硌伤形貌对车轮材料滚动接触疲劳特性的影响

采用重力摆锤在车轮试样表面冲击出不同形貌的硌伤坑,基于改进后的MMS-2A型微机控制摩擦磨损试验平台,研究了未硌伤车轮以及两种硌伤形貌车轮的滚动接触疲劳特性。结合ABAQUS仿真分析的车轮硌伤后残余应力分布情况,探讨了硌伤坑附近裂纹的萌生及扩展机制。结果表明:与未硌伤车轮相比,车轮硌伤处次表层材料沿踏面垂直方向上出现的残余拉应力有助于促进裂纹的萌生和扩展。相同冲击能下,球形硌伤坑附近裂纹长度和角度均大于道砟形硌伤坑附近裂纹长度和角度。球形硌伤坑边缘次表层裂纹的裂纹面较宽,并沿着45°的扩展角度向内部扩展。     

车轮踏面硌伤处的瞬态滚动接触应力分析

通过建立三维轮轨瞬态滚动接触有限元模型,研究带有踏面硌伤的车轮在指定牵引或制动力条件下的瞬态滚动接触行为,分析不同速度、硌伤几何和材料塑性变形对踏面硌伤处滚动接触行为的影响。结果表明:在60~300km/h速度范围内,车轮硌伤所激起的接触力随速度的增加而降低;初期硌伤可能存在的边缘"堆起"能大大增加接触应力的水平,或可导致滚动接触疲劳的萌生;对于具有尖锐边缘的硌伤,弹塑性等效应力水平仍可明显大于车轮材料的强度极限,即可发生持续的塑性变形,易于萌生疲劳;相对而言,对于具有钝边缘的硌伤,相应的接触应力水平要低得多,车轮偏于安全。     

考虑残余应力的螺旋锥齿轮接触疲劳裂纹萌生-扩展寿命计算方法研究

考虑渗碳、磨齿、喷丸等工艺产生的齿面残余应力,建立齿面接触应力与残余应力的复合应力场,提出一种螺旋锥齿轮接触疲劳裂纹萌生-扩展寿命计算方法。构建齿轮有限元接触分析模型,计算多轴交变接触应力场。考虑空间螺旋曲面残余应力分布的复杂性,将变曲率齿面离散为网状节点;测量各节点表面与次表面的残余应力,建立齿面残余应力场。基于Dang Van多轴疲劳准则,构建齿面裂纹萌生模型;计及残余应力与裂纹闭合效应,构建齿面裂纹扩展模型。计算复合应力场下齿轮接触疲劳寿命,研究残余应力对齿面裂纹萌生-扩展寿命的影响规律。结果发现：复杂齿面空间变曲率会影响喷丸等工艺产生的残余应力分布,中心区域的残余压应力高出齿面边缘区域约20%;复合应力场下齿面裂纹萌生位置与寿命主要取决于接触应力,残余应力会改变齿面节点平均应力进而影响疲劳寿命;齿面裂纹扩展寿命约占全寿命的10%,表征齿轮接触疲劳快速失效至迅速断裂。上述研究对于高性能齿轮传动的长寿命、高可靠性设计具有一定的参考价值。     

镜像铣和化学铣切对2A12铝合金表面完整性与疲劳行为的影响

对比研究了金刚石刀具和硬质合金刀具镜像铣，以及化学铣切2A12-T4铝合金试样的表面形貌、表面粗糙度、残余应力、硬度和疲劳性能。结果表明：镜像铣等厚度平板试样(一面硬质合金刀具加工，一面金刚石刀具加工)的细节疲劳额定强度比化学铣切试样提高了4.27%,而金刚石刀具镜像铣下陷试样的细节疲劳额定强度则提高了22.46%;金刚石刀具镜像铣试样获得了比硬质合金刀具镜像铣试样以及化学铣切试样更高的疲劳抗力。金刚石刀具镜像铣在试样表面引入了残余压应力，提高了表面硬度，降低了表面粗糙度，并未使表层组织受到破坏，因此裂纹萌生和扩展阻力提高。化学铣切试样表面存在的点蚀坑、晶间腐蚀缺陷及残余拉应力，以及硬质合金刀具镜像铣试样表面存在的较深刀痕沟槽和残余拉应力均促进了裂纹的萌生。     

