竖直毛细微槽群热沉中蒸发液体的干涸特性

利用宽视场体视显微镜和CCD摄像系统对纯蒸发换热情形下竖直放置的矩形毛细微槽群热沉中的液体沿微槽槽道方向的流动情况和干涸点高度（润湿高度）进行了观察测量,并对微槽几何尺寸、工质等因素对润湿高度的影响进行了实验研究。实验结果表明：纯蒸发情形下的液体润湿高度随着输入加热功率的增加而陡降;一定热负荷下,微槽较深、较窄以及微槽群密度较大时液体的润湿高度较高;甲醇和乙醇在较低输入加热功率条件下的润湿能力要强于蒸馏水;竖直毛细微槽中液体的润湿特性受重力的影响严重。     

电场作用下矩形微槽群润湿特性数值分析

以预测电场作用下竖直矩形微槽群热沉内液体润湿特性为目的,基于自适应理论,建立一维轴向模型,研究了电场强度、热通量以及微槽尺寸对润湿特性的影响。结果表明：电场作用下润湿长度随热通量增加逐渐降低。当热通量较低时,电场强度对润湿长度的强化较大,但随着热通量的增大强化程度减弱。电场强度对矩形微槽群热沉适应长度的强化较小,而对于边角流动区域长度的强化较为显著。电场作用下润湿长度随槽深和槽宽的增加分别呈增加和下降的趋势。与较小槽深槽宽相比,当槽尺寸较大时,电场强度对微槽内液体润湿强化更为显著。     

The formed surface characteristics of SiCf/SiC composite in the nanosecond pulsed laser ablation

For the advantages of high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and ultra-high hardness, SiC_f/SiC composite is becoming a preferred material for manufacturing aero-engine parts. However, the anisotropy and heterogeneity bring great challenges to the processing technology. In this study, a nanosecond pulsed laser is applied to process SiC_f/SiC composite, where the influence of the scanning speed and laser scanning direction to the SiC fibers on the morphology of ablated grooves is investigated. The surface characteristics after ablation and the involved chemical reaction of SiC_f/SiC are explored. The results show that the increased laser scanning speed, accompanied by the decreasing spot overlap rate, leads to the less accumulation of energy on the material surface, so the ablation effect drops. In addition, for the anisotropy of the SiC_f/SiC material, the obtained surface characteristics are closely dependent on the laser scanning direction to the SiC fibers, resulting in different groove morphology. The element composition and phase analysis of the machined surface indicate that the main deposited product is SiO₂ and the carbon substance. The results can provide preliminary technical support for controlling the machining quality of ceramic matrix composites.     

Investigation on ultrasonic vibration-assisted femtosecond laser polishing of C/SiC composites

This paper proposed a novel ultrasonic vibration-assisted femtosecond laser polishing method for C/SiC composites. The effect of near-field convection enhancement of ultrasonic vibration can improve the cooling of ablated particles and reduce their tendency of bonding to the material surface, reducing surface oxidation and improving the machined surface quality, removal depth and material removal rate. Through optimizing defocusing distance and scanning speed, a specific relationship between ultrasonic amplitude, pulse energy density, and spot overlap rate was established, obtaining a smooth and flat surface without defects. The residual stress of carbon fibers was investigated, and found that the coupling effect of ultrasonic energy and laser energy fields can enhance the residual compressive stress of carbon fibers. The formation of typical features of fiber fracture and pulling-out, banded pits, voids and deposition, was explained. This paper proposes new research ideas for better understanding of the removal mechanism of C/SiC composites using ultrasonic vibration-assisted femtosecond laser.     

