Highly porous starch/poly(ethylene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) composite nanofiber mesh

In this study, starch‐based hybrid electrospun nanofiber meshes were fabricated by electrospinning. Spinning solutions were prepared by mixing starch and certain amounts of poly(ethylene‐alt‐maleic anhydride). Starch‐based nanofiber meshes became insoluble in water with thermal‐induced esterification of hydroxyl groups onto starch backbone. Morphologic and structure analysis of the electrospun nanofiber meshes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Thermal properties of nanofiber meshes were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal stability of nanofiber meshes were increased with formation of intermolecular bonds between starch and poly(ethylene‐alt‐maleic anhydride). POLYM. COMPOS. 34:1321–1324, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Application of low loading of collagen in electrospun poly[(l‐lactide)‐co‐(ε‐caprolactone)] nanofibrous scaffolds to promote cellular biocompatibility

Electrospinning of various polymers has been used to produce nanofibrous scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix and support cell attachment for the potential repair and engineering of nerve tissue. In the study reported here, an electrospun copolymer of l ‐lactide and ε‐caprolactone (67:33 mol%) resulted in a nanofibrous scaffold with average fibre diameter and pore size of 476 ± 88 and 253 ± 17 nm, respectively. Blending with low loadings of collagen (<2.5% w/w) significantly reduced the average diameter and pore size. The uniformity of fibre diameter distributions was supported with increasing collagen loadings. The nanofibrous scaffolds significantly promoted the attachment and proliferation of olfactory ensheathing cells compared to cells exhibiting asynchronous growth. Furthermore, analysis of cell health through mitochondrial activity, membrane leakage, cell cycle progression and apoptotic indices showed that the nanofibrous membranes promoted cell vigour, reducing necrosis. The study suggests that the use of more cost‐effective, low loadings of collagen supports morphological changes in electrospun poly[(l ‐lactide)‐co‐(ε‐caprolactone)] nanofibrous scaffolds, which also support attachment and proliferation of olfactory ensheathing cells while promoting cell health. The results here support further investigation of the electrospinning of these polymer blends as conduits for nerve repair. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Electrospun plasma‐modified chitosan/poly(ethylene terephthalate)/ferrocenyl‐substituted N‐acetyl‐2‐pyrazoline fibers for phosphate anion sensing

Two ferrocenyl‐substituted N‐acetyl‐2‐pyrazolines, N‐acetyl‐3‐(2‐furyl)‐5‐ferrocenyl‐2‐pyrazoline (Fc‐1) and N‐acetyl‐3‐(2‐thienyl)‐5‐ferrocenyl‐2‐pyrazoline (Fc‐2) electrospun fibers, were produced in the presence of plasma‐modified chitosan (PMCh)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) supporting polymers with an electrospinning method. The morphological and chemical characterizations of the PMCh/PET/Fc‐1 and PMCh/PET/Fc‐2 electrospun fibers were determined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis results indicated the presence of ferrocene within the PMCh/PET nanofibers. The electrochemical behavior of the PMCh/PET/Fc‐1 and PMCh/PET/Fc‐2 electrospun fibers were investigated by cyclic voltammetry measurements based on the ferrocene/ferrocenium redox couple. The new PMCh/PET/Fc‐1 and PMCh/PET/Fc‐2 electrospun fibers aggregated on the indium tin oxide were used for phosphate anion sensing. The highest oxidation peak currents were observed for the PMCh/PET/Fc‐1 electrospun fibers at about 0.56 V in 0.1M phosphate buffer. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43344.     

Synthesis of ultrafine poly(styrene‐maleic anhydride) and polystyrene fibers by electrospinning

Fiber formation from atactic polystyrene (aPS) and alternating poly(styrene‐maleic anhydride) (PSMA) synthesized by free radical polymerization (AIBN, 90°C, 4 h) were investigated by electrospinning from various solutions. aPS was soluble in dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, styrene, and benzene, whereas PSMA was soluble in acetone, DMF, THF, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate, and methanol. aPS fibers could be electrospun from 15 to 20% DMF and 20% THF solutions, but not from styrene nor toluene. PSMA, on the other hand, could be efficiently electrospun into fibers from DMF and DMSO at 20 and 25%, respectively. Few PSMA fibers were, however, produced from acetone, THF, or ethyl acetate solutions. Results showed that solvent properties and polymer–solvent miscibility strongly influenced the fiber formation from electrospinning. The addition of solvents, such as THF, generally improved the fiber uniformity and reduced fiber sizes for both polymers. The nonsolvents, however, had opposing effects on the two polymers, i.e., significantly reducing PSMA fiber diameters to 200 to 300 nm, creating larger and irregularly shaped aPS fibers. The ability to incorporate the styrene monomer and divinylbenzene crosslinker in aPS fibers as well as to hydrolyze PSMA fibers with diluted NaOH solutions demonstrated potential for post‐electrospinning reactions and modification of these ultrafine fibers for reactive support materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Effect of solution properties on nanofibrous structure of electrospun poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)

