Performance evaluation of solid lubricants in terms of machining parameters in turning

High speed machining of steel inherently generates large cutting temperatures, which not only reduce tool life but also impair the product quality. Application of cutting fluids influences the performance of machining because of its lubrication and cooling actions. Due to the hazards posed by conventional cutting fluids to ecology and health of the workers, there is a greater need to identify eco-friendly and user-friendly alternatives. Modern tribology has facilitated the use of effective unconventional methods like dry cutting, cryogenic cooling, minimum quantity lubrication and the use of solid lubricants. The present work features a specific study on the application of a solid lubricant mixture like Graphite in SAE 40 oil and boric acid in SAE 40 oil in turning of EN8 steel. Experimental results are encouraging with reduction in tool wear and surface roughness as compared to dry and wet machining.     

Hard turning of an alloy steel on a machine tool with a polymer concrete bed

Finish turning of 39NiCrMo3 alloy steel in the hardened state has been widely investigated under dry, minimum quantity of lubricant and wet cutting conditions, using inserts in ceramic and PCBN materials, on turning centers equipped with polymer concrete and cast iron beds. The progress of workpart surface roughness and tool wear with cutting time has been measured and the results analysed and discussed in detail. It has been observed that dry cutting leads to the lowest values of tool wear and surface roughness, whilst the minimal quantity of lubricant technique does not provide advantages regarding to dry turning. Furthermore, the PCBN inserts are characterised by a longer tool life than the one exhibited by the ceramic inserts. Finally, the outstanding damping and high rigidity of the polymer concrete bed has a beneficial effect on both tool wear and workpiece surface finish.     

Experimental studies of step drills and establishment of empirical equations for the drilling process

Various sizes of step drills were manufactured by a CNC grinder machine and used in the drilling process with different speeds and feed rates to produce single step holes in S1214 free machining steel. The performance of step drills was compared with that of conventional twist drills in the drilling of the free machining steel for the same task. The influences of drill size, feed rate and cutting speed on the performance of step drills were studied. Experimental results show that for better cutting performance, the small diameter should not be less than 60% of the large diameter. Also, most of the changes in the characteristics of the thrust force were influenced by the smaller drill of the step drill. On the other hand, the small diameter part of the step drill only contributed about 30% of the torque. From the experimental results, empirical equations for drilling thrust force and torque have been established for step drills.     

磁控溅射CrTiAlN涂层钻头的制备及其钻削性能研究

通过利用磁控溅射离子镀技术制备CrTiAlN梯度涂层M2高速钢麻花钻,对镀层进行了组织、结构分析,并在干式切削条件下对普通45#钢和30CrMnSiA高强度钢进行了钻削试验.由于CrTiAlN涂层本身具有良好的热氧化性能和良好的组织结构,M2高速钢刀具经CrTiAlN涂层后,在干式切削条件下钻削45#钢和30CrMnSiA高强度钢时,钻头寿命比未涂层提高约19倍和15.2倍.     

Development of electrostatic solid lubrication system for improvement in machining process performance

Liquid lubricants have traditionally been used to control the high heat generation in machining; however, the use of cutting fluid has become more problematic in terms of both employee health and environmental pollution. Minimization or possible elimination of cutting fluids substituting their functions by some other means is emerging as a thrust area of research in machining. Solid lubricant assisted machining is a novel concept to control the machining zone temperature without polluting the environment. The focus of this study is to explore the possibility of application of graphite as a lubricating medium in drilling of AISI 4340 steel, as a means to reduce the heat generated due to friction, towards finding an alternative to conventional coolants. To this end, an optimized solid lubricant application method, electrostatic solid lubrication experimental setup has been envisaged for effective supply of solid lubricant mixture as a high velocity jet and at an extremely low flow rate to the machining zone, thus meeting environmental requirements. The process performance is judged in terms of thrust force, tool wear, chip thickness, hole diameter and surface finish of machined workpiece keeping the other conditions constant. A comparison with the results obtained in wet and dry machining is also provided. The results obtained from the experiments show the effectiveness of the use of the solid lubricant as a viable alternative to wet and dry machining through reduction in the cutting zone temperature and favourable change in chip–tool and work–tool interaction. The proper selection and application of solid lubricant can lead to low cost, and this concept could emerge as an effective alternative to conventional coolants.     

