拓扑优化超表面的偏振复用光学微分运算

光学模拟计算通过在空间域直接对光学输入进行调控,避免了各种应用场景中光电之间的转换。因此在图像处理等应用领域成为人们研究的重点。本文用拓扑优化方法设计了一类利用格林函数法的偏振复用光学模拟计算超表面结构。在不同线偏振光入射下,该拓扑优化超表面可以独立地对透射光场的振幅和相位进行调控。实现了在正交偏振态下,分别呈现明场成像与一维二阶微分运算,以及偏振控制微分方向的复用微分系统。这种偏振复用的设计可以在更多的光学计算应用场景中发挥重要作用。

     

融合空频复用和近远场复用的多功能超表面图像显示

超表面可以在亚波长尺度上对光波的偏振、振幅、频率、相位等基本参量进行精确调控。基于此背景,本文提出并实验验证了一种融合空间频率复用和近远场复用的多功能超表面图像显示技术。其中,近远场复用是利用纳米结构的转角简并性将超表面几何相位调控与光波强度调控相融合,基于模拟退火算法实现近场灰度图像与远场全息图像的独立编码;空间频率复用是将两幅图像的不同空间频率成分叠加作为远场全息图像,可以在不同观察位置分别接收到不同的空间频率信息,对应高频图像和低频图像。实验结果表明,通过优化超表面可以同时在不同工作距离实现三幅独立图像(灰度图像、高频图像及低频图像)的显示,这提升了超表面的信息存储容量。本工作将为超表面多功能复用及其在光学加密、光学防伪等领域的应用提供新思路。

     

宽频消色散超表面全息成像

针对超表面全息成像技术中存在的工作频段窄、近场成像效率低等问题,本文提出了消色散宽频超表面全息成像优化原理及模型,提出了基于深度图像先验的深度学习网络模型用于单目标的被动式超表面全息图设计,实现了消色散宽频超表面全息成像。数值仿真和实验结果均证明,所设计的全息成像器件可以在9 GHz~11 GHz频段内实现良好的消色散成像效果,在全息成像、宽频功能器件设计等领域具有极大的应用潜力。

     

超表面全息术：从概念到实现

对实时彩色三维动态显示的追求激发了学术界和产业界巨大的研究热情。随着“元宇宙”概念的提出,对高性能三维显示设备与技术的需求越发迫切。全息术是一种理想的三维显示方案,但传统光场调控器件却存在视场角狭窄、信息容量小等问题,阻碍了全息技术的进一步发展。而超表面作为一种新型光场调控器件,有望利用其像素尺寸小和光场调控能力强的特点在全息技术领域实现新的突破。本文主要从超表面全息器件的设计流程、调制方式、动态实现、制造技术四个方面给出了超表面全息十余年的概貌,并提出该领域未来发展的方向。

     

基于片上超表面的多路方向复用全息术

片上超表面是将超表面引入到集成光波导上以实现对导波的任意调制,它为导波与自由空间光波之间的转换提供了一个方便且通用的平台。尽管之前在片上全息方面已经做出了一些探索,但在扩展编码自由度和多路复用方面仍需突破。本文提出并实验验证了一种基于片上超表面的多路复用全息显示器件。通过迂回相位和几何相位的融合,使片上超表面将导波以圆偏光的形式耦合到自由空间中,以打破此前片上超表面沿传播方向上相位简并的局限性,进一步扩展了编码自由度。同时使用模拟退火相位优化算法和多路复用技术,实现了可独立编码的四通道远场全息显示复用。本文的设计方法以片上超表面的多功能集成,为具有高信息存储容量的集成光通信提供了一种新的途径。     

全息空间三维显示研究

本文基于计算全息、光电衍射再现及散射成像等技术,研究全息空间三维显示,利用随机相位抑制全息空间三维再现像的散斑噪声,实现高分辨率全息空间三维显示。同时,测试不同厚度的散射介质屏对三维成像的影响,探究全息空间三维显示的亮度变化规律。     

片上光学近场的远场辐射调控

表面波作为一种信息或能量传递载体，在片上光学器件及系统中具有重要应用，然而实现近场表面波到远场传输波的高效自由调控是片上光子学领域中的基础难题。本文从表面波的远场辐射原理出发，介绍了人们利用超表面对表面波辐射场的相位、振幅、偏振态等多种参量的调控能力，以及表面波的定向辐射、远场聚焦、特殊光束激发、全息成像等复杂波前调控效应，最后对表面波远场辐射调控的主要挑战和未来发展做了总结。     

