一种六自由度机械臂的振动特性研究

针对某新型六自由度机械臂末端在工作过程中出现严重抖动的问题,研究了机械臂各运动关节和本体对末端振动特性的影响。构建了机械臂刚柔耦合动力学简化模型,仿真得到了本体在不同工作姿态下的固有频率特性,并结合机械振动测试理论,建立了基于激励+单体+本体+末端振动的路径传递模型;提出了一种机械臂本体固有频率测试和单轴工作模式振动测试相结合的模态试验方法,应用AVANT MI-7008动态频谱分析测试仪,提取了各轴启停时的的振动频率和机械臂本体的一二阶固有频率,获得了机械臂各关节避开共振频率范围。研究结果表明:模态测试获得固有频率和MATLAB仿真结果基本吻合,验证了方案的可行性;为提高机械臂末端定位精度和稳定性提供了一种有效的分析手段。     

机械臂重力平衡机构的设计与实验研究

传统无重力平衡机械臂因自重影响致使机械臂控制难度增大、动态特性变差,以被动重力平衡原理为基础,综合弹簧平衡机构和凸轮平衡机构进行机械臂重力平衡装置的设计。通过理论分析,推导出双关节机械臂的势能方程。建立机械臂三维模型并对其进行简化,简化后的模型导入ADAMS中进行动力学仿真。通过等比例缩小设计和制造双关节机械臂样机,搭建实验平台,对重力平衡装置进行实验验证。将仿真和实验结果导入MATLAB中进行数据处理。结果表明:该重力平衡装置能够有效实现机械臂的重力平衡。     

ADAMS-Simulink柔性机械与控制系统仿真

介绍了一种ADAMS—Simulink柔性机械与控制系统的仿真方法，该方法结合ANSYS有限元分析与Matlab／Simulink控制系统仿真，实现了对柔性机械及其控制的联合仿真，弥补了AD—AMS在有限元分析和控制系统设计上的不足。并通过实例，实现了柔性机械臂系统的滑动关节在PID控制下的启停仿真。     

几种柔性机械臂控制策略的综合评价

本文针对柔性机械臂的振动控制问题，首先采用假设模态法，利用Ｌａｇｌａｎｇｅ方程建立了计及动力刚化影响的动力学方程。然后采用几种不同的控制策略研究其闭环系统的动态特性及抗干扰性能。采用的控制方法如下：（１）ＰＤ控制；（２）ＬＱＲ方法；（３）变结构控制。文中最后针对一单杆柔性机械臂在关节转角参考输入作用和阶跃扰动力矩作用下，分别进行了计算机仿真，比较了各种控制方法对柔性机械臂的控制效果，仿真结果表明，     

减速机及螺栓刚度对机械臂动态性能的影响

串联型6自由度机械臂末端刚度比较差,在高速运动过程中会出现严重的抖动问题,尤其是在起停阶段该问题更加突出。设计阶段为了避免机械臂出现抖动问题,需要对机械臂的动态性能进行准确地计算和优化。文中将减速机的扭转刚度和螺栓刚度加入到仿真分析中,采用Hyperworks软件建立5个仿真模型,用有限元软件ABAQUS对仿真模型进行求解,获取机械臂的前4阶固有频率和振型。通过振动测试获取机械臂整机的前4阶固有频率和仿真分析结果进行对比,找出准确计算机械臂动态性能的有效方法,并以此仿真方法找出结构刚度的薄弱环节,完成机械臂的结构优化及减速机的选型工作,缩短研发周期,降低设计开发成本。     

基于MACSF的移动机械臂振动抑制轨迹规划方法

为满足移动机械臂高精度、低抖动的作业需求，提出一种基于修正非对称组合正弦函数（modified asymmetry combined sine function， 简称MACSF）的振动抑制轨迹规划方法。首先，针对传统非对称组合正弦函数（asymmetry combined sine function， 简称ACSF）存在加速度突变、启停阶段不稳定等问题，以驱动函数加加速度连续平滑为目标，采用改进型组合正弦函数设计加加速度时间窗口中的加速阶段和减速阶段，以降低移动机械臂的关节力矩波动；其次，通过叠加组合方法求出满足约束条件的通用型驱动函数；最后，基于机器人操作系统（robot operating system ， 简称ROS）搭建移动机械臂抑振算法验证平台，并使用该平台在样机场景下进行了一系列实验验证。结果表明，MACSF方法能够有效抑制移动机械臂的瞬态振动和残余振动（动态作业过程中振幅优于1 mm），从而验证了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