论渗碳钢中残余压应力的作用

本文研究结果表明,渗碳钢淬火形成的残余压应力对提高疲劳强度、多次冲击抗力、疲劳断裂韧性、宏观疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展寿命,降低疲劳缺口敏感性,和疲劳载荷抑制脆性等均起着主要的作用。表层材料强度或硬度与残余应力的相关性在于高的表层材料强度或硬度能减小残余应力的衰减,有助于发挥残余应力对疲劳性能的有利作用。长期以来对渗碳钢中微观组织和残余压应力作用的含混看法得到了澄清。     

激光冲击对金属板料裂纹的影响模型

研究了含有裂纹的金属板料在激光冲击波载荷作用下裂纹尖端应力强度因子和裂纹扩展速度的变化,利用断裂力学理论,对激光冲击加载下裂尖参数计算模型进行优化,采用应力强度因子叠加法,将外加载荷引起的应力强度因子和激光冲击后残留的残余压应力引起的应力强度因子叠加,推导出下裂纹尖端应力场强度因子表达式,由此可精确计算出金属板料的裂纹萌生寿命和裂纹扩展速度,实验验证了航空钛合金Ti6Al4V激光冲击后残余应力对裂纹扩展速度的影响,从而建立了激光冲击作用对板料裂纹扩展的影响的理论模型。     

焊接残余应力对疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的影响

通过疲劳试验,研究焊接残余应力对疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展性能的影响,以及残余应力的再分配。试验结果表明,垂直于裂纹方向的纵向残余应力促进孔边疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展;残余应力随焊缝金属的应变松弛而降低,它对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响相应减小;残余应力场中疲劳裂纹扩展速率仍可以用Ｐａｒｉｓ ／公式计算。     

预滚压对含缺陷轮轨材料滚动接触疲劳性能的影响

对含缺陷的未预滚压和预滚压车轮钢试样分别进行滚动接触疲劳试验,观察表面缺陷的形貌变化过程,分析预滚压和缺陷尺寸对轮轨材料滚动接触疲劳性能的影响。通过有限元方法分析缺陷附近材料的应力状态,通过多轴疲劳模型分析缺陷尺寸对滚动接触疲劳裂纹萌生规律的影响。试验结果表明:由于表层材料的塑性变形,未滚压车轮试样的缺陷尺寸随滚动周次的增加而减小;超过一定周次后,由于塑性变形不再累积,缺陷尺寸基本保持不变;预滚压处理通过减小表层材料的塑性变形,可抑制缺陷尺寸的减小,从而降低车轮试样的疲劳寿命;缺陷尺寸的增加会进一步降低预滚压试样的疲劳寿命;在油润滑条件下,预滚压和表面缺陷对车轮材料摩擦磨损性能没有显著影响。仿真结果表明,当缺陷尺寸从200μm增加至400μm,最大剪应力幅值从缺陷底部转移至缺陷中部,疲劳裂纹萌生位置也随之改变。     

低温下高速车轮材料滚动磨损与疲劳损伤行为

利用低温环境轮轨磨损模拟试验装置,研究了高速铁路车轮材料在室温及低温环境下的滚动接触疲劳损伤行为。结果表明：低湿度的低温环境导致车轮材料磨损率、塑性变形及疲劳损伤较室温下明显加重。随试验温度的降低,轮轨摩擦因数、磨损率及表面硬度均呈现先急剧上升后轻微下降趋势。室温工况下磨痕表面有严重的犁沟现象,而低温工况下车轮试样表面以疲劳裂纹及剥落损伤为主。随着温度的降低,磨损形式由氧化磨损、磨粒磨损逐渐向疲劳及粘着磨损转变。车轮材料裂纹主要沿较软的铁素体线扩展,室温下剖面损伤较轻微。低温工况下由于车轮材料发生脆化,珠光体呈现不同于室温下的形貌及分布特性。在低温下,表层裂纹扩展角度及次表层裂纹长度增加,同时表层裂纹易于汇合并产生分支。     

激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头疲劳性能的影响

对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头进行激光冲击强化,对比强化前后焊接接头的疲劳寿命,在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察断口疲劳断裂特征,并从焊接接头的显微硬度、微观组织、残余应力分布等方面综合分析激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头的强化机理。试验结果表明：未强化和强化试样均在焊缝咬边处萌生疲劳裂纹,强化试样疲劳寿命是未强化试样疲劳寿命的3.77~9.15倍,强化试样焊缝咬边处马氏体细化,显微硬度提高,焊缝表面呈残余压应力分布,焊缝咬边处残余压应力达-564.37±9.85MPa。晶粒细化和高幅值残余压应力综合作用下抑制了焊缝咬边处疲劳裂纹的萌生,且增大了裂纹扩展阻力,从而提高了焊接接头疲劳性能。     