Investigations on continuous-wave laser and pulsed laser induced controllable ablation of SiCf/SiC composites

To lay a foundation for the feasibility exploration of laser-induced ablation-assisted machining for SiC_f/SiC composites, combined with numerical simulation and experiments, the laser-induced ablation mechanism of SiC_f/SiC composites was studied, and the relationship between laser parameters and ablation depth was analyzed. The laser-induced ablation products of SiC_f/SiC composites mainly consisted of recrystallized 3C-SiC and amorphous SiO₂, which were powdery and porous. According to the stratification characteristic, the ablation products were divided into attached smoke dust layer, sublimate recrystallization layer, heat-affected layer, and unaffected layer from the surface to the inside of the material. By adjusting the laser parameters (significant factors were the scanning speed and the scanning spacing), the depth of laser-induced ablation was adjustable and controllable. The ablation depth was greater in continuous-wave (CW) mode due to the continuous energy input. Therefore, CW laser is more suitable for generating larger and various ablation depths to match various cutting allowances.     

Ablation behavior of three-dimensional braided C/SiC composites by oxyacetylene torch under different environments

SiC ceramic matrix composites reinforced by three-dimensional braided carbon fibers were prepared via polycarbosilane infiltration pyrolysis (PIP). The ablation behavior of the composites was characterized by an oxyacetylene torch under different environments. The morphology and microstructure of the as-ablated composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy and the composition of the new phase was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. Two conditions showed different ablation mechanisms. The erosion mechanism of the high speed oxyacetylene torch was the main ablation behavior under oxygen free environment. Thermo-chemicals ablation was the main ablation behavior under abundant oxygen environment.     

电场对竖直矩形微槽群润湿及表面温度的影响

微槽群在热流密度较大时会达到其毛细极限,可通过主动换热方式之一——电水动力学效应对其进行强化。本文为了研究电场对微槽群表面润湿特性和温度分布的影响,采用平板电极提供电场,蒸馏水作为工质,使用高速相机拍摄微槽内液体润湿长度,测量误差为2.97%～7.46%;使用红外热像仪拍摄电场作用下微槽群表面温度分布,测量误差为2.1%～2.39%。热流密度测量误差范围是9.66%～11.11%。结果表明：电场通过驱动微槽内流体向加热区域流动而提升其润湿性能,且较低热流密度下提升更好。因润湿性能的提升,微槽表面温度得以下降。随着电场增强,微槽横向温度分布的“波峰”、“波谷”差别加大,微槽纵向温度明显降低。当热流密度加大时,温降更为显著,1.4W/cm²热流密度、6kV电压下温降可达到30℃以上。温降的增加反映了电场对微槽的强化润湿进一步提升了微槽换热性能,且电场对较高热流情形下的微槽换热有着更为显著的强化效果。     

Research on the ablation mechanism and ablation threshold of CMC-SiCf/SiC by using dual-beam coupling nanosecond laser

Due to the excellent properties of high hardness, oxidation resistance and high temperature resistance, silicon carbide fiber silicon carbide ceramic matrix composite (CMC-SiC_f/SiC) is a typical difficult-to-process material, and is a high-performance advanced material in the aerospace field. In this paper, two groups of ablation experiments (experiment 1 and experiment 2) were performed on CMC-SiC_f/SiC using a dual-beam coupling nanosecond laser, and the ablation morphology was observed by confocal laser microscope. The dual-beam coupling angle of experiment 2 is obtained by experimental method. And through the method of calculation, we get the dual-beam coupling angle of experiment 1 and experiment 2. According to the dual-beam coupling ablation mechanism, based on the theoretical calculation model of non-destructive method D²-lnP₀, combined with the Equivalent Diameter Calculation Method (EDCM) and Equivalent Area Calculation Method (EACM), the laser ablation threshold corresponding to different beam waist size was calculated and compared. The results show that the ablation region of CMC-SiC_f/SiC surface can be divided into three parts: ablation boundary, recast layer area and SiO₂ coverage area. When the pulse energy increases gradually from 300 μJ to 1500 μJ, the variation trend of hole depth is first increase, second decrease, increase again, and finally decrease. The angle between two laser beams affects the waist radius, which in turn affect the laser ablation threshold. The waist of the dual-beam coupling is elliptical, and the orifice of the ablation hole is elliptical. When the waist radius of nanosecond laser is 57 μm, the laser ablation threshold is calculated to be 3.12 J/cm². The main factors affecting the laser ablation threshold are laser pulse repetition frequency (f), beam waist radius (ω₀), laser pulse width (τ), minimum laser power (P_th), and laser wavelength (λ).     

