和热变形可以获得理想的变形组织.     

注射成形M4高速钢的研究

研究了惰性气体雾化法制备的M4高速钢合金粉末进行注射成形工艺,由于粉末颗粒球形度和流动性好,粉末装载量可以达到70%(体积分数),注射料表现假塑性流体的特性。注射坯采用溶剂脱粘+后续热脱粘工艺进行脱粘,总共脱粘时间为14h。在氮气气氛中1250℃烧结2h,可以制备出烧结态硬度为HRC57~59的高速钢材料,热处理后材料的硬度可达HRC64~65。微观结构分析表明,PIM高速钢组织均匀,富钨M6C碳化物和富钒M(C,N)碳氮化物弥散分布在高速钢基体中。     

M2高速钢的高温力学性能

在Gleeble- 3800热模拟机上进行了高速工具钢W6Mo5Cr4V2（M2）钢热模拟试验,测试了从650℃到1250℃温度M2钢的高温力学性能,得到了抗拉强度曲线和热塑性曲线,观察了不同温度下试样的金相组织和断口形貌。试验结果表明：M2高速钢的零塑性温度为1220℃,零强度温度为1250℃。良好的塑性温度区为950~1150℃,脆性区主要为1175℃至熔点,在850~950℃存在一个较弱的脆性区。在800℃附近,还存在一个良好的低温超塑性区。分析表明,M2高速钢的高温力学性能与基体组织的相变、碳化物的溶解和低熔点碳化物的熔化有很大关系。     

喷射成形2060高速钢的组织与性能

利用雾化沉积炉制备喷射成形2060高速钢沉积坯,经过锻造后再进行盐浴淬火和回火处理,研究喷射成形2060高速钢及其热处理后的组织与力学性能。结果表明:喷射成形2060高速钢沉积坯的表面较光洁,无明显的宏观偏析,晶粒较细小,晶粒尺寸约为20μm,沉积坯的相对密度在99.5%以上;沉积坯中主要存在M6C和MC两种碳化物相,均匀弥散分布在晶界与晶内以及基体中,氧含量只有1.6×10-7左右。2060高速钢的抗弯强度随淬火温度升高而逐渐降低,淬火温度应低于1 210℃。在1 170~1 190℃下淬火时可获得抗弯强度≥3 000MPa、硬度≥70 HRC的良好综合力学性能。     

Microstructure and forming characteristics of spray-formed M42 high speed steel

M42 high speed steel(HSS),a high grade alloy,was produced using the spray forming technology.Optical metallography(OM),X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscope(SEM) were used to investigate the microstructures of the as-sprayed M42 HSS and the as-atomized powders.It is found that as-sprayed M42 HSS is composed of martensite,retained austenite and carbides.The grain size,as well as the morphology,size and distribution of the carbides have been greatly improved compared with those of the as-cast M42 steel(a traditional process).The size of the powder obtained at a high cold speed was ranged from 50 μm to 100 μm in diameter.Its representative microstructures include dendrite,dendritic fragments,a mixture of dendrites,equiaxed grains and dendritic fragments,and equiaxed grains.The rapid solidification in the spray forming is a key factor to cause the refinement of the M42 HSS.     

SPS烧结M42粉末冶金高速钢的显微组织与性能

采用放电等离子烧结技术(SPS)制备了M42粉末冶金高速钢,研究了SPS烧结M42粉末冶金高速钢及其热处理后的显微组织与性能。结果表明:与普通粉末冶金高速钢相比,SPS烧结制备的M42粉末冶金高速钢显微组织均匀、晶粒细小、无碳化物偏析。经过在1180℃×5min×550℃×1h的热处理后,硬度比普通粉末冶金高速钢提高1～2HRC。     

Structure and mechanical properties of austenitic 316L steel produced by selective laser melting

The mechanical properties and the impact toughness of austenitic 316L steel produced by selective laser melting at a laser power of 175–190 W have been studied. It is shown that the selective laser melting method makes it possible to significantly increase the strength properties of the steel with some decrease in the ductility and the impact toughness as compared to those of the steel produced by a traditional technology. The laser power influences insignificantly. The methods of making notches and its orientation is found to influence the impact toughness.     

