铝合金熔滴复合电弧沉积同步WC颗粒强化增材制造工艺研究

针对铝基复合材料高效率、低成本增材制造,提出了铝合金熔滴复合电弧沉积同步颗粒强化增材制造新方法。实验研究中,以倾斜变极性电弧为热源,2024铝合金为基体材料,球形WC颗粒为增强相。成形过程中,由熔滴发生系统产生的铝合金熔滴,竖直落入倾斜电弧产生的熔池,与此同时WC颗粒以气载粉的方式送入熔池后沿,并随着电弧和基板的相对运动分散在铝合金基体中。单道多层沉积实验结果表明,送粉位姿、载气流量和WC颗粒直径均对WC_P/Al沉积过程影响显著。保持送粉方向平行于钨针轴线,且粉末流汇聚于熔池后沿时,有利于在沉积过程中保持电弧形态的稳定并获得较高的颗粒植入比例。金相分析显示,WC_P/Al沉积层内WC颗粒分布总体均匀,且颗粒与基体结合可靠;WC颗粒的存在会抑制柱状晶的生长,并且当WC颗粒直径小于40μm时,具有显著的晶粒细化效果。     

电弧填丝增材制造过程熔滴射滴过渡特征及其对熔滴沉积成形的影响

基于脉冲GMA电弧检测了电弧填丝增材制造过程中与熔滴过渡相关的电弧电流、电弧电压和声发射信号,研究了电弧脉冲作用下的铝合金熔滴射滴过渡特征,提出了一种可对处于射滴过渡模式下的熔滴尺寸、电弧力和熔滴沉积率进行计算的方法,并分析了沉积层的成形质量特征。研究结果表明,利用检测获得的电弧电压、电弧电流信号和声发射信号可以对处于射滴过渡模式下的熔滴过渡过程及其特征进行区分。在本研究条件下,作用在过渡熔滴上的电弧力随电弧功率增加而递增。电弧力的增加将限制熔滴尺寸的增大,从而在电弧功率递增时呈现熔滴尺寸的递减和熔滴过渡频率的递增。同时,电弧功率增加,使热输入增大,射滴过渡熔滴对熔池的冲击增强,容易造成熔滴过渡形成的沉积层坍塌,从而使熔滴沉积层高度递增的趋势减缓,形成的沉积层显微组织明显粗化。     

高氮钢激光-电弧复合焊接熔池表面流动行为

焊接熔池流动行为是影响焊缝成形和接头质量的关键因素之一,其特征难以直接获取。试验采用ZrO₂颗粒作为示踪粒子,利用高速相机观察示踪粒子运动轨迹,开展高氮钢激光-电弧复合热源焊接熔池表面流动行为的研究。研究结果表明：单独激光焊接时,其熔池的流动主要受匙孔尺寸变化的影响;单独电弧焊接时,其熔池的流动则主要受电弧压力和熔滴进入熔池时所产生的冲击力的影响;而激光-电弧复合焊接时,其熔池的流动既受电弧压力和熔滴进入熔池时所产生的冲击力的影响,同时,匙孔的存在也会影响其熔池的流动。在激光-电弧复合焊接过程中,示踪粒子的直线移动距离随着焊接电流和电弧电压的增加而增加;而激光功率的改变对其直线移动距离的影响并不显著。研究结果揭示了不同焊接工艺及其参数对高氮钢焊接熔池表面流动行为的影响规律,为高氮钢焊接工艺的选择提供了理论依据。     

旁路耦合微束等离子弧堆垛与熔池动态行为数值模拟

针对旁路耦合微束等离子弧增材制造堆垛过程中熔滴与熔池的动态行为,在考虑自由表面的情况下,建立一个熔滴与熔池耦合作用的传热与传质模型,分析表面张力和熔滴冲击动量共同作用下的熔池瞬态形状和复杂的流体流动行为,并通过试验验证了模型的正确性。研究发现:当熔滴携带热量冲击熔池时,熔池温度升高,熔池中的最大速度可增大到2.06 m/s;随着进入熔池的熔滴数目增加,熔池余高增加,熔宽增加,而熔深基本不变;同时,当旁路电流增大时,母材温度较低,造成更浅的熔深,更高的余高和更小的熔宽,熔池液态金属的流动也不稳定;增加熔滴间隔时间后,每一层的顶部半径随着层数增加而减小。     

