In favor or against: The influence of skeptical stakeholders in urban innovation projects for green transformation

Skeptical stakeholder involvement – collaborating with stakeholders who may harbor negative attitudes - is a complex, uncertain process that poses substantial challenges for innovation project management. Developing complex innovations like those in urban spaces requires engagement with knowledge, behavioral shifts, and resources from both public and private stakeholders. As a result, these stakeholders might oppose the project's objectives, thereby exerting a significant influence on the project. However, scant attention has been directed toward investigating the role of skeptical stakeholder involvement. The goal of this research is to address this research gap by examining the underexplored impact of skeptical stakeholder involvement on the project front end, thereby underscoring the importance of innovativeness and implementation intention as outcomes during these initial project stages. The study draws on a unique combination of text mining, text analysis, and survey data derived from 107 publicly funded urban innovation projects in Germany. These projects encompass diverse innovation types and technologies that may affect nearly all stakeholders within a given city district, thus making the context an ideal empirical terrain for investigation. The study's findings reveal that (i) skeptical stakeholder involvement positively influences innovativeness and implementation intention, and (ii) a robust reservoir of project management resources, coupled with moderate levels of formal management, facilitates the integration of skeptical stakeholders. The study advances current literature on project stakeholder management and project front-end dynamics by highlighting the positive influences of skeptical stakeholder involvement. Consequently, these outcomes contribute to the broader literature on sustainable urban transformation and enhance our understanding of stakeholder management mechanisms in the realm of urban innovation projects.     

建设项目跟踪审计的介值增值功能定位和思维转变

通过分析建设项目的利益主体和建设项目程序,将建设项目的投资决策阶段、设计阶段、招投标阶段、施工阶段和竣工决算阶段作为跟踪审计的重点审计阶段．并在此基础上探讨每一阶段的关键控制点。为了进一步达到建设项目跟踪审计的增值性目标,进而提出了增值性审计的功能定位和跟踪审计目标的思维转变的观点。     

Landscape Design as an Asset Management

Landscape is a product of economic activities and an asset associated with a society’s productivity levels and the relations of production. Despite the range of projects —self-owned, for-sale,or public infrastructure — that designers undertake, life-cycle benefits such as rental returns and public satisfaction should always be considered. By interpreting landscape design as an asset management, this article highlights the third-party role of asset managers who coordinate the benefits of all stakeholders at different stages through negotiation of design options. Designers are also expected to have a product and user thinking, acquire general and interdisciplinary knowledge of certain businesses through role rotations, cross-department meetings, and diverse project teams to improve design proposals, and strengthen mechanisms of pre-occupancy engagement and post-occupancy evaluation.     

工程项目安全文化建设的测评

安全文化作为一种全新的管理理念,已逐渐渗透到项目管理的各个领域。从安全文化的定义、模型、评价指标的测量及权重、评价技术和实施模式几个方面入手,结合工程项目安全管理的特点,分析和评述了项目安全文化建设、评价的基本思路和测评原则,为项目安全文化建设提供了可借鉴的评价模式。     

基于社会网络分析的医院工程项目组织关系研究

医院工程项目较之一般工程项目,项目利益者众多,组织关系更加复杂。基于社会网络分析法研究医院工程项目正式和非正式的组织关系,通过参数定义和公式,建立医院工程项目组织关系的网络模型,定量分析网络的紧密关系、派系群体、中心度等参数指标,比较分析医院工程项目组织关系的特殊性。通过跟踪项目、深度访谈、论证结果的方法实证分析乐陵市人民医院项目,确定 12 个研究主体,收集整理组织关系数据,建立医院工程项目组织关系的社会网络分析模型。研究结果表明,医院工程项目组织关系更复杂、联系更密切、合作更频繁。     

Stakeholder impact analysis of infrastructure project management in developing countries: a study of perception of project managers in state‐owned engineering firms in Vietnam