Optimization and control of drilling burr formation of AISI 304L and AISI 4118 based on drilling burr control charts

Control charts for drilling burr formation for stainless, AISI 304L, and low alloy steel, AISI 4118, were developed. Split point twist drills are used for the experiments of this work. A Drilling Burr Control Chart, based on experimental data, is a tool for prediction and control of drilling burrs. Burr classification was carried out based on the geometric characteristics, burr formation mechanisms and sizes of the burrs. New parameters consisting of cutting condition variables and drill diameter were developed, and used to show unique distributions of the burr types. Burr types and the resultant burr size showed great dependence on the new parameters regardless of the drill diameters. Through the chart, burr type can be predicted with given cutting conditions. Also cutting conditions that are believed to create preferred burr types can be selected.     

A study of high-performance plane rake faced twist drills.: Part I: Geometrical analysis and experimental investigation

A study of a modified drill point design with plane rake faces for drilling high-tensile steels is presented. A geometrical analysis has shown that the modified drill point design yields positive normal rake angle on the entire lips and point relieving in the vicinity of the chisel edge. This drill geometry can be expected to reduce the cutting forces and torque, and hence reduce the possible drill breakages when drilling high-tensile steels. An experimental study of drilling an ASSAB 4340 high-tensile steel with 7–13 mm titanium nitride (TiN) coated high-speed steel (HSS) drills has shown that the modified drills can reduce the thrust force by as much as 46.9%, as compared to the conventional twist drills under the corresponding cutting conditions, while the average reduction of torque is 13.2%. Drill-life tests have also been carried out and confirmed the superiority of the modified drills over the conventional twist drills. In some cases, the conventional drills were broken inside the workpiece, while the modified drills performed very well under the same cutting conditions. To mathematically predict the drilling performance and optimise the drilling process using the plane rake faced drills, predictive models for the cutting forces, torque and power will be developed in the second part of this investigation.     

麻花钻几何参数对不锈钢钻削性能影响的研究

采用ProE和Deform-3D软件分析了影响麻花钻钻411性能关健的几何参数,主要研究麻花钻横刃和顶角对不锈钢钻削过程中切削力、扭矩、刀具磨损的影响.介绍了缩短横刃长度和采用S形横刃螺旋面钻尖对不锈钢钻削力和扭矩的影响.重点分析了顶角影响主切削刃的长度、单位刃长的切削负荷、切削层中切削宽度与切削厚度的比例、切削中轴向力与扭矩、切屑形成与排屑情况.对于在钻削中,如何提高钻头的寿命,提高钻削加工的生产率和孔的加工质量具有重要的指导意义.     

Improvement of Drill Performance in Metal Cutting Using MoST Solid Lubricant Coatings

METAL CUTTING or MACHINING plays a crucialrole in most manufacturing industries.New alloys andengineered materials that have to be machined are hard,tough,and abrasive and can also cause chemical wearof cutting tool materials.Depositing hard coatings on cutting tools is animportant development,which has enhanced cuttingtool performance as a result of providing higher wearresistance,lower friction,lower cutting forces,bettersurface finish of the workpieces,and longer tool life,which ena…     

Performance evaluation of endrills

This paper evaluates the performance of a relatively new type of drill called an endrill which is a cross between a drill and an endmill. Investigations into the effects of its cutting conditions on the drilling forces, surface finish, drill wear and hole oversize were carried out. It was found that endrills produced better quality holes than conventional twist drills, better surface finish and less oversize of the holes. Hence, with proper feed, speed and flow rate of the pressurized flushing coolant, a good finish of about R_a = 1 μm can be attained without reaming. Thus, the productivity of finished holes can be remarkably improved. Compared to twist drills, lower torque and thrust were observed which yielded improved tool life and reduced power consumption. No “walking phenomenon” was observed when this kind of drill was used and the amount of hole oversize was found to average about 0.7% of the drill diameter as compared to 1.6% when twist drills were used. Finally, general equations for the drill torque and thrust were derived from the experimental results.     

Magneto-abrasive machining for the mechanical preparation of high-speed steel twist drills

In this paper investigations of the influence of magneto-abrasive machining (MAM) on the micro-geometry of the tool cutting edges and the surface quality of high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills are presented. It is shown that MAM makes it possible to reproduce defined radii of the cutting edges and corner edges of the drills and improves the tool surface quality. The optimally rounded cutting corner edge of the drill makes it possible to avoid the run-in period of the drill and increases the stability of the cutting edge substantially. This results in an improved wear behaviour and higher tool life of the drill.     