Morphology and microstructure of 2.5 dimension C/SiC composites ablated by oxyacetylene torch

SiC ceramic matrix composites reinforced by 2.5 dimension carbon fibers were prepared by low-pressure chemical vapor infiltration. The ablation performance of the composites was characterized by an oxyacetylene torch. The morphology and microstructure of the as-ablated composite were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The composition of the new phase was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Three clear annular regions appeared on the surface of the as-ablated sample and each region had different ablation mechanism. Sublimation was the main ablation behavior in the centre region. Oxidation was the main ablation behavior in the middle region. Silica particles mainly resulted from the oxidation and deposition of Si and SiO gas from the centre to the outer region. The ablation mechanism of the C/SiC composites under oxyacetylene flame was a combined effect of thermo-physicals attack and thermo-chemicals ablation.     

Removal mechanism of SiC/SiC composites by underwater femtosecond laser ablation

Silicon carbide Ceramic matrix composites (SiC matrix with SiC fibers, abbreviated as SiC/SiC composites) are widely used in aerospace and energy applications due to their excellent resistance to high temperatures, corrosion, wear, and low density. However, the difficult machinability and surface oxidation of SiC/SiC composites are the main factors restricting their further application. To address these issues, this paper explores a novel method for underwater femtosecond laser ablation of SiC/SiC composites to obtain high cleanliness, low-oxidation microporous surfaces. This paper systematically analyses the changes in hole depth, material removal rate (MRR), surface morphology, and material components during underwater femtosecond laser ablation of SiC/SiC composites, and explains the formation of typical features such as induced cones, small banded pits, fiber debonding and shedding. Our work provides new research ideas for understanding the removal mechanism and surface oxidation resistance of SiC/SiC composites.     

重频激光辐照对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的力学损伤

主要研究了碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在不同参数重复频率激光辐照后的损伤形式变化以及其拉伸性能变化规律.结果表明,复合材料在激光辐照下的损伤形式主要分为单一基体损伤和基体与增强纤维共同损伤两种类型;激光峰值功率密度和脉冲宽度的增大对复合材料损伤形式影响较大,而辐照时间和重复频率的增大可增加复合材料的损伤程度,但对材料损伤形式影响较小;激光能量密度是影响复合材料辐照后拉伸强度保留率的最主要因素,而影响复合材料辐照后拉伸模量保留率的最主要因素为连续碳纤维增强相的损伤程度.     

Direct numerical simulation of surfactant solution flow in the wide‐rib rectangular grooved channel

The turbulent flow of surfactant solution in the wide‐rib rectangular grooved channels was studied by direct numerical simulation. Moreover, the variations of near‐wall streamwise vortices with time were discussed and the distributions of streamwise vortex radius, swirling strength and density were quantitatively investigated. It was found that the influence of microgrooves on the fluid mainly occurred within the buffer layer and microgrooves could induce numerous streamwise vortices with small size and swirling strength within the grooved valleys. The drag‐reducing enhancement mechanism of microgroove in the surfactant solution could be mainly considered as the competing results between the “restriction effect” and “tip effect” of microgroove, and the essential factor should be the numerous secondary streamwise vortices with small size and swirling strength within the grooved valleys. Furthermore, a predicted method for the optimal drag‐reducing size of microgroove was proposed, and the prediction values agreed well with the numerical results. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2898–2912, 2018     

Investigation of thermal residual stresses during laser ablation of tantalum carbide coated graphite substrates using micro-Raman spectroscopy and COMSOL multiphysics