Electrospinning of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) in chloroform or 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (HFIP) was investigated, focusing on its solution parameters, to develop nonwoven biodegradable nanofibrous structures for tissue engineering. PLGA nanofibers were obtained by electrospinning of 15 wt % PLGA solution and the resulting average fiber diameters were varied with the range of 270–760 nm, depending on solution property. When small amounts of benzyl triethylammonium chloride (BTEAC) was added to the PLGA/chloroform solution, the average diameter was decreased from 760 to 450 nm and the fibers were densely amounted in a straight shape. In addition, the average fiber diameter (270 nm) of nanofibers electrospun from polar HFIP solvent was much smaller than that (760 nm) of nanofibers electrospun from nonpolar chloroform solvent. Therefore, it could be concluded that conductivity or dielectric constant of the PLGA solution was a major parameter affecting the morphology and diameter of the electrospun PLGA fibers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1214–1221, 2006     

Breathable properties of m‐Aramid nanofibrous membrane with high thermal resistance

Electrospinning of m‐aramid in dimethyl acetamide/LiCl solution was investigated to develop thermo‐resistant nanofibrous membranes for breathable waterproof materials. The m‐aramid nanofibers were continuously generated and densely mounted to the membrane without the blockage of the spinning tip during electrospinning. In order to obtain the electrospun m‐aramid nanofibers with different fiber diameters, the polymer concentration in the solution and the spinning distance were varied. Electrospun m‐aramid nanofibrous membranes of various fiber diameters and thicknesses were prepared, and then compared with two commercial expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes with respect to water vapor permeability and pore size. The m‐aramid nanofibrous membrane showed a good water vapor permeability that satisfied the criterion of a breathable membrane, higher than those of the ePTFE porous membranes. Therefore, m‐aramid nanofibrous membrane with thermal and mechanical resistance has great potential for breathable waterproof materials and filters. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41515.     

Electrospinning of solvent‐resistant nanofibers based on poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate)

This article reports on the preparation of novel solvent‐resistant nanofibers by electrospinning of poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) (PANGMA) and subsequent chemical crosslinking. PANGMA nanofibers with diameters ranging from 200 to 600 nm were generated by electrospinning different solutions of PANGMA dissolved in N,N‐dimethylformamide. Different additives were added to reduce the fiber diameter and improve the morphology of the nanofibers. The as‐spun PANGMA nanofibers were crosslinked with 27 wt % aqueous ammonia solution at 50°C for 3 h to gain the solvent resistance. Swelling tests indicated that the crosslinked nanofibers swelled in several solvents but were not dissolved. The weight loss of all the crosslinked nanofibrous mats immersed in solvents for more than 72 h was very low. The characterization by electron microscopy revealed that the nanofibrous mats maintained their structure. This was also confirmed by the results of the pore size measurements. These novel nanofibers are considered to have a great potential as supports for the immobilization of homogeneous catalysts and enzymes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Preparation of poly(NaSS‐co‐HEMA) self‐supporting nanofiltration membrane with high cationic permselectivity by electrospinning

A crosslinked nanofibrous cation exchange membrane with high ion permeability and robust mechanical properties was fabricated by electrospinning. Copolymer, poly(sodium styrene sulfonate‐co‐2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate), was selected as the electrospun material. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ¹H‐nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the copolymer and nanofibrous mat. After a series of preliminary experiments, the proper solvents and their ratio, H₂O/tetrahydrofuran/N,N′‐dimethylformamide (2/1/3 vol/vol/vol), was selected and the electrospinning optimal parameters were determined by orthogonal experiments. Formaldehyde vapor was employed to crosslink the mat. It was observed that the water sorption decreased from 47.9% to 18.4% as the crosslinking time increased from 20 to 32 h. The robust mat with the high tensile strength of 4.85 MPa and 40% elongation at break was obtained at 28 h. The permselectivities of Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ were 89%, 85%, and 81%, respectively. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 45541.     