基于PSD的柔性机械臂末端振动特性测试与分析

针对含谐波减速器柔性空间机械臂的臂杆刚度以及关节转速对机械臂末端振动的影响,利用位置敏感探测器(position sensitive detector,简称PSD)对机械臂的振动特性进行了测试分析。通过改变臂杆刚度和关节转速中单一因素,分别测量了机械臂在不同臂杆刚度和不同关节转速下的末端振动响应。研究结果表明,随着臂杆拉力和机械臂关节转速的增大,机械臂末端的振动幅度呈现上升趋势,且机械臂关节转速的改变对机械臂末端振动的影响大于臂杆刚度所造成的振动影响。     

柔性臂空间机器人的神经网络自适应控制及振动模态分级模糊控制

由于太空中的在轨作业一般要求空间机器人具有手臂长、负载大,对空间机器人动力学及控制进行分析时必须考虑到机械臂杆件的柔性问题。为此探讨了参数未知柔性臂空间机器人载体姿态、关节协调运动控制及柔性振动抑制问题。由系统动量守恒关系及假设模态法,利用Lagrange方法建立了漂浮基柔性臂空间机器人的系统动力学方程。运用奇异摄动理论的双时间刻度分解,导出了适用于控制系统算法设计的奇异摄动数学模型。利用该模型,针对慢时标子系统——等价刚性空间机械臂,设计了系统参数不确定情况下的径向基函数神经网络补偿控制算法,以控制柔性臂空间机器人的载体姿态及机械臂关节铰协调地来完成各自在关节空间的期望运动;神经网络控制算法的研究目的是基于神经网络良好的在线自学习能力,大大提高整个系统的控制精度。针对快时标子系统——柔性臂的振动,设计了分级模糊控制算法来主动抑制柔性杆的振动。分级模糊控制算法的研究目的是为了减少模糊规则库的大小,有效提高模糊控制器的计算效率。通过计算机仿真验证了提出方法的有效性和可行性。     

启停阶段圆柱滚子轴承动态特性分析

启停过程普遍存在于旋转机械设备中,该过程转速的变化对滚动轴承动态性能的影响甚大,然而启停阶段滚动轴承动态特性的研究相对缺乏。以圆柱滚子轴承NU306为研究对象,建立了圆柱滚子轴承非线性接触的三维动态有限元模型。采用显式动力学有限元法对圆柱滚子轴承在不同角加速度和径向载荷条件下的启停过程进行了动态仿真,研究了角加速度和径向载荷两个工况参数对其启停阶段保持架角速度、内圈质心位移,以及所有滚子与保持架接触力等动态特性的影响,并进行了实验验证。研究结果表明,内圈角加速度的增大会加重滚动轴承启停过程的打滑,而径向力的增大会减小滚动轴承启停过程的打滑;在启停阶段,角加速度和径向力愈大,则内圈质心位移以及滚子与保持架接触力越大。仿真结果与实验结果吻合良好,验证了所建立有限元模型的有效性。     

带双目视觉的SCARA机械臂运动学分析及轨迹规划

为了解决SCARA机械臂因目标位姿变化而引起抓取任务失败问题,给出了一种基于机器视觉目标检测与定位的机械臂控制方法。通过双目相机成像模型实现坐标系之间的转换,利用计算机视觉识别及三维匹配方法,达到对目标物体定位的目的,从而确定机械臂末端执行器的期望位置。结合使用D-H参数法建立机械臂的运动学模型,通过运动学方程的逆解,得到末端执行器到达期望位置时机械臂各驱动关节的变量参数,然后对其进行轨迹规划仿真,得到了连续且平滑的各关节位移、速度、加速度变化规律曲线,同时使用SCARA机械臂进行装配实验。实验结果表明该系统能够准确、稳定地把物体放到目标位置,完成装配任务,从而为开发机械臂运动控制系统提供重要的参考。     

Study of solid contamination in ball bearings through vibration and wear analyses