Laser ablation of high-temperature ceramic coatings results in thermal residual stresses due to which the coatings fail by cracking and debonding. Hence, the measurement of such residual stresses during laser ablation process holds utmost importance from the view of performance of coatings in extreme conditions. The present research aims at investigating the effect of laser parameters such as laser pulse energy, scanning speed and line spacing on thermal residual stresses induced in tantalum carbide-coated graphite substrates. Residual stresses were measured using micro-Raman spectroscopy and correlated with Raman peak shifts. Transient thermal analysis was performed using COMSOL Multiphysics to model the single ablated track and residual stresses were reported at low, moderate and high pulse energy regimes. The results showed that the initial laser conditions caused higher tensile residual stresses. Moderate pulse energy regime comprised higher compressive residual stresses due to off centre overlapping of the laser pulses. Higher pulse energy (250 μJ), higher scanning speed (1000 mm/s) and moderate line spacing (20 μm) caused accumulation of tensile residual stresses during the final stage of laser ablation. The deviation of experimental residual stresses from COMSOL numerical model was attributed to unaccounted additional stresses induced during thermal spraying process and deformation potentials in the numerical model.     

化学气相渗透法制备三维针刺C/SiC复合材料的烧蚀性能

用化学气相渗透法制备了三维针刺碳纤维增强碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料,复合材料的平均密度为2.15 g/cm3,气孔率为16.0%.用氧乙炔焰研究了复合材料的烧蚀性能,用扫描电镜分析了烧蚀表面的形貌,用表面能谱分析了烧蚀产物的成分.复合材料的线烧蚀率和质量烧蚀率分别为0.03mm/s和0.004 7 g/s.在烧蚀中心区,烧蚀最严重,表层只有C纤维骨架,且C纤维呈针状,复合材料的烧蚀以升华和冲刷为主.在烧蚀过渡区,垂直于烧蚀面的C纤维表现出端部锐化、根部细化的特性,平行于烧蚀面的C纤维呈针状,复合材料的烧蚀以氧化和机械剥蚀为主.烧蚀边缘烧蚀不明显,烧蚀产物和SiC基体熔融后覆盖在烧蚀表面,阻碍了复合材料的进一步烧蚀,复合材料的烧蚀以氧化为主.     

Deep precision machining of SiC ceramics by picosecond laser ablation

Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic is becoming widely used in multiple industrial applications, owing to its exceptional high-temperature properties. Yet it is still a challenge to machine SiC using traditional means without causing damage due to its high hardness and brittleness. In this study, a subtractive manufacturing technique based on the use of a fiber picosecond laser was employed to remove material from the reaction bonded SiC surface or create micro-patterns with the minimum damage to the surface, maximum surface quality and precision. Multiple laser processing parameters were investigated with the purpose of obtaining deep high-quality cuts with the minimum surface roughness and the minimum amount of the re-deposited material. The heat affected zone was analyzed by grazing angle X-ray diffractometry, cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive and micro Raman spectroscopy techniques. The cut shape, depth, surface roughness as well as the kerf width and re-deposition height were assessed using a 3D laser scanning microscopy. The optimum values were established for the focal position, the laser power, linear speed, wobble frequency, wobble pattern, and number of passes. This study also identified the processing parameters for shallow and deep high-precision SiC cutting at a material removal rate of ～2 mm³/min. The work demonstrated that the developed laser machining process is an efficient subtractive manufacturing tool that can be integrated into the automated precision cutting systems for machining hard ceramic materials such as SiC and alumina.     

壁面微沟槽与表面活性剂耦合对管道中湍流减阻特性的影响

通过矩形管道压降实验研究了壁面微沟槽和表面活性剂的减阻性能及联合减阻的增益效果,用粒子成像测速仪分析了流场特性。实验所用的微沟槽为3种不同结构的顺流向V形沟槽,表面活性剂为十六烷基三甲基氯化胺(CTAC),水杨酸钠(NaSal)作为补偿离子。结果表明,壁面微沟槽和表面活性剂溶液均有减阻效果,二者耦合后减阻率进一步提升,最高减阻率为48.26%。微沟槽的减阻性能主要作用在近壁区,通过影响边界层平均流速、速度脉动强度和涡结构,减少表面活性剂的湍动能损耗。当超过表面活性剂的临界雷诺数后,沟槽尖端的高剪切力会加剧胶束结构分解。表面活性剂能抑制湍流涡的演变,扩大微沟槽有效减阻的雷诺数范围。     