Solidification of M2 high speed steel

The freezing process in AISI type M2 high speed tool steel (6 pct W, 5 pct Mo, 4 pct Cr, 2 pct V, 0.8 pct C) was studied by metallographic and thermal analysis techniques. Unidirectional solidification of small laboratory melts in a modified crystal growing apparatus was employed to provide metallographic sections of known macroscopic growth direction. Also cooling curves were obtained on 40 g specimens solidified in thimble crucibles. X-ray microradiography, electron probe scanning techniques, and quantitative microanalysis of dendrites and interdendritic carbides were extensively used to supplement conventional metallography. Carbon and vanadium contents of M2 were varied in order to observe the effect of an austenite and ferrite stabilizer on the thermal analysis curves and microstructure. The nonequilibrium freezing process in M2 includes three major liquid-solid reactions: 1) Liquid → Ferrite, 1435°C; 2) Liquid + Ferrite → Austenite, 1330°C; 3) Liquid → Austenite + M₆C + MC, 1240°C. These reactions account for the as-cast structure of the commercial alloy. The addition of carbon depresses the liquidus (1) and solidus temperatures (3) and narrows the gap between the liquidus (1) and peritectic transformation (2). This gap is eliminated at > 1.39 wt pct C, where the initial freezing reaction is the crystallization of austenite. The accompanying microstructural change is the elimination of σ eutectoid dendrite cores. The addition of vanadium promotes ferrite formation by strongly depressing the peritectic reaction and thus widening the gap between the liquidus and the peritectic.     

Upgrading the microstructure and the mechanical properties of cast high speed steel

The main problem of near‐net‐shape cast high speed steel toolings is the bad toughness due to the presence of relatively coarse structure and eutectic brittle carbide network. To overcome this problem intensive secondary cooling in oil immediately after casting was achieved, however special standard tool steels with high amount of austenite stabilizing elements were selected to give austenite + carbide in as‐cast condition. This eliminates the risk of martensitic transformation during intensive secondary cooling. Prespherodisation heat treatment at different temperatures was applied to improve the carbide morphology in cast structures of these steels. This is because traditional hardening of high speed (TS‐1 and TS‐2) cast steels showed severe deterioration in carbide morphology and increased noncoherency with the matrix. In this case, skeleton brittle carbide morphologies were detected in such steels. Impact toughness of prespherodised hardened high speed cast steel (TS‐2) was more or less higher than that of the normally heat treated steel, especially at section sizes lower than 20 mm. Meanwhile the prespherodised steel showed lower toughness at section sizes of more than 20 mm. The hot hardness for the same thickness and test temperature of normally hardened high speed steels was higher to some extent than that for prespherodised and hardened ones. However, the hot hardness increases as the size of sample increases, due to the gross of eutectic and secondary carbide.     

含铝TRIP钢组织和性能的研究

根据镀锌工艺要求设计ω(Al)为1.2%的TRIP钢进行实验研究,使用光学显微镜、SEM、XRD以及拉伸试验对TRIP钢的微观组织和性能进行检测和分析.结果表明,ω(Al)为1.2%的TRIP钢的Ac1达到747℃、Ac3达到930℃,在贝氏体区等温30 s即可得到最大强塑积.实验TRIP钢退火组织中残留奥氏体体积分数...     

淬火温度对添加B_4C的ASP30粉末冶金高速钢组织及力学性能的影响

采用粉末冶金方法制备添加B_4C的全致密ASP30高速钢,样品在1 040℃到1 200℃范围内淬火,并且经过560℃三次回火,研究淬火温度对其力学性能及显微组织的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜、洛氏硬度计和材料力学性能测试机研究高速钢的组织和力学性能。结果表明:添加质量分数为0.025%B_4C的ASP30粉末冶金高速钢在1 160℃下烧结2 h后会形成月牙形液相碳化物,从而获得全致密的烧结组织。随淬火温度升高,显微组织中碳化物的数量明显减少,基体中合金元素固溶含量提高,基体晶粒长大,断口形貌呈准解理断裂但断口平整度下降。随淬火温度升高,钢的硬度提高,最高值达到69 HRC。抗弯强度、断裂韧性均下降,抗弯强度最高值达4 357MPa,断裂韧性最高值为48.6 MPa/m1/2。冲击韧性先升高后下降,在1 080℃最高为18.85 J/cm2。     

喷射成形FGH95环坯的组织和性能

研究了沉积态FGH95环坯热处理前后的组织和性能.结果表明:沉积态FGH95组织为约10～50μm的等轴晶,成形坯相对密度为99.5％,氧含量为20×10-6;基体中γ相尺寸随固溶处理温度的升高而增大,固溶处理温度达到1 160℃时,基体中还有未溶解的γ相;时效后基体中有小尺寸弥散分布的γ相析出.拉伸试验表明,在相同的...