激光-电弧复合焊过程的熔滴过渡特征与受力分析

利用高速相机对高氮钢激光-电弧复合焊接过程的熔滴过渡、熔滴形态、等离子体形态进行采集与分析。采用图像处理与数学计算相结合的方法给出熔滴在电弧空间飞行时的受力大小和加速度。初步计算激光产生的金属蒸气对熔滴的反冲力的大小和分布。结果表明:熔滴呈现颗粒过渡的临界焊接电流为180 A附近;熔滴呈现射滴过渡的临界焊接电流200 A附近。激光的加入对电弧具有明显的压缩作用,在熔池表面这种压缩作用更为剧烈。通过观测和计算给出电弧焊和激光-电弧复合焊时熔滴刚脱离焊丝的加速度分别达到70 m/s~2和50 m/s~2。在实际复合焊接过程中,当熔滴落入熔池位置与激光匙孔间距为3 mm时,从激光匙孔喷发的金属蒸气对熔滴的反冲力非常小。激光的加入主要改变了电弧形态,近而改变熔滴上下表面的压力差,使得熔滴在接近熔池表面发生合并和过渡频率减慢。     

排布方式对铝合金激光-MIG复合横向焊接特性的影响

采用常规激光-熔化极惰性气体保护电弧(Metal inert gas,MIG)复合横向焊接铝合金过程中,焊缝表面极易出现咬边和下塌等缺陷,由此开展排布方式对激光-MIG电弧复合横向焊接铝合金焊接特性的影响研究。分析二者的排布方式对熔池特征、熔滴过渡形式以及焊缝成形规律的影响。试验结果表明,异面引导复合焊接方式对焊缝成形有明显改善作用,焊缝表面熔宽减少、中心线偏移和咬边缺陷得到有效抑制。采用同面引导复合方式时,熔滴过渡到匙孔后方,熔池下侧熔融金属大量堆积并产生周期性的波动,导致焊缝结晶组织出现了分层现象;而采用异面引导复合方式时,熔滴过渡到匙孔下方,并且熔滴在熔池中的落点位置与同面引导方式相比要偏上,熔滴过渡频率稍低,此时熔池中熔融金属分布较为均匀,熔池下部堆积金属较少,有效抑制了焊缝的下塌和咬边缺陷。     

脉冲MIG焊熔池行为的数值模拟研究

基于流体力学、热力学及电磁学等理论建立二维脉冲MIG焊熔池数学模型，在Fluent软件中通过用户自定义程序(UDF)添加模型所需的热源、动量源项以及定义材料的物性参数，对焊接过程进行数值模拟，分析各驱动力对脉冲MIG焊熔池行为的影响以及熔池在脉冲周期内的变化规律。模拟结果表明，在焊接过程中马兰戈尼力对熔池影响最大，其次为电弧压力，然后为电磁力，浮力影响相对较小。在各驱动力复合作用时，熔池表层的熔池形态以马兰戈尼力为主导，熔池内部以电磁力为主要作用力，造成熔池内形成了两种不同方向的环流。熔滴冲击力主要作用于熔池表层，对熔池内部影响较小。脉冲MIG焊高速摄像试验表明，实际熔池形态与模拟结果吻合良好，验证了熔池模型的合理性。     