Electrospun poly(lithium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid) fiber‐based polymer electrolytes for lithium‐ion batteries

Novel single‐ion conducting polymer electrolytes based on electrospun poly(lithium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid) (PAMPSLi) membranes were prepared for lithium‐ion batteries. The preparation started with the synthesis of polymeric lithium salt PAMPSLi by free‐radical polymerization of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid, followed by ion‐exchange of H⁺ with Li⁺. Then, the electrospun PAMPSLi membranes were prepared by electrospinning technology, and the resultant PAMPSLi fiber‐based polymer electrolytes were fabricated by immersing the electrospun membranes into a plasticizer composed of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate. PAMPSLi exhibited high thermal stability and its decomposition did not occur until 304°C. The specific surface area of the electrospun PAMPSLi membranes was raised from 9.9 m²/g to 19.5 m²/g by varying the solvent composition of polymer solutions. The ionic conductivity of the resultant PAMPSLi fiber‐based polymer electrolytes at 20°C increased from 0.815 × 10^?5 S/cm to 2.12 × 10^?5 S/cm with the increase of the specific surface area. The polymer electrolytes exhibited good dimensional stability and electrochemical stability up to 4.4 V vs. Li⁺/Li. These results show that the PAMPSLi fiber‐based polymer electrolytes are promising materials for lithium‐ion batteries. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Melt electrospinning from poly(L‐lactide) rods coated with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol)

Rodlike poly(L ‐lactide) (PLLA) samples coated with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) were made. Fibers were produced from these rodlike samples by using a melt electrospinning system equipped with a laser irradiating device, and the effects of EVOH content and the processing parameters of the melt electrospinning on fiber diameters were investigated. We also studied the fiber formation mechanism from the rods during the laser melt electrospinning process. The following conclusions were reached: (i) coating of EVOH on PLLA rods has a remarkable effect on decreasing fiber diameter from 3 μm to around 1 μm; (ii) increases in the electric field strength and temperature of spinning space decrease the average diameter of fibers produced from pure PLLA rods, and longer collector distance leads to lager PLLA fiber diameter; and (iii) the migration of PLLA component from the core to the surface of electrospun fibers takes place during the fiber formation process. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

A Comparison of Electric‐Field‐Driven and Pressure‐Driven Fiber Generation Methods for Drug Delivery

Polymeric fibers are prepared by using electric field driven fiber production technology—electrospinning and pressure driven fiber production technology—pressurized gyration. Fibers of four different polymers: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly(methyl methacrylate (PMMA), poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), and polyvinylpyridine (PVP), are spun by both techniques and differences are analyzed for their suitability as drug carriers. The diameters of electrospun fibers are larger in some cases (PVDF and PMMA), producing fibers with lower surface area. Pressurized gyration allows for a higher rate of fiber production. Additionally, drug‐loaded PVP fibers are prepared by using two poorly water‐soluble drugs (Amphotericin B and Itraconazole). In vitro dissolution studies show differences in release rate between the two types of fibers. Drug‐loaded gyrospun fibers release the drugs faster within 15 min compared to the drug‐loaded electrospun fibers. The findings suggest pressurized gyration is a promising and scalable approach to rapid fiber production for drug delivery when compared to electrospinning.     

Nanofibrous poly(ethylene oxide)‐based structures incorporated with multi‐walled carbon nanotube and graphene oxide as all‐solid‐state electrolytes for lithium ion batteries

Nanofibrous solid polymer electrolytes were prepared using the electrospinning method. These nanofibres were constructed from poly(ethylene oxide), lithium perchlorate and ethylene carbonate, which were incorporated with multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and graphene oxide (GO). The morphological properties of the as‐prepared electrolytes and the interaction between the components of the composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. X‐ray spectra and differential scanning calorimetry indicated an increase in amorphous regions of the nanofibrous electrolytes on addition of the fillers. However, the crystalline regions were increased on incorporation of fillers into polymeric film electrolytes. The conductivity values of the nanofibrous electrolytes reached 0.048 and 0.057 mS cm^?1 when 0.35 wt% MWCNT and 0.21 wt % GO were introduced into the nanofibrous structures, respectively. The capacity and cycling stability of the nanofibrous electrolytes were improved by incorporation of MWCNT filler. Furthermore, stress and elongation modulus were improved at low MWCNT and GO filler contents. Results revealed that the nanofibrous structures could be promising candidates as solvent‐free electrolytes applicable in lithium ion batteries. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mind the gap: Ensuring laboratory‐scale testing of an electrospinning product meets commercial‐scale needs