Construction projects can involve a diverse range of stakeholders and the success of the project depends very much on fulfilling their needs and expectations. It is important, therefore, to identify and recognize project stakeholders and develop a rigorous stakeholder management process. However, limited research has investigated the impact of stakeholders on construction projects in developing countries. A stakeholder impact analysis (SIA), based on an approach developed by Olander (2007), was adopted to investigate the stakeholders’ impact on state‐owned civil engineering projects in Vietnam. This involved the analysis of a questionnaire survey of 57 project managers to determine the relative importance of different stakeholders. The results show the client to have the highest level of impact on the projects, followed by project managers and the senior management of state‐owned engineering firms. The SIA also provides suggestions to project managers in developing and evaluating the stakeholder management process.     

Green property development practice in China: Costs and barriers

The promotion of sustainable practice in property development has resulted in the development of various green technologies. Will green technologies bring about additional cost to the property projects? This paper examines the costs and barriers in applying the green elements to the process of developing property projects. By conducting three case studies in China, it is found that the passive design strategy, for example, walls insulation, low-E window and solar heating appliances are comparatively inexpensive to apply as opposed to ‘active’ design strategies such as solar PV or heat pump technologies. By analyzing the additional cost of the three types of green buildings, it is concluded that the major barrier, the higher costs has hindered the extensive application of green technologies in China. A green strategy plan (GSP) is proposed to provide a vehicle for a more systematic use of green strategies to increase the sustainability of a property project. Research findings in the study provide valuable references to guide property development practice towards the sustainable agenda and the manner in which stakeholders approach or low carbon property development projects.     

信息时代情感导向的建成环境设计表达

着眼于人与建成环境情感层面的交互。以中国文化思维对“情感”的研究为开端,剖析中国建成环境在时间和空间维度上的情感导向设计特征及这些特征在数字技术介入后的更新与发展,以期提供信息时代建成环境设计表达以及未来中国建筑文化研究的一种有效途径。     

数字建筑设计与结构形态探索

建筑设计与结构设计在思维方式 和设计目标上存在较大差别,两个专业往往 是在相互妥协中完成设计,这种模式不利于 发挥结构在建筑设计中的积极作用,并有可 能造成浪费。数字技术在建筑领域中的渗透 使得建筑结构一体化的设计与建造在数字 平台上成为可能。在2014年清华参数化设计 研习班的Grasshopper班教学中,尝试使用这 一数字化设计平台进行非对称折板结构的 几何形态生成和力学模拟,并使用激光切割 和三维打印等数字化加工技术进行构件加 工,完成了一个实验性折板结构空间形态的 设计和建造。本文介绍了这一实验性教学的 相关技术问题,以及其背后的思考。     

Is the evolution of building sustainability assessment methods promoting the desired sharing of knowledge amongst project stakeholders?

Building sustainability assessment methods (BSAM’s) seek to help project stakeholders understand the predicted and actual sustainability performance of their buildings but are often applied reactively and isolated from project decisions. The last decade has seen BREEAM at the forefront of evolving assessment practice towards a framework approach to help shape project decisions and promote stakeholder learning. The research explores the nature and extent this transition is being realized in practice within four case studies applying BREEAM spanning a 15-year period. Process and knowledge mapping techniques are applied to explore the flow of knowledge required to enable sustainable decisions, stimulate the sharing of understanding, mediation of views and to promote learning amongst stakeholders. Evidence suggested that when applied in progressive projects that the flow of knowledge is strongest when supported by sustainability leadership, a framework approach aligned with project management, an improvement and engagement culture and a strategy for promoting knowledge flow. As practice matures care is needed to ensure engagement remains high and stakeholders are not isolated from the flow of knowledge as projects increasingly rely on sustainability advisors thus losing the opportunity to learn and shape decisions.     