Fatigue crack initiation potential from defects in terms of local stress analysis

The competition of surface and subsurface crack initiation induced failure is critical to understand very high cycle fatigue（VHCF） behavior, which necessitates the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms for the transition of crack initiation from surface to interior defects. Crack initiation potential in materials containing defects is investigated numerically by focusing on defect types, size, shape, location, and residual stress influences. Results show that the crack initiation potency is higher in case of serious property mismatching between matrix and defects, and higher strength materials are more sensitive to soft inclusions（elastic modulus lower than the matrix）. The stress localization around inclusions are correlated to interior crack initiation mechanisms in the VHCF regime such as inclusion-matrix debonding at soft inclusions and inclusion-cracking for hard inclusions（elastic modulus higher than the matrix）. It is easier to emanate cracks from the subsurface pores with the depth 0.7 times as large as their diameter. There exists an inclusion size independent region for crack incubation, outside which crack initiation will transfer from the subsurface soft inclusion to the interior larger one. As for elliptical inclusions, reducing the short-axis length can decrease the crack nucleation potential and promote the interior crack formation, whereas the long-axis length controls the site of peak stress concentration. The compressive residual stress at surface is helpful to shift crack initiation from surface to interior inclusions. Some relaxation of residual stress can not change the inherent crack initiation from interior inclusions in the VHCF regime. The work reveals the crack initiation potential and the transition among various defects under the influences of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the VHCF regime, and is helpful to understand the failure mechanism of materials containing defects under long-term cyclic loadings.     

辗轧工序对车轮摩擦磨损和接触疲劳性能的影响

为研究辗轧工序对车轮使用性能的影响,选择经辗轧工序成形和直接钢水浇筑成形的2种车轮材料,利用GPM-30试验机开展摩擦磨损和接触疲劳性能研究,采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、ASPEX分析仪、EBSD分析2种车轮材料在不同接触应力状态下摩擦磨损和接触疲劳裂纹萌生扩展行为。结果表明:辗轧工序能够有效地细化车轮材料晶粒,减小珠光体片层间距,从而改善车轮微观组织,减少不均匀塑性变形,抑制裂纹的萌生和扩展,减少磨损量,延长接触疲劳寿命;同时发现夹杂物的形态影响接触疲劳试验亚表面裂纹的萌生。     

磨削力对HIPSN陶瓷磨削亚表面裂纹的影响

采用金刚石砂轮是磨削热等静压氮化硅(HIPSN)陶瓷最常用的加工方法,但是被磨零件亚表面常常伴随裂纹、崩碎等加工损伤,因此研究裂纹扩展一直是工程陶瓷的热点问题。对磨削加工后的HIPSN陶瓷亚表面裂纹进行探究,分析其在磨削加工过程中产生裂纹的原因以及去除机理,研究结果表明在磨削过程中对裂纹进行适当的控制,可以提高陶瓷零件的可靠性。设置单因素实验,对不同磨削参数下HIPSN陶瓷的磨削力进行测量,通过扫描电镜(SEM)对亚表面裂纹和表面形貌进行观察,分析磨削力对亚表面裂纹的影响。实验结果表明:磨削力随着砂轮线速度的增大而减小,随着工件进给速度和磨削深度的增大而增大;当磨削力变大时,陶瓷亚表面裂纹扩展程度增加,表面形貌变差。在粗磨加工HIPSN陶瓷时,可以通过减小工件进给速度和磨削深度,提高砂轮线速度的方法来降低裂纹的扩展程度,能够有效降低后续工艺的加工时间和难度,提高表面质量。     

The effects of laser peening and shot peening on fretting fatigue in Ti-6Al-4V coupons