Plant & Food BioProcessing has developed a process to electrospin denatured whole‐chain marine collagen. The collagen is routinely tested on laboratory‐scale electrospinning equipment, but when it is electrospun on industrial equipment, the conditions and the product testing criteria differ from those used in the laboratory. A laboratory electrospinning machine was modified to simulate industrial conditions (≥30 kV). Then, several parameters (voltage, working distance) were adjusted from laboratory‐ to commercial‐scale. These changes did not affect average fiber diameter or deposition rate. The optimum electrospinning conditions were a mixture of laboratory‐ and commercial‐scale conditions (30–50 kV; 10 cm working distance). Reducing the working distance by 5 cm improved the production rate by up to 75%. These changes resulted in better repeatability of electrospun fibers over multiple production runs, with fewer adjustments of solutions and parameters. We recommend this approach to design materials and processes relevant to industrial manufacturing of electrospun fibers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44836.     

Morphology transition in electrospinning polymers by a dual‐capillary system

An experimental investigation of the fiber morphology change of fibers prepared by a dual‐capillary electrospinning system, operated in the cone‐jet mode, was carried out for poly(vinyl acetate) polymers of three molecular weights. The substrate morphology of the electrospun poly(vinyl acetate) could be changed significantly when the polymer's molecular weight, concentration, solvent, and outer liquid flow rate were varied. The onset of bead‐to‐fiber transition was determined by the critical chain overlap concentration. For solutions with a high concentration, the fiber diameter and surface were significantly affected by the physical properties of the solvents. To produce fibers of small diameter, electrospinning with a higher conductivity solution was desirable. On the other hand, a high‐conductivity solution needed to be avoided to keep the fiber uniform in diameter and smooth on the surface. The comparison of electrospun fibers produced by both single‐capillary and dual‐capillary systems was also addressed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Novel core‐sheath antimicrobial nanofibrous mats

The poor mechanical properties of electrospun materials remain one of the major hindrances toward their practical application. In this study, we report the synthesis of core‐sheath nanofibrous mats to enhance the mechanical properties of an antimicrobial polymer nanofiber for application in filter media. This objective was achieved via coaxial electrospinning of poly[styrene‐co‐N‐(N′,N′‐dimethyl‐3‐aminopropyl)maleimide] as the sheath which is an antimicrobial polymer and nylon 6 polymer for the core which is well reported for exceptional mechanical properties. Extensive characterization of these fibers was performed using scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, confocal fluorescence microscopy as well as attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform spectroscopy to provide evidence of the core‐sheath morphology. Antimicrobial evaluation was also carried out on the fabricated fibers via the live/dead fluorescence technique. This was done to determine if the poly[styrene‐co‐N‐(N′,N′‐dimethyl‐3‐aminopropyl)maleimide] retained its antimicrobial activity. The fibers were found to be effective against the Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25925) and Gram‐negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853). Subsequent tensile testing and filtration experiments provided evidence that the incorporation of the nylon core improved mechanical properties of the nanofiber mats. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46303.     

Effects of ethylene content of poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) on diameter of fibers produced by melt‐electrospinning

Rodlike samples were made from four kinds of poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) (EVAL) pellets with different ethylene contents. From these rodlike samples, fibers were produced using a melt‐electrospinning system equipped with a CO₂‐laser melting device. The effects on the fiber diameter of the ethylene content and the moisture regain of the rodlike samples were investigated. Furthermore, the physical properties of the fibers were investigated. The following conclusions were reached: (i) EVAL fibers having an average fiber diameter smaller than 1 μm can be obtained using the system developed; (ii) the diameter of EVAL fiber is influenced by the ethylene content and the moisture regain of the starting rods; (iii) the laser heating does not greatly decrease the melting point and the molecular weight of EVAL; and (iv) preferred crystal orientation can be seen in electrospun EVAL fibers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 1368–1375, 2007     

Functionally modified,melt‐electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane mats for wound‐dressing applications