基于扭转悬链线结构的高效手性吸波器

近年来,超构表面(metasurface)作为一种人工二维结构由于其超薄的几何结构以及灵活的电磁调控能力受到了学界的广泛关注,如何进一步提高超构表面器件的性能成为了该领域的研究热点。悬链线电磁学(catenary electromagnetics)作为一类新兴的超构表面设计原理为设计高效率超构表面器件提供了新的思路和方法。本文提出了一种基于扭转悬链线结构的超构表面,其能够实现对不同旋向入射的圆偏振电磁波的高效选择性吸收。仿真结果表明所设计的器件在工作波长处对左旋圆偏振电磁波吸收率接近于1,而右旋圆偏振入射时吸收率小于22%,其对应的二向色性大于78%。同时,文章分析了产生高效率手性吸收的物理机制并且提出了一种基于该类结构的信息加密方法。该工作在手性成像与手性探测等领域具有一定的应用前景。     

结构光照明下的非相干自干涉数字全息成像

提出了一种采用结构光照明的迈克尔逊非相干数字全息成像系统,该系统利用空间光调制器SLM实现水平和竖直方向的余弦光栅照明模式,以提高成像系统的横向分辨率。利用MATLAB软件进行仿真成像和数值重建,得到了该系统下的高分辨率重建像,从理论上证明了这一方法可以有效提高非相干数字全息系统的分辨率。搭建了相应的非相干光自干涉数字全息成像系统,通过对USAF1951分辨率板进行成像,从实验上进一步验证了基于结构光照明的超分辨成像方法对该成像系统的适用性。     

人工目标偏振特征实验研究

简要介绍了多波段偏振成像技术，着重分析了某些主要人工目标的偏振特征。从光波的偏振传输特性着手，讨论了它们偏振态的空间变化和光谱变化，这些变化反映了目标的纹理特征、表面结构以及材料的类型。     

Polarization Encoded Color Image Embedded in a Dielectric Metasurface

Optical metasurfaces have shown unprecedented capabilities in the local manipulation of the light's phase, intensity, and polarization profiles, and represent a new viable technology for applications such as high‐density optical storage, holography and display. Here, a novel metasurface platform is demonstrated for simultaneously encoding color and intensity information into the wavelength‐dependent polarization profile of a light beam. Unlike typical metasurface devices in which images are encoded by phase or amplitude modulation, the color image here is multiplexed into several sets of polarization profiles, each corresponding to a distinct color, which further allows polarization modulation‐induced additive color mixing. This unique approach features the combination of wavelength selectivity and arbitrary polarization control down to a single subwavelength pixel level. The encoding approach for polarization and color may open a new avenue for novel, effective color display elements with fine control over both brightness and contrast, and may have significant impact for high‐density data storage, information security, and anticounterfeiting.     

From Single‐Dimensional to Multidimensional Manipulation of Optical Waves with Metasurfaces

Metasurfaces, 2D artificial arrays of subwavelength elements, have attracted great interest from the optical scientific community in recent years because they provide versatile possibilities for the manipulation of optical waves and promise an effective way for miniaturization and integration of optical devices. In the past decade, the main efforts were focused on the realization of single‐dimensional (amplitude, frequency, polarization, or phase) manipulation of optical waves. Compared to the metasurfaces with single‐dimensional manipulation, metasurfaces with multidimensional manipulation of optical waves show significant advantages in many practical application areas, such as optical holograms, sub‐diffraction imaging, and the design of integrated multifunctional optical devices. Nowadays, with the rapid development of nanofabrication techniques, the research of metasurfaces has been inevitably developed from single‐dimensional manipulation toward multidimensional manipulation of optical waves, which greatly boosts the application of metasurfaces and further paves the way for arbitrary design of optical devices. Herein, the recent advances in metasurfaces are briefly reviewed and classified from the viewpoint of different dimensional manipulations of optical waves. Single‐dimensional manipulation and 2D manipulation of optical waves with metasurfaces are discussed systematically. In conclusion, an outlook and perspectives on the challenges and future prospects in these rapidly growing research areas are provided.     

Multiplexed computer-generated hologram with polygonal apertures

A novel type of multiplexed computer-generated hologram (CGH) is designed with more than one billion of pixels per period. It consists of elementary cells divided into arbitrary-shaped polygonal apertures, the division being identical in all cells. The cells are further digitized into pixel arrays to exploit the huge space-bandwidth product of electron-beam lithography. The polygonal apertures in the same location inside the cells constitute a subhologram. With the Abbe transform that has never, to our knowledge, been used in other CGH designs, the subhologram images (subimages) are obtained with fast Fourier transforms. It is therefore possible to design a multiplexed CGH that has a size thousands of times larger than the manageable size of a conventional CGH designed with the iterative Fourier transform algorithm (IFTA). A much larger object window than that of the conventional CGH can also be achieved with the multiplexed polygonal-aperture CGH, owing to its extremely large dimensions. The multiplexed polygonal-aperture CGH is designed with the novel iterative subhologram design algorithm, which considers the coherent summation of the subimages and applies constraints on the total image, subimages, and subholograms. As a result, the noise appearing in the preceding multiplexed-CGH designs is avoided. The multiplexed polygonal-aperture CGH has a much higher diffraction efficiency than that resulting from either the preceding multiplexed-CGH designs or the conventional CGH designed by the IFTA.     