Tool life improvement by peck drilling and thrust force monitoring during deep-micro-hole drilling of steel

An unstable drilling process results from the insufficient supply of cutting fluid and bad chip removal as machining depth increases. These causes of unstable drilling lead to serious problems in micro-drilling. All drills were broken while drilling the first hole in the micro-deep-hole drilling of steel with an aspect ratio over 10, regardless of the cutting conditions. Peck drilling, which utilizes an intermittent feed, is widely used in drilling deep holes. Generally, the one-step feed-length (OSFL) of peck drilling is one and a half times longer than the drill diameter in conventional drilling. An OSFL between one half and twice the micro-drill diameter was used by some workers for micro-drilling. However, this range of OSFL was an arbitrary decision. This paper proposes the peck drilling method using thrust force signal monitoring. The monitoring parameters for peck drilling (MPPDs) are introduced through the analysis of thrust force in both the time and frequency domain. The monitoring system was embodied using LabVIEW. Through this monitoring system, the proper OSFL for stable machining in the deep-micro-hole drilling of steel was determined to be about a tenth of the tool diameter.     

Temperature Measurement of Cutting Edge in Drilling -Effect of Oil Mist-

In drilling, the temperature of the cutting edges of a drill is measured using a two-color pyrometer with an optical fiber. A cemented carbide drill with a diameter of 10 mm is used as a cutting tool, and carbon steel, cast iron and aluminum die-cast alloy are used as work materials. The temperature distribution along the cutting edge of a drill is measured and the influence of spindle speed and feed rate on the tool temperature is investigated. The maximum tool temperature is observed during the drilling of carbon steel. The effect of oil mist supplied from oil holes in the drill on the tool temperature is examined and the result is compared to that in turning and end milling. The temperature reduction in oil mist turning is approximately 5%, while in oil mist end milling it is 10-15% and that in oil mist drilling is 20-25% compared to the temperature in dry cutting.     

Tool length influence on wear behaviour of twisted carbide drills

The drilling of holes with an l/d-ratio greater than 12 is responsible for a significant amount of the overall production time and therefore has a high impact on the productivity. In the past gun drills were used for those higher l/d-ratios, providing good surface qualities and straight holes. However the productivity of gun drills compared to solid carbide twist drills is very low, due to the limited feed rate. With the use of solid carbide twist drills with l/d-ratios up to 40 and overall lengths up to 350 mm production time can be reduced extensively. Solid carbide twist drills can furthermore be used on standard machine tools. Former drilling tests show that the tool life of these drilling tools decreases abundantly clear with an increasing tool length. This paper presents the influence of the drill length and the dynamic behaviour of the drilling process on the wear behaviour of the drilling tool.     

Evaluation of drilling parameters on thrust force in drilling carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite laminates using compound core-special drills

Drilling is the mostly used secondary machining of the fiber reinforced composite laminates, while the delamination occurs frequently at the drill exit in the workpiece. In the industrial experiences, core drill shows better drilling quality than twist drill. However, chip removal is a troublesome problem when using the core drill. Conventional compound core-special drills (core-special drills and step-core-special drills) are designed to avoid the chip removal clog in drilling. But the cutting velocity ratio (relative motion) between outer drill and inner drill is null for conventional compound core-special drills. The current study develops a new device and to solve the problems of relative motion and chip removal between the outer and inner drills in drilling CFRP composite laminates. In addition, this study investigates the influence of drilling parameters (cutting velocity ratio, feed rate, stretch, inner drill type and inner drill diameter) on thrust force of compound core-special drills. An innovative device can be consulted in application of compound core-special drill in different industries in the future.     

New type drill with three major cutting edges

Drilling performance of a new type twist is described. The new type drill has three major cutting edges, three chisel edges and three flutes. This drill is an efficient means of making a hole with high accuracy and no reaming. Recently, some research on drill materials including surface coating, drill point geometry, cutting forces and tool life have been carried out in order to increase the cutting performance of drills. All the drills used in these experiments were ordinary drills with two major cutting edges. The authors calculated the point geometry of the new type drill, and also examined the cutting characteristics of the drill with respect to cutting forces, hole accuracy and tool vibration. The experimental results showed that the whirling vibration which frequently occurs in an ordinary drill with two major cutting edges disappears when the new type drill is used, and thereby rifling marks do not results on the hole surface. Consequently, a hole with high roundness and straightness is obtained.     