In rolling bearings, contamination of lubricant oil by solid particles is one of the main reasons for early bearing failure. In order to deal with this problem, it is fundamental not only the use of reliable techniques concerning detection of solid contamination but also the investigation of the effects of certain contaminant characteristics on bearing performance. Nowadays, non-invasive techniques, such as vibration measurements, are being increasingly used for on-time monitoring of machinery performance. In this context, the present work investigates the effect of lubricant contamination by solid particles on the dynamical behavior of rolling bearings, in order to determine the trends in the amounts of vibration affected by contamination in the oil and by the bearing wear itself. Experimental tests were performed with radial ball bearings lubricated by oil bath. Quartz powder in three concentration levels and different particle sizes was used to contaminate the oil. Vibration signals were analyzed in terms of the root mean square (rms) values. The results show that changes in the rms values of vibration in the high-frequency band, from 600 to 10,000 Hz, were associated to the changes in oil lubrication in the bearing contacts, caused by oil contamination and wear damage on the bearing surfaces.     

箔片气体动压轴承研究进展综述

箔片气体动压轴承具有转速高、摩擦功耗低、无油润滑以及良好的减振性能等优势,已在飞机换气系统和曝气鼓风机等领域广泛应用。近年来随着全球“碳达峰碳中和”战略的提出和实施,氢燃料电池汽车等成为产业热点,箔片气体动压轴承在燃料电池空压机领域的应用呈现“井喷”态势,但箔片轴承在适应燃料电池汽车复杂工况所必须具备的长寿命、高抗振性及高可靠性等方面,还远远没有得到充分验证,目前仍处于路况验证和技术迭代阶段。因此有必要在新工况和新性能需求大背景下,对箔片气体动压轴承的现有研究成果进行系统梳理和深入分析。介绍了箔片气体动压轴承的结构及在燃料电池空压机中的应用;评述了箔片气体动压轴承的高速特性、比承载能力、动力学稳定性以及启停寿命等关键性能指标及当前发展水平;分别从箔片气体动压轴承理论建模、气固耦合特性仿真算法、气膜热特性及温升控制、轴承转子系统动力学稳定性、箔片轴承抗振性及疲劳寿命、箔片表面涂层技术及启停寿命、箔片轴承动态性能测试与试验技术等方面,对箔片轴承关键技术进行了系统分析和综述;最后结合燃料电池汽车工况对高速离心式空压机的性能需求,对箔片气体轴承关键技术的发展趋势进行了预测和展望。     

An evaluation of the effect of simulated launch vibration on the friction performance and lubrication of ball bearings for space applications

Ball bearings in space mechanisms are subjected to vibration during launch which can lead to a temporary loss of contact between the balls and the raceway. On re-establishing contact the transient high contact stresses which arise may cause damage to the bearing. This transient loss of contact is referred to as “gapping”. Despite the fact that it is clearly of interest to understand how exposure to the launch vibration impacts upon bearing and lubricant performance, the dynamic behaviour of bearings subjected to vibration typical of that occurring during launch has been little studied.This paper describes a theoretical and experimental investigation to examine the influence of simulated launch vibration on the torque performance of solid and liquid lubricated ball bearings. A fixture containing a pair of preloaded face-to-face angular contact bearings was mounted on an electro-dynamic vibrator. Two laser triangulation transducers were used to measure the relative axial displacement of the bearing components at a range of acceleration levels. A simple analytical model was also developed to predict gapping for a range of different test conditions. Data from this model was compared to measured gapping. The effect of vibration on bearing torque was measured following each level of acceleration. Finally, features arising in the bearing raceway due to vibration testing were assessed.     

柔性冗余度机器人减振运动规划研究

由于柔性冗余自由度机器人具有冗余特性 ,因此在保证机器人实现预定工作任务的情况下 ,可以通过规划机器人各关节的自运动规律 ,从而改善机器人的动力学性能。本文提出了一种冗余关节规划方法 ,该方法为全局优化方法 ,具有可实现性、易控制和计算量小的特点 ,而且可以保证机器人工作结束后各关节的自运动速度为零 ,从而避免由于终态自运动的存在而使原优化效果遭到破坏。     

Analytical dynamic solution of a flexible cable-suspended manipulator

Cable-suspended manipulators are used in large scale applications with, heavy in weight and long in span cables. It seems impractical to maintain cable assumptions of smaller robots for large scale manipulators. The interactions among the cables, platforms and actuators can fully evaluate the coupled dynamic analysis. The structural flexibility of the cables becomes more pronounced in large manipulators. In this paper, an analytic solution is provided to solve cable vibration. Also, a closed form solution can be adopted to improve the dynamic response to flexibility. The output is provided by the optimal torque generation subject to the actuator limitations in a mechatronic sense. Finally, the performance of the proposed algorithm is examined through simulations.     