超声辅助MIG焊接中超声作用特性研究

超声辅助熔化极惰性气体保护(Ultrasonic assisted metal inert gas,U-MIG)焊是一种新型熔化极焊接方法,利用外加声场将相应声学效果引入焊接熔池达到改善接头性能的目的。通过试验系统化研究超声对电弧形态、熔滴过渡以及接头宏观形貌的作用规律,主要目标是更好地理解超声在不同焊接条件下的作用特点。对高速摄像采集的电弧数据进行处理,结果发现随电弧电压增加,超声对电弧的压缩效果也逐渐增大;而随送丝速度增加,焊接电流增大,电弧压缩效果减弱。针对熔滴受力特点分析,可以看出超声作用后熔滴会受到一个促进熔滴过渡的附加力作用。在焊接电流为200 A时,该附加力达到最大,约为2.8×10-3 N,继续增大焊接电流,该附加力逐渐降低。对比不同送丝速度时焊缝宏观形貌,结果显示为了获得更高的焊接效率不能无限提高送丝速度,存在一个最佳的参数匹配值。结合平面驻波理论分析,随温度增加,声辐射力逐渐减弱,这在一定程度上也会削弱附加力作用效果。利用熔池薄膜模型探讨电弧、熔滴过渡以及熔池振荡三者之间的关系,超声对电弧形态、熔滴过渡的影响均可改变熔池的振荡特性,这间接表现为接头形貌的改变。通过试验与理论分析,为U-MIG焊接方法进一步发展与应用打下坚实基础。     

外加高频磁场下电弧快速成形过程的电磁-流体耦合数值模拟

外加电磁作用是改善电弧快速成形零件组织和性能的有效方式之一。为了揭示高频磁场对熔池传热、对流和形态的影响机理,采用有限元电磁计算和有限体积流体分析耦合的方法,建立电磁场、熔池温度场和流体流动场分析的三维模型,分析工件和熔池中高频电磁力/热的分布特征,研究高频电磁力与表面张力、电弧力以及熔滴冲击共同作用下的熔池表面动态变形,对比分析有/无外加高频磁场情况下熔池温度分布和流体流动模式上的差异,并由此预测外加高频磁场对凝固组织和熔池形态的改变。结果表明,高频电磁力驱动熔池流体在垂直焊接方向的平面内形成单漩涡旋转对流,有利于熔断枝晶细化晶粒,熔池表面形状向远离线圈一侧倾斜,熔宽增大。金相和焊道横截面测试证实了上述模拟结果。     

外加横向磁场作用电弧增材成形过程中的传热传质仿真

为了揭示外加横向磁场对电弧增材成形过程中电弧和熔池传热传质以及成形件微观组织影响的内在机理,建立基于GMAW电弧增材成形过程中电弧和熔池的弱耦合数值模型,通过数值模拟对比分析了有/无外加横向磁场作用下熔池电磁力分布、电弧和熔池传热传质的差异,发现横向磁场作用使电弧向熔池后方偏转,使熔池发生单向强制对流并驱动熔融金属和热量向熔池后方运动,从而更加直接地冲刷熔池结晶面。由此预测横向磁场作用能降低熔池凝固过程中枝晶前沿温度梯度和溶质浓度,提高枝晶前沿的成分过冷,使得靠近熔池中心的枝晶前端生长加速并细化晶粒。相同工艺条件的对比试验表明:相比无外加磁场的普通熔积,横向磁场作用下熔池底部等轴晶区域减小,整个结晶面上细密的胞状枝晶区域面积增大,验证了数值模拟的预测。研究结果可为外加磁场在电弧增材成形微观组织控制中的应用提供依据和参考。     

Influence of reinforcement particles on the mechanism of the blasting erosion arc machining of SiC/Al composites

Electrical arc machining has shown its remarkable efficiency in processing difficult-to-cut materials, especially high-temperature alloys and metal-based composites. Despite several studies about the material removal mechanisms of the electrical arc machining of metal alloys, few of these reports relate to the mechanism of machining composites with electrical arcing. Considering that reinforcements such as SiC particles have different thermal and electrical properties with metal alloys, research on the influence of SiC reinforcement on the electrical arc machining process is important and necessary. Based on comparison experiments using 20 and 50 vol.% SiC/Al composites, this research focused on the influence of SiC particles on the machining performance and material removal mechanism of blasting erosion arc machining (BEAM), and further analyzed the influence of reinforcements on composite material removal mechanisms. Analysis revealed that the molten material expelling mechanism is also influenced by the SiC fraction difference. For the BEAM of lower SiC fraction composites, both the SiC particles and the molten aluminum are mainly pumped and ejected by the flushing dielectric. In greater SiC fraction composites, most SiC particles are directly sublimed by heat. In addition, the mechanism of BEAM in the material removal and tool wear of SiC/Al composites was discussed based on heat transfer simulation and observation. Furthermore, the results disclosed that many chemical reactions take place during machining that have an obvious influence on the tool wear rate.     