Organizing external stakeholder engagement in inter-organizational projects: Opening the black box

External stakeholder engagement is crucial for delivering value to diverse stakeholders in inter-organizational projects, however, it is not straightforward to organize this in a way that adds value. The intra-organizational focus of previous research offers limited insights into the relevant roles, responsibilities, arrangements and activities in inter-organizational contexts. Moreover, comprehensive empirical studies of the phenomenon are rare. This study explicates how internal stakeholders organize external stakeholder engagement in inter-organizational projects. Our multiple-case study of two infrastructure projects in Northern Europe identified three organizing solutions based on governance, values and dynamism. While governance-based solutions provide an overall structure for organizing external stakeholder engagement, value-based solutions ensure genuine cooperation and dynamism-based solutions facilitate timely organizing. The study develops propositions that constitute a model of how external stakeholder engagement can be organized in inter-organizational projects. The findings have implications for project stakeholder management and mainstream stakeholder research.     

政企合作（PPP）项目治理风险评价与策略研究——基于社会网络（SNA）方法

政企合作（PPP）项目涉及众多利益相关方,呈现出以政府方和社会资本方为双中心的社会网络特征。错综复杂的项目网络结构极易引起 PPP 项目的治理风险,而治理风险已成为 PPP 项目高失败率的关键因素。当项目利益相关方的网络关系结构不合理时,难以具备实现角色责任应有的权力和能力,造成利益相关方行为的不确定性,从而产生较大的治理风险。从双中心网络视角出发构建 PPP 项目双中心网络模型,基于社会网络方法（SNA）设计符合 PPP 项目双中心特征的治理风险评价指标,并通过选取典型的 PPP 项目案例验证模型和指标的有效性,为 PPP 项目治理风险评价提供决策依据和策略建议,以有效提升政府方和社会资本方的风险防控能力及 PPP 项目成功率。     

片区整体开发型重大工程项目治理研究——以上海西岸传媒港为例

片区整体开发项目涉及到利益诉求多元化的开发主体,这些主体之间相互关联、相互合作,从而影响项目绩效,作为管理者,应采用适合的治理手段和工具来应对这种新型项目中的问题。在分析项目治理研究现状及我国重大工程项目治理特殊性基础上,结合上海西岸传媒港项目开发建设案例,采用单案例探索分析的方法,提出城市片区整体开发型重大工程情境下的一种基于“政府—市场”二元视角,包含“政府—合约—关系”3 个维度的项目治理结构概念模型,并在案例中予以了验证和应用。旨在拓展重大工程情境下项目治理结构研究的内容,构建新的理论模型,并供类似的城市片区整体开发型重大工程建设实践参考。     

Communicating about organizational culture in the briefing process: case study of a hospital project

A new hospital building represents a rare opportunity to align the physical environment of healthcare with contemporary healthcare needs and models of healthcare delivery to help ensure optimal health outcomes. The effectiveness of interaction between project stakeholders from the hospital and design teams during the briefing process of any hospital project is critical in ensuring this alignment occurs. Therefore it is important to explore the process of knowledge sharing during this project briefing stage. Using thematic content analysis to explore communication exchanges between these project stakeholders, we show that knowledge exchanged during the briefing process is acquired not only explicitly but implicitly through social processes whereby participants attempt to socially construct a common understanding of the project. In particular, the importance of constructive conflict in driving this process is critical. This has implications for health planners, project managers, facilities managers and health professions engaged in the briefing process of hospital projects. In particular, it highlights the importance of providing the correct environment and enough time for culturally conducive social interaction and knowledge sharing to occur between the many stakeholders involved.     

Cultivating more-than-human care: Exploring bird watching as a landscaping practice on the example of sand martins and flooded gravel pits

The environmental crisis has created a demand for practices that build awareness about the interconnections of diverse forms of life, allowing humans to understand complex earthly relationships and reconnect with the land they inhabit. This paper contributes to this debate by investigating bird watching activities and their relevance for architects and landscape architects. Drawing upon multispecies studies and the notion of landscape thinking, it examines the potential of birding as a caring landscaping practice. It analyzes the relationship between birders and sand martins in two case studies and probes how birders develop attentiveness for the birds and their shared environment. The investigation suggests that birding fosters care beyond the observed species. It can trigger a landscaping practice comparable to landscape thinking that helps humans reconnect with the land, fostering response-able spatial design practices.     