The performance of hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated diamond-like carbon tool coatings during the dry drilling of 319 Al

Aluminium alloys, though widely used in the automotive industry, are difficult to machine, particularly by drilling and tapping without the use of metal removal fluids, because of aluminium's strong tendency to adhere to the cutting tool. Tribological tests have revealed that carbon-based tool coatings, such as diamond-like carbon (DLC), promise an improved performance due to their low friction and adhesion. However, the tribological performance of DLC coatings depends on both their hydrogen content and the testing environments. Hence the experimental approach taken in this study was designed to understand the cutting performance of hydrogenated DLC (H-DLC) and non-hydrogenated DLC (NH-DLC) tool coatings during the dry drilling of a 319 Al (Al–6%Si) alloy. An experimental drilling station was built to measure torque and thrust force changes using a cutting speed of 2500 rpm and a feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev. The cutting performance was assessed by measuring the torques and thrust forces generated during the drilling of the first 150 holes or by drill failure—depending on which occurred first. The results indicated that superior cutting performance was achieved, in both torque and thrust force responses, using DLC-coated drills rather than uncoated high-speed steel (HSS) drills. The uncoated HSS drills failed after drilling only 49 holes as a result of excessive aluminium adhesion. At least 150 holes could be drilled using the DLC-coated drills, and both the torque and thrust forces generated during drilling were lower than those with uncoated HSS drills. In addition, a smaller proportion of holes exhibited abrupt increases in torque (at the end of the drilling cycle) during drilling with the DLC-coated drills. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations showed that the H-DLC drill flutes displayed minimal aluminium clogging—resulting in lower torque. H-DLC coating also diminished metal transfer and buildup edge formation on the drill's flank face and cutting edge. Thus, torque and thrust force measurements, supported by metallographic data, indicated that H-DLC-coated drills provided better dry drilling performance than NH-DLC.     

Drilling of Multi-Layer Composite Materials consisting of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP), Titanium and Aluminum Alloys

In this paper results are presented concerning the realization of economical drilling processes of multi-layer materials. Different carbide drill designs with improved geometries and coatings were investigated and compared by characterizing the cutting forces, tool wear, hole quality, and chip formation. Investigations have shown that dry machining of titanium workpiece layers leads to increased tool wear, chip formation problems, and surface damage in the aluminum and CFRP-layers. Consequently, the drilling experiments were carried out with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) using different cutting fluids and supply strategies. The investigations were mainly focused on the development of the optimum drilling condition with respect to tool shape, tool material, and machining parameters. Another objective of the investigations was to analyze surface defects of the hole and the resulting diameter tolerances due to the high mechanical and thermal loads when machining titanium.     

Effect of coolant strategy on tool performance, chip morphology and surface quality during high-speed machining of A356 aluminum alloy

This paper describes the results of application of different coolant strategies to high-speed milling of aluminum alloy A356 for automotive industry. The paper investigates the effect of flood coolant, dry cutting, and minimum quantity of lubricant (MQL) technologies on tool wear, surface roughness and cutting forces. The cutting speed range was up to 5225 m/min. The feed rate used was up to 20 m/min. The result of MQL application is compared with dry milling and milling with flood coolant application. It was found that the MQL technology could be a viable alternative to the flood coolant application. The adhesive tool wear mechanism and adhesion activated surface quality deterioration are revealed and the role of lubricant in their reduction is defined.     

基于MQL的碳纤维复合材料制孔表面质量及切削力试验

目的 减少碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)制孔表面毛刺及边缘凸起等缺陷。方法 对比研究在干切削和微量润滑(MQL)2种加工条件下碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)的制孔,在切削速度一定时,探究切削方式、进给速度对制孔尺寸精度、表面质量、切削力的影响。采用方差分析对各影响因素及其权重进行分析。结果 得出了切削方式和工艺参数对制孔尺寸精度、切削力、表面质量的影响规律。试验结果表明,在微量润滑条件下,由于润滑和降温的影响,表面毛刺得到有效去除,纤维断面平整,剪切作用明显,抑制了由温升所引起的边缘隆起膨胀现象,试样的表面质量得到显著提高,切削力整体降低。在干切削和微量润滑条件下对制孔尺寸精度影响最大的是切削方式。对于切削力,在干切削时受到切削方式的影响最大,在微量润滑条件下受到进给速度的影响最大,随着进给速度的增大而增大。结论 在现有试验条件下,微量润滑的加工质量总体上优于干切削的加工质量,其制孔尺寸的精度整体更高,其切削力最大降低了84.26%。