The electrospinning of a polymer melt is an interesting process for medical applications because it eliminates the cytotoxic effects of solvents in the electrospinning solution. Wound dressings made from thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), particularly as a porous structured electrospun membrane, are currently the focus of scientific and commercial interest. In this study, we developed a functionalized fibrillar structure as a novel antibacterial wound‐dressing material with the melt‐electrospinning of TPU. The surface of the fibers was modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and silver nanoparticles (nAg's) to improve their wettability and antimicrobial properties. TPU was processed into a porous, fibrous network of beadless fibers in the micrometer range (4.89 ± 0.94 μm). The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results and scanning electron microscopy images confirmed the successful incorporation of nAg's onto the surface of the fiber structure. An antibacterial test indicated that the PEG‐modified nAg‐loaded TPU melt‐electrospun structure had excellent antibacterial effects against both a Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus strain and Gram‐negative Escherichia coli compared to unmodified and PEG‐modified TPU fiber mats. Moreover, modification with nAg's and PEG increased the water‐absorption ability in comparison to unmodified TPU. The cell viability and proliferation on the unmodified and modified TPU fiber mats were investigated with a mouse fibroblast cell line (L929). The results demonstrate that the PEG‐modified nAg‐loaded TPU mats had no cytotoxic effect on the fibroblast cells. Therefore, the melt‐electrospun TPU fiber mats modified with PEG and nAg have the potential to be used as antibacterial, humidity‐managing wound dressings. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40132.     

Synthesis,properties, and self‐assembly of poly(benzyl ether)‐b‐polystyrene dendritic–linear polymers

Poly(benzyl ether)‐b‐polystyrene dendritic–linear polymers were successfully synthesized using a dendritic chloric poly(benzyl ether) (G₁‐Cl, G₂‐Cl, and G₃‐Cl) as the macroinitiator through the atom transfer radical polymerization process. The structure and properties of the resultant polymers were characterizated by gel permeation chromatography, ¹H‐NMR, Fourier transform IR, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the temperature, reaction time, molar ratio of the macroinitiator to styrene, and the generation number of the macroinitiator have significant effects on the molecular weights, conversion, and polydispersities of the resulting polymers. These dendritic–linear block polymers had very good solubility in common organic solvents at room temperature. The terminal group (dendritic segments) of the polymers can affect their thermal stability. These dendritic–linear polymers after self‐assembling in selective solvents (chloroform/acetone) formed core–shell micelles. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1106–1112, 2005     

Fabrication and characterization of electrospun fibrous nanocomposite scaffolds based on poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide)/poly(vinyl alcohol) blends

Tissue engineering involves the fabrication of three‐dimensional scaffolds to support cellular in‐growth and proliferation. Ideally, the scaffolds should be similar to the native extracellular matrix (ECM). Electrospun polymer nanofibrous scaffolds are appropriate candidates for ECM mimetic materials since they mimic the nanoscale properties of ECM. Electrospun polymer nanocomposites based on poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) were prepared by a solution intercalation technique followed by electrospinning. The morphology of fibrous scaffolds based on these nanocomposites was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The scaffolds showed highly porous structure within the nanofibres of diameters ranging from 400 to 700 nm. X‐ray diffractometry gave evidence of good dispersion of the OMMT in the blends with exfoliated morphology. Measurements of the water uptake and water contact angle of the fibrous scaffolds indicated significant improvement in the hydrophilicity of the scaffolds. Evaluations of the mechanical properties and unrestricted somatic stem cell culture of the electrospun fibrous nanocomposite scaffolds revealed that the PLGA90/PVA10/1.5% OMMT and PLGA90/PVA10/3% OMMT samples are the most useful from the tissue engineering application viewpoint. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Co‐electrospun nanofibers of PVA‐SbQ and Zein for wound healing

In this study, electrospun biocompatible nanofibers with random orientation were prepared by physically blending poly(vinyl alcohol)‐stilbazol quaternized (PVA‐SbQ) with zein in acetic acid solution for wound healing. PVA‐SbQ was used as the foundation polymer as well as crosslinking agent, blended with zein to achieve desirable properties such as improved tensile strength, surface wettability, and in vitro degradable properties. Moreover, vaccarin drug was incorporated in situ into electrospun nanofibrous membranes for cell viability and cell attachment. The addition of vaccarin showed great effects on the morphology of nanofiber and enhanced cell viability and proliferation in comparison with composite nanofibers without drug. The presence of PVA‐SbQ, zein, and vaccarin drug in the nanofibrous membranes exhibited good compatibility, hydrophilicity, and biocompatibility and created a moist environment to have potential application for wound healing. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42565.