Quasicrystal Photonic Metasurfaces for Radiation Controlling of Second Harmonic Generation

Photonic metasurfaces, a kind of 2D structured medium, represent a novel platform to manipulate the propagation of light at subwavelength scale. In linear optical regime, many interesting topics such as planar meta‐lenses, metasurface optical holography, and so on have been widely investigated. Recently, metasurfaces have gone into the nonlinear optical regime. While it is recognized that the local symmetry of the meta‐atoms plays a vital role in determining the polarization, phase, and intensity of the nonlinear waves, much less attention has been paid to the global symmetry of the nonlinear metasurfaces. According to the Penrose tiling and the newly proposed hexagonal quasicrystalline tiling, nonlinear optical quasicrystal metasurfaces are designed and fabricated based on the geometric‐phase‐controlled plasmonic meta‐atoms with local rotational symmetry. It is found that the far‐field radiation behavior of second harmonic generation waves are determined by both the tiling schemes of quasicrystal metasurfaces and the local symmetry of meta‐atoms they consist of. The proposed concept may open new avenues for designing nonlinear optical sources with metasurface crystals.     

Single-beam data encoding using a holographic angular multiplexing technique

We propose a novel configuration for angular multiplexing holographic encoding in which the signal beam and the reference beam are combined into a single beam. By using a spatial light modulator based on twisted nematic liquid crystals, the signal and the reference beams are modulated in amplitude mode and phase mode, respectively. The multiplexed interference patterns with the reference beams of different incident angles are recorded near the Fourier transform plane, and then the signals are selectively reconstructed by the corresponding reference beam. Both the simulation and the experiment of single-beam angular multiplexed holography are performed with consistent results. Compared with the traditional angular multiplexing holographic recording system, the single-beam configuration is more compact, easier to adjust, and less sensitive to the vibration of the environment. Therefore, it will be more attractive for potential applications in many fields, such as high-density signal recording and data encryption.     

Digital holography and 3-D imaging

This feature issue on Digital Holography and 3-D Imaging comprises 15 papers on digital holographic techniques and applications, computer-generated holography and encryption techniques, and 3-D display. It is hoped that future work in the area leads to innovative applications of digital holography and 3-D imaging to biology and sensing, and to the development of novel nonlinear dynamic digital holographic techniques.     

The eddy current probe as a holographic transducer

Experimental work with the application of holography to eddy current imaging has previously been performed. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the holographic imaging characteristics of the eddy current probe. A specially shaped probe design has been developed during this analysis for enhanced imaging performance. The phase multiplied holographic imaging process is explained and demonstrated. Experimental data are presented confirming the theoretical analysis and thus the eddy current probe as a viable holographic transducer.     

动态可调谐超表面的研究进展与应用

超表面能够对电磁波的偏振、振幅和相位等物理参量进行前所未有的调控,微纳加工技术的发展进一步推动了超表面在显示、成像、传感、防伪、光场调控等领域的应用前景。然而,大多数超表面缺乏动态调控,限制了其应用范围。近年来超表面的动态调控研究也取得了一些重要进展,本文将主要介绍当前超表面动态调控的主要机制,包括电调控、热调控、光调控、机械调控、化学调控等,综述了国内外学者在超表面动态调控方面的研究进展。此外,本文还对动态超表面在成像、显示、光场调控等领域的应用进行了概述,阐述了其重要意义和应用前景。最后本文总结了当前可调超表面的主要问题及未来发展方向。

     

Polarization microscopy by use of digital holography: application to optical-fiber birefringence measurements

We present a digital holographic microscope that permits one to image polarization state. This technique results from the coupling of digital holographic microscopy and polarization digital holography. The interference between two orthogonally polarized reference waves and the wave transmitted by a microscopic sample, magnified by a microscope objective, is recorded on a CCD camera. The off-axis geometry permits one to reconstruct separately from this single hologram two wavefronts that are used to image the object-wave Jones vector. We applied this technique to image the birefringence of a bent fiber. To evaluate the precision of the phase-difference measurement, the birefringence induced by internal stress in an optical fiber is measured and compared to the birefringence profile captured by a standard method, which had been developed to obtain high-resolution birefringence profiles of optical fibers.     

Multichannel‐Independent Information Encoding with Optical Metasurfaces

Optical metasurfaces, as an emerging platform, have been shown to be capable of effectively manipulating the local properties (amplitude, phase, and polarization) of the reflected or transmitted light and have unique strengths in high‐density optical storage, holography, display, etc. The reliability and flexibility of wavefront manipulation makes optical metasurfaces suitable for information encryption by increasing the possibility of encoding combinations of independent channels and the capacity of encryption, and thus the security level. Here, recent progress in metasurface‐based information encoding is reviewed, in which the independent channels for information encoding are built with wavelength and/or polarization in one‐dimensional/two‐dimensional (1D/2D) modes. The way to increase information encoding capacity and security level is proposed, and the opportunities and challenges of information encoding with independent channels based on metasurfaces are discussed.