空间润滑谐波减速器传动性能正交试验分析

选用XB1-60-150型谐波减速器,采用多因素正交设计法开展了谐波减速器热真空循环试验,选择传动效率作为传动性能的评价指标,考察环境温度、负载、润滑方式和工作时间等因素对谐波减速器传动性能的影响敏感性;研究额定载荷条件下固体润滑和脂润滑谐波减速器在宽温度范围内的传动性能,探讨传动效率与环境温度、工作时间的关系;在波发生器运行总次数1.5×105r后,利用光学显微镜观察了试验后谐波减速器柔轮工作面状态。结果表明,温度是影响空间润滑谐波减速器传动性能的重要因素,润滑和负载影响次之,时间最小;在–40～60℃温度范围内,脂润滑谐波减速器表现出较高的传动效率,固体润滑谐波减速器则表现出较稳定的传动性能;试验后两种润滑状态谐波减速器在柔轮齿面和内壁处均呈现明显的滑动磨痕现象。     

基于ANSYS的汽车起重机吊臂的动态分析

基于ANSYS软件对汽车起重机整体吊臂进行了有限元模态分析,提取影响吊臂性能的模态振型和频率,从而了解各种工况不同频率载荷对整体吊臂的影响和吊臂整体动态刚度特点,为吊臂设计和改造提供理论依据。     

弹性连杆机构冲击副润滑特性研究

弹性机构铰接副处过大间隙的存在将严重地影响了机器的动态性能。正因如此 ,采用间隙机构中常用的牛顿二阶段运动模型 ,引入两套广义坐标 ,对含间隙弹性平面连杆机构的副间分离与碰撞过程建立比较简洁易懂且全面反映间隙铰动态特性的动力学模型 ,计入了刚弹耦合作用及间隙对杆件弹性变形的影响 ,并考虑曲柄非匀速运转情况 ,利用该模型 ,引入挤压油膜阻尼器被动控制技术 ,通过算例 ,对比分析了理想铰、间隙铰、挤压油膜铰对弹性机构的动态特性的影响。分析结果表明 ,挤压油膜阻尼器被动控制间隙机构是可行的。因此 ,为含间隙机构未来领域的研究提供了一个新思路。     

On the Dynamics of Lubricated Cylindrical Roller Bearings,Part II: Linear and Nonlinear Vibration Analysis

This article is the second part of two companion papers. In the first article, curve-fitted relations of stiffness and damping coefficients of a single roller-to-race contact of lubricated roller bearings were developed. In the present work, these relations are applied to a rotor–bearing system. Two cases are studied to investigate the influence of lubricated cylindrical roller bearings on the vibration characteristics of the rotor system. In the first case, lubricated contacts are simulated as a linear spring–damper model. The overall stiffness and damping matrices are calculated by using the dynamic coefficients of individual load sharing rollers. These matrices are used in the finite element analysis of flexible rotor. In the second case, the nonlinear structural vibration of a lubricated cylindrical roller bearing is studied. Equations of motion of bearing elements are derived using the Lagrange equation. A nonlinear load–deflection contact model developed through the derived curve-fitted relations of dynamic coefficients is used in the equations of motion. Equations of motion are solved by a fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration method. The response of bearing elements under free vibration and due to rotating unbalance is studied for damped and undamped cases. Furthermore, results obtained using elastohydrodynamic finite and infinite contact theories are compared.     

The Static and Dynamic Characteristics of a Two-Lobe Journal Bearing Lubricated with Couple-Stress Fluid

Static and dynamic characteristics of two-lobe journal bearings lubricated with couple-stress fluids are studied. The load-carrying capacity, the stiffness and damping coefficients, the non-dimensional critical mass, and the whirl ratio are determined for various values of the couple stress parameter l. The results obtained are compared with the characteristics of two-lobe bearings lubricated with Newtonian fluids. It is found that the effect of the couple stress parameter is very significant on the performance of the journal bearing. The stability is improved compared to bearings lubricated with Newtonian fluids.