受限微结构对低表面张力液滴合并弹跳的影响

设计并制备了CuO纳米结构和矩形微槽相结合的层级微槽超疏水表面,采用去离子水、质量分数为8%和16%的乙醇溶液为工质,研究了三种表面张力的单个液滴在微槽内的受限生长特征以及槽内变形液滴与槽外正常液滴的合并弹跳行为,探讨了受限微结构对较低表面张力液滴合并弹跳的影响。结果表明,在Laplace压力差的驱动下,微槽内受限变形的水滴发生自弹跳行为,随着溶液中乙醇浓度的提升,液体表面张力减小,表面对液滴的吸附增强,乙醇质量分数为8%和16%的槽内变形液滴不发生自弹跳,而是爬升并悬浮于微槽上方。受限微结构对液滴合并弹跳的强化作用随液体表面张力的减小而减弱,与去离子水相比,乙醇质量分数为8%和16%的受限变形液滴与槽外正常液滴的合并弹跳速度分别降低了26.7%和75.9%,能量转化效率分别降低了17.8%和90%。     

Micromachining of 4H-SiC using femtosecond laser

As a new type of semiconductor material, silicon carbide has received more and more attention on its groove processing. Femtosecond laser grooving process was proposed to implement near damage-free and high efficient micromachining of silicon carbide. The size prediction models of groove depth and width are established and the experimental verification is carried out. The verification results indicate the modified models can perform predictions with acceptable errors. An experimental study is carried out to characterize the femtosecond laser grooving process for silicon carbide. The effects of laser parameters, including laser power, scan speed, pulse repetition rate and scan repetitions, on the characteristics of grooves, the size of the heat affected zone and surface roughness are discussed. The phase change and composition change of the material is analyzed by electron scanning microscope and Raman scattering spectrum, and some suggestions are proposed to get better surface quality. It can significantly reduce or even eliminate thermal damages such as the surface roughness (within 0.05?µm) and the re-solidified substance by scan repetitions. In order to reduce the introduction of oxygen, oxygen-free environment can be recommended.     

Two-step femtosecond laser etching for bulk micromachining of 4H–SiC membrane applied in pressure sensing

A method of two-step laser etching for bulk micromachining of 4H–SiC membranes through a femtosecond (fs) laser with a wavelength of 532 nm, a pulse width of 290 fs and a repetition rate of 100 kHz is present in this paper. Using a control variable method, the first step of fs-laser etching for rapid material removal and the second step of fs-laser etching mainly for improving surface morphology are studied by changing the laser fluence, scanning spacing, number of scans and scanning speed. The average surface roughness of the membrane bottom after the first step of laser etching is 691 nm, which is reduced to 237 nm after the second step. Compared with one-step laser etching, two-step laser etching obtains a better surface morphology, and it only takes 38% of the processing time of one-step laser etching. The finite element analysis shows that the sensitivity of the SiC pressure sensor drops with the decrease of the membrane roughness. The sensor sensitivity of the membrane fabricated by two-step laser etching is only 3.0% lower than that of the ideal smooth model. Furthermore, a 4H–SiC laser-prepared membrane with a diameter of 1.2 mm and a thickness of 75 μm applied in pressure sensor is tested, showing good linearity and repeatability at a load of up to 10 MPa.     

Relationship analysis on particle-coating-ablation property of UHTC coatings fabricated by plasma spray technique

The relative high porosity of plasma spray ultra-high temperature ceramic (UHTC) coatings has been an important limiting factor for the ablation property and one of the reasons is the original pores of feedstocks. In this work, dense and spherical ZrC–SiC powders were fabricated by induction plasma spheroidization (IPS) and were used to prepare ZrC–SiC coating by vacuum plasma spray. The effect of microstructure of feedstock particles on the microstructure and ablation property of coating was studied. The results showed that the spherodized particles were composed of eutectic-like phase and ZrC granules, exhibiting high degree of compactness and sphericity, which had higher deposition rate and generated splats with flattened structure to overlap compactly then produce highly dense coating compared with those of spray drying (SD) particles. The deposition rate was doubled and the porosity of the coating was reduced by half. The ablation resistance of ZrC–SiC coating was greatly improved due to the formation of dense oxide scale.