Megaprojects as complex adaptive systems: The Hinkley point C case

Megaprojects are complex projects which impact millions of people, involve public and private stakeholders, and present challenges related to decision making and performance shortfalls. They are relevant cases for studying faulty management thinking as well as performance evolutions and self-organizing dynamics. Our paper builds on the theory of Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) to understand and model processes of evolution in the Hinkley Point C nuclear power plant megaproject. The results show that CAS properties apply to megaproject changes and provide a theoretical and practical framework for examining and modeling megaproject management dynamics. We designed a research methodology combining content analysis and historical research for its relevance in conducting organizational research in conditions of complexity and non-linearity. This original research design makes it possible to conduct causal analyses of relations between key megaproject events and thus build models of evolution dynamics in stakeholder success expectations, change mechanisms in the implementation of project outputs, and self-organizing patterns.     

The Influence Fallacy: Resident Motivations for Participation in an English Housing Regeneration Project

This study explored resident motivations for participation in a housing regeneration project involving demolition. Findings from 19 semi-structured qualitative interviews are drawn upon to argue that resident motivations for participation have previously been oversimplified to focus primarily on the desire to influence a project, without regard for the way local contexts shape motivations. The article concludes that engagement in housing regeneration projects can also be motivated by seeking information narrowly focussed upon the future of one’s home, in addition to identities, emotional factors, and a sense that it is residents’ responsibility to participate.     

Project leaders in transition: Manifestations of cognitive and emotional capacity

This research contributes to a dearth of research into leadership that focuses explicitly on senior leaders of complex projects. It identifies five transitions that were seen as essential as these project leaders developed their capacity to lead, including transitions towards: orchestrating dialogue between the right people, at the right time, about the right issues; guiding collaborative meaning-making to align key stakeholders; drawing on practical wisdom and judgment to progress complex project challenges; developing a range of power sources, and sensing a pathway through power dynamics; and negotiating project success for key stakeholders based on a broad concept of value. Instead of merely seeing this as the development of new skills, we argue that these transitions are manifestations of an increase of a more deeply rooted capacity to deal with cognitive and emotional complexity. This difference matters as learning a new skill requires a very different approach to stepping up an order of constructive development. A constructive developmental perspective appears particularly helpful for understanding how senior project leaders of complex projects learn to deal with the relentless onslaught of challenges that their projects can bring.     

冬奥会雪上场馆全寿命期 BIM 需求分析

在冬奥会雪上场馆的建设过程中,为解决由于信息需求多样性和项目本身独特性所带来的 BIM 应用受阻问题,以张家口赛区和延庆赛区为调研对象,分析了雪上场馆项目全寿命期内各参与方对 BIM 的需求情况。结果表明:业主方密切关注项目全寿命期内各阶段 BIM 的应用,设计方与施工方对依托 BIM 的协同作业的配合程度要求较高,专项设计与构件生产方聚焦在更加专业细节的 BIM 功能。另外,体现冬奥特点的 BIM 特殊需求,因项目阶段和信息类型的不同存在较大差异性。这可为 BIM 辅助冬奥会雪上场馆项目的设计、施工和运营提供有效参考     

Temporal boundary objects in megaprojects: Mapping the system with the Integrated Master Schedule

Recently, a stream of project management research has recognized the critical role of boundary objects in the organization of projects. In this paper, we investigate how one advanced scheduling tool, the Integrated Master Schedule (IMS), is used as a temporal boundary object at various stages of complex projects. The IMS is critical to megaprojects which typically span long periods of time and face a high degree of complexity and uncertainty. In this paper, we conceptualize projects of this type as complex adaptive systems (CAS). We report the findings of four case projects on how the IMS mapped interactions, interdependencies, constraints, and fractal patterns of these emerging projects, and how the process of IMS visualization enabled communication and negotiation of project realities. This paper highlights that this advanced timeline tool acts as a boundary object and elicits shared understanding of complex projects from their stakeholders.