This paper describes testing of Ti-6Al-4V coupons in fretting fatigue and compares the effects of mechanical surface treatments on performance. Fretting fatigue tests were performed using a proving ring for fretting load, bridge-type fretting pads, and applied tension-tension cyclic fatigue stress. As-machined (AM), shot peened (SP), and laser peened (LP) coupons were evaluated, and data generated to compare residual stress, surface condition, lifetime, and fractographic detail encountered for each. Near-surface residual stress in SP and LP coupons was similar. The layer of compressive residual stress was far deeper in LP coupons than in SP coupons and, consequently, subsurface tensile residual stress was significantly greater in LP coupons than in SP coupons. SP coupons exhibited a rough surface and had the greatest volume of fretting-induced wear. LP coupons exhibited a wavy surface and had a small volume of wear localized at wave peaks. SP coupons had the greatest fretting fatigue lifetime, with significant improvement over AM coupons. Lifetimes of LP coupons were similar to those for SP coupons at high fatigue stress, but fell between AM and SP coupons at lower fatigue stress. Fractographic evaluation showed that fractures of AM samples were preceded by initiation of fretting-induced cracks, transition of a lead fretting crack to mode-I fatigue crack growth, and crack growth to failure. SP and LP samples exhibited behavior similar to AM samples at high fatigue stress, but in coupons tested at low stress the lead crack initiated subsurface, near the measured depth of maximum tensile residual stress, despite the presence of fretting-induced cracks. The level of fatigue stress above which lead cracks were initiated by fretting was higher for LP than for SP, and was predicted with good accuracy using an analysis based on linear elastic fracture mechanics, the fatigue crack growth threshold stress intensity factor range, and superposition of measured residual stress and applied fatigue stress.     

Surface cracks initiation on carbon steel railway wheels under concurrent load of continuous rolling contact and cyclic frictional heat

Focusing on the durability of carbon steel railway wheels, so-called tread thermal cracks, one of severe damages on the tread surface, were investigated to understand the cracks generation processes involving initiation and propagation. We have demonstrated that tread thermal cracks can be experimentally reproduced under the condition of concurrent loading of continuous rolling contact with rails and cyclic frictional heat from brake blocks, through the experiments using an actual railway wheel. Relations of residual stress, cracks configuration and fracture surface were examined to consider the crack generation process. Plastic deformation and thermal stress near the surface result in substantial tensile residual stress, which causes the generation of cracks.     

车轮多边形激励下的滚动接触疲劳裂纹瞬态扩展行为研究

利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立带车轮多边形的三维轮轨滚动接触疲劳裂纹扩展模型,将真实轮轨间瞬态滚滑和高频动力作用考虑在内,分析车轮多边形和连续钢轨裂纹造成的瞬态接触载荷对钢轨裂纹动态扩展行为的影响。速度250 km/h牵引工况的结果表明:零间隙多裂纹对法向轮轨力的影响甚微,但会造成切向轮轨力不可忽略的波动;车轮多边形会造成法向和切向轮轨力显著的周期性波动,如0. 1 mm波深23阶多边形会使得各裂纹面最大法向和切向接触力较圆顺工况分别增长19. 6%、34. 1%;任一裂纹面内法向和切向接触应力在接触斑滚过的0. 22 ms内发生了复杂的瞬态变化,进一步导致各裂纹的最大裂尖应力场强度因子的周期性波动,影响裂纹动态扩展行为;随着车轮多边形波深和阶数的增加,上述各种波动的幅度均会变大,加速裂纹扩展。     

制球机的优化设计

耐腐蚀高强度合金铝箔经过切缝机切出不连续的缝隙后,送入拉网机可制成网状抑爆材料。这种材料既可直接放入易燃、易爆的流体容器中使用,也可以继续加工,即送入制球机制成球状抑爆材料。通过对制球机技术设计依据进行分析,阐述了制球机的工作原理及结构特征,重点对制球机运动机构的设计计算（即其所用槽轮机构、滚轮的直径与转速）做了详细论述,并简述了在制球机试运转过程中如何进行适当调整完善,从而体现其优化设计的特点。     

压电材料平面渗透裂纹的机电耦合场

为提高压电传感器和换能器的品质,针对材料缺陷导致的压电元器件失效或不稳定,用复变函数的方法,结合椭圆形夹杂内的电场强度和电位移为常量这一早期研究结果,研究了压电材料平面电渗透裂纹的机电耦合场及其奇异性。解答表明,切向电场强度和法向电位移在裂纹尖端有由机械载荷引起的奇异,而与电载荷无关;应力强度因子与纯弹性材料结果一致。     

非对称楔形压头印压玻璃裂纹产生与扩展规律的研究

研究了非对称楔形压头印压玻璃时裂纹的产生及扩展规律。根据非对称楔印压玻璃时典型的裂纹照片 ,可明显看出存在加载裂纹、横向裂纹和表面下裂纹 ,并且都偏离印压表面法线方向。试验表明 :加载裂纹的偏角αc 与楔角对称线偏角αa 总是符号相同 ;对于形状相似的压头 ,楔角对称线偏角越大 ,裂纹偏角也越大 ;对双斜压头而言 ,如果楔角不等 ,但楔角对称线偏角相等 ,裂纹偏角仍大致相等。