SOLIDIFICATION PROCESSING AND FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY OF SiCp/ZL108 COMPOSITE

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短路过渡CO2焊接熔滴形状数值模拟与控制

为了进一步提高短路过渡CO2气体保护电弧焊的工艺性能和焊接质量,根据高速CCD摄像获得的熔滴及其短路过渡图像,分析了熔滴与熔池短路前的形状对熔滴与熔池的短路、熔滴在熔池中的铺展及液桥缩颈形成的影响.采用熔滴静力平衡模型研究了电磁力(燃弧电流)、表面张力、重力与熔滴形状的关系,并通过对燃弧电流的精确控制实现了对熔滴形状的有效控制.当熔滴与熔池短路前为细长形状时,短路过渡过程稳定柔顺,而当熔滴为扁平形状时,则不利于熔滴的短路过渡,甚至产生瞬时短路.燃弧阶段的熔滴形状体现了各种力对熔滴的作用,而电磁力(燃弧电流)是决定熔滴形状的主要因素.根据燃弧电流对熔滴形状的影响规律,提出了采用前期大、后期小的燃弧电流控制原则,以在燃弧的不同阶段获得不同的熔滴形状.试验结果表明该控制方法获得了良好的适合于熔滴短路过渡的短路前熔滴形状,短路过渡过程柔顺稳定,消除了瞬时短路以及由此导致的飞溅,改善了熔滴的短路过渡行为,短路过渡结束后焊丝端部的残余液态金属具有良好的一致性.     

Active coatings for SiC particles to reduce the degradation by liquid aluminium during processing of aluminium matrix composites: study of interfacial reactions

The application of a surface coating on SiC particles is studied as an alternative means of solving problems of reactivity between SiC reinforcements and molten aluminium and problems of low wetting which limit the application of casting routes for fabrication of Al–SiC_p composites. The selected active barrier was a ceramic composed of SiO₂, which was generated by controlled oxidation of the SiC particles. The coating behaves as an active barrier, preventing a direct reaction between molten aluminium and SiC to form Al₄C₃ as the main degradation product. At the same time, the SiO₂ provokes other interfacial reactions, which are responsible for an improvement in wetting behaviour.
Composites were prepared by mixing and compacting SiC particles with Al powders followed by melting in a vacuum furnace, and varying the residence time. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) and field emission TEM were employed as the main characterization techniques to study the interfacial reactions occurring between the barrier and the molten aluminium. These studies showed that the SiO₂ coating behaves as an active barrier which reacts with the molten Al to form a glassy phase Al–Si–O. This compound underwent partial crystallization during the composite manufacture to form mullite. The formation of an outer crystalline layer, composed mainly of Al₂O₃, was also detected. Participation of other secondary interface reactions inside the active barrier was also identified by HREM techniques.     

高体积分数SiCp/Al复合材料旋转超声铣磨加工的试验研究

由于大量高硬度增强相SiC颗粒的存在,高体积分数铝基碳化硅（SiCp/Al）复合材料的机械加工十分困难。旋转超声加工被认为是加工这种材料的有效方法。通过超声辅助划痕试验,分析高体积分数SiCp/Al复合材料旋转超声铣磨加工的材料去除机理。在超声振动的作用下,材料中铝基体发生塑性变形,其表面得到夯实;SiC增强相被锤击成细小的颗粒而发生脱落,形成较大的空洞。由于材料加工的缺陷大多产生于SiC颗粒的去除过程中,SiC颗粒的去除方式对加工表面的质量起着决定性的作用,选择合适的工艺参数可以有效提高加工表面质量。旋转超声加工工艺特征试验表明,超声振动可有效降低切削力;主轴转速对轴向切削力的影响最大,其次是进给速度,切削深度对轴向切削力的影响较小;另外主轴转速对表面质量的影响效果也最大,并随主轴转速的增大表面粗糙度增大。因此在加工过程中,可以适当加大切削深度,在保证加工质量的基础上,选择较大的进给速度,在保证刀具寿命的前提下,选择合适的主轴转速,以获得较优的加工表面质量和加工效率。     

