考虑研发努力与营销投入的绿色供应链协调

研究了由单一供应商和单一制造商构成的二级供应链在不同领导者情景下的绿色研发努力和绿色营销投入决策,以及通过成本分担契约激励供应链伙伴建立绿色创新的协调决策模型,并通过数值模拟进行验证分析。研究结果表明:某一企业的绿色创新单位成本系数过大会降低供应链所有成员的绿色投入,进一步引起产品总绿色度的下降;当消费者的绿色偏好较低时,即使绿色研发的单位投资成本系数较小,制造商也倾向于增加绿色营销投入;成本分摊合同虽然能够提高产品总绿色度,但是在制造商主导下可能降低制造商的绿色研发投入。     

不同契约下考虑公平偏好的供应商创新投入研究

针对一个供应商和一个制造商组成的供应链,研究供应商公平偏好对其创新投入的影响。引入公平偏好理论,运用Stackelberg博弈,建立批发价格契约、研发成本分担契约和收益共享契约3种契约下的供应链决策模型,对比分析不同契约下公平偏好系数对供应链均衡信息的影响。研究表明,研发成本分担契约下的供应商创新水平、供应链中成员效用及供应链整体效用总高于其他2种契约;收益共享契约下的供应商创新水平和供应链整体效用高于批发价格契约;批发价格契约和收益共享契约下的制造商效用和供应商效用的大小与供应商公平偏好系数以及收益共享契约下的供应商保留效用的大小有关。     

基于共同代理的多方协调下物流成本节约合同

对制造商、供应商和第三方物流组成的供应物流环节展开研究,以制造商和供应商为委托人,第三方物流为代理人,建立了基于共同代理的成本节约合同.得出了第三方物流观测到的物流成本与所选择的上下游企业努力水平的函数关系,并进一步讨论了上下游企业在合作与非合作模式下努力水平存在的差异.最后通过数值分析对研究成果进行了验证,研究结果表明该物流成本节约合同可以披露出第三方物流真实成本信息,有效激励制造商、供应商积极参与降低物流成本.     

第三方资金流提供商的采购协同问题研究

在传统的供应链采购运作过程中,由于核心制造商一直对其供应商供货采取下线结算的方式,从而导致供应商一直承担着巨大的库存持有成本.在基于Supply Hub的供应链运作模式下,提出了一种新的资金结算方式:令传统的3PL充当第三方资金流提供商来对供应商提前支付货款.从而解决供应商库存成本压力过大的问题,并且实现对资金流、信息流、物流的整合.在新的结算模式下,通过对供应链的成本分析研究得出一种有效的供应链运作机制,从而提高供应商的响应速度及协同性,降低供应链的总成本.通过数据模拟进一步证明.在该模式下核心制造商能够获得更快的产品交货期;供应商能够有效地降低库存持有成本;第三方资金流提供商可以通过对供应商采取适当的惩罚来约束供应商,促使供应商对交货期做出最合适的选择,并且使自身获利.     

双渠道供应链降低成本研发对零售商信息分享的影响北大核心CSSCI

研究了双渠道供应链中制造商降低生产成本研发对零售商信息分享策略的影响。分别考虑了制造商无降低生产成本研发和降低生产成本研发两种情形。研究发现：无论制造商是否投资降低生产成本研发,零售商与制造商共享其市场需求信息总是有利于增加制造商利润。但是,若制造商未投资降低生产成本研发,零售商不与制造商共享其市场需求信息。这与已有观点相同。若制造商投资降低生产成本研发,当制造商研发效率较高时,零售商与制造商共享其市场需求信息;反之,零售商仍然不与制造商共享其市场需求信息。此外,设计Nash信息补偿机制以促使零售商与制造商共享其市场需求信息。     

碳减排成本信息不对称下的供应合同设计

在碳限额与交易政策下,针对一个供应商和一个制造商的供应链博弈模型,研究了双向碳减排成本信息不对称下供应商的减排成本信息披露与供应合同设计策略,并通过算例分析讨论了不同条件下的企业决策行为和利润变化。研究结果表明,供应商在减排成本披露上的说谎行为对制造商来说并非完全不利,有时可以提高低减排成本制造商的实际利润。其次,供应商可以通过合同设计保证风险中性的制造商接受合同,但不对称信息使制造商的期望利润与实际利润存在偏差,导致制造商的实际利润可能小于保留利润。另外,供应商只能制定针对高减排成本制造商的合同,因此在某些情况下只能保证高减排成本制造商获得保留利润,导致低减排成本制造商的实际利润可能小于高减排成本制造商,这说明制造商的减排成本并不是越低越好。     