Research on formation and stability of keyhole in stationary laser welding on aluminum MMCs reinforced with particles

The formation and stability of keyhole in stationary laser welding on aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with particles are studied using a numerical simulation. The interaction between molten pool and reinforcement particles is evaluated by using the particle–fluid coupling model in the numerical simulation. In order to study the effect of different volume fractions of particles on the keyhole stability and fluid flow inside the molten pool, keyhole formation process, variation of free surface, temperature distribution, and fluid flow are calculated numerically, respectively. The calculation results show that the keyhole is stable at the beginning under different conditions and then the protrusion occurs inside the keyhole with increasing calculation time. The flow behavior of molten pool affected by particles and forces acting on the surface could explain the forming of humps inside the keyhole, which directly cause the variation of the keyhole. As the volume fraction of TiB₂ particles increases, the keyhole is more likely to be instable and the oscillation occurs at an earlier time. Fluctuations of the surface tension and recoil pressure due to the uneven distribution play an important role in the instability of the keyhole.     

Effect of reinforcement coatings on the dry sliding wear behaviour of aluminium/SiC particles/carbon fibres hybrid composites

Dry sliding wear of an AA 6061 alloy reinforced with both modified SiC particles and metal coated carbon fibres has been studied. SiC particles were used to increase the hardness of the composite while short carbon fibres are supposed to act as a solid lubricant. SiC particles were coated with a silica layer deposited through a sol–gel procedure to increase the processability of the composite and to enhance the particle–matrix interfacial resistance. The metallic coatings on carbon fibres were made of copper or nickel phosphorus which was deposited through an electroless process. The metallic coatings favoured the wetting of the fibres during processing and then dissolved in the aluminium matrix forming intermetallic compounds that increased its hardness. Wear behaviour of AA 6061–20%SiC and AA 6061–20%SiC–2%C was compared with that of the composites with the same reinforcement content but using coated particles and fibres. The influence that the modification of the matrix because of the incorporation of coatings on the reinforcements had on the mild wear behaviour was investigated. The wear resistance of the composites increased when carbon fibres were added as secondary reinforcement and when coated reinforcements were used.     

第一切削变形区中SiC增强相的重定向研究

介绍了切削SiC非连续增强铝基复合材料时第一切削变形区的材料变形情况,推导了SiC增强相的转角公式,并用试验结果验证了SiC增强相的重定向现象。结果表明,第一切削变形区中的SiC增强相发生了重新定向运动,转向了铝基体的纤维化方向,转角大小会因SiC增强相在第一切削变形区中的具体位置和原位向的不同而存在差异。SiC增强相重定向后并不与剪切面重合,而是成一定角度。第一切削变形区的宽度与切削铝基体材料相比要大。     

等离子射流与喷涂粒子微观交互作用研究现状

从微观角度看,等离子喷涂层实质上是由大量喷涂粒子在等离子射流中经过一系列复杂的理化变换之后,撞击基体并迅速铺展凝固所形成的,因而熔滴撞击基体前的理化特性对涂层的组织结构、缺陷密度、力学性能等指标具有重要影响。通过对喷涂粒子基本特征参数、射流中的传热机理、传质机理与粒子加速行为四个方面的总结,详细综述等离子射流与喷涂粒子的交互作用过程。总体来说,温度、速度是粒子的基本特征参数,而采用一些综合温度与速度的复合参数（如熔融指数、雷诺数、韦伯数等）对熔滴的理化特性具有更好的表征效果;粒子的加热过程由表及里,受到热导率、比表面积、热容量、飞行路径及射流特性等多种因素影响,部分熔滴容易由于温度过高而发生汽化现象;处于熔融状态的粒子具有较高的活性,因而容易在射流中与气体介质发生反应,包括O₂、N₂、H₂等,同时粉体内部也会发生一定的元素迁移或化学反应;粒子在射流中由于受到气流拖拽力、重力、热泳力及气压梯度力的综合作用而不断加速,同时会由于射流特性及熔化状态的差异而发生不同程度的破碎或细化现象。