考虑碳税征收的供应链纵向减排博弈研究

在低碳经济背景下引入碳排放税及消费者低碳偏好,对供应商主导的二级供应链减排博弈展开研究;进而通过逆向归纳法求得序贯行动的精炼子博弈纳什均衡,并采用数值实验展开分析。研究表明,在外生碳税下供应商和制造商都将采取减排策略,可求得最优产量与单位产品减排量,但征收碳税并不一定能够保证碳排放总量的降低;供应链中一方的减排行为将激励另一方增加单位产品减排量;企业减排成本系数越低,征收碳税对控制碳排放总量的效果越明显。     

Bertrand竞争下二级供应链信息共享的价值分析

针对由1个原材料供应商和2个生产制造商构成的供应链,探讨在制造商之间存在Bertrand竞争的情况下,系统中信息共享的价值问题。通过建立博弈模型,分析比较了在以下3种信息共享条件下供应商、制造商以及供应链的利润:1)2个制造商共享成本信息;2)一方共享、另一方不共享成本信息;3)两者都不共享成本信息。最后讨论了如何进行利益补偿以促进供应链成员之间的信息共享。     

不确定需求下企业供应商数量优化问题研究

在不确定需求的条件下,从制造商采购总成本出发,建立了一个供应商数量优化模型。该模型综合分析了影响制造商采购成本的3大部分,即原材料成本、交易成本、供应商发生风险导致的缺货损失,并详细分析了各部分对供应商数量的影响。通过算例,分析了制造商变动交易成本、供应商发生个体风险的概率、制造商由于供应商发生个体风险产生的单位缺货损失以及制造商采购需求变化标准差大小对选择供应商数量的影响,为制造商进行供应商数量选择提供了建议。     

基于CVaR准则的供应链协同绿色创新动态优化与协调研究北大核心CSSCI

考虑消费者绿色偏好具有不确定性、产品绿色水平具有动态变化特征的情形,基于CVaR风险度量准则,构建了供应链协同绿色创新的动态优化模型。利用反馈求解法得到不同决策模式下风险规避制造商与风险规避供应商的最优均衡策略,探讨了成员风险规避水平对最优绿色创新策略及供应链绩效的影响。最后,提出双向成本分担契约对供应链进行协调。研究发现：相较于主从博弈,合作博弈下的产品绿色水平及供应链整体绩效水平均有所提高;制造商风险规避行为不利于发展绿色低碳经济,而供应商适度地规避风险可提高供应链整体运作效率;在满足一定条件时,双向成本分担契约的设计与实施能够有效提升产品绿色水平及制造商、供应商和供应链整体的绩效水平。     

Horizontal cooperation and information sharing between suppliers in the manufacturer–supplier triad

In this paper, we analyse a collusion and information-sharing problem between two suppliers in a manufacturer–supplier triad. The manufacturer treats one supplier as a strategic supplier and the other as a backup. While the strategic supplier offers modules of good quality but longer lead times, the backup supplier offers modules with inferior quality but shorter lead times. If there are urgent orders, the manufacturer must turn to the backup supplier. However, it is difficult for the manufacturer to estimate whether the urgent supplier has put extra effort into their production. We formulate this problem by assuming that the urgent supplier has either low or high production costs. To take advantage of the competition between two suppliers, the manufacturer can design a contract menu that defines total payment and lead times, under which both suppliers may be worse off. Meanwhile, it is possible for the suppliers to tacitly form a coalition, and to even share the private cost information. We study this problem by formulating it as a three-stage game. Furthermore, we investigate the variation of profits for each part of the supply chain. We find that the manufacturer is worse off when suppliers cooperate or share private information. Both suppliers, however, can benefit from cooperation and information sharing.     

中国造船工业供应商评价指标体系与管理体制构建

对于中国造船企业，构建完整的供应商管理体系是其从分散型采购体系向一体化采购体系整合的关键步骤之一。本文主要针对中国造船工业供应商管理的特点以及所存在的不足，将质量、交付能力、价格、服务能力和持续改进这5个定量评价指标与供货商关系指标和供货商管理能力指标这2个定性评价指标相结合，运用AHP法，构建了造船行业的供应商评价指标体系，并依据这一指标体系，构建了与造船行业集中化采购体系相适应的供应商管理体制。     

The implication of vendor inventory liability period in a decentralised assembly system

This paper investigates a decentralised assembly system that consists of one manufacturer and multiple suppliers who produce the complementary components. In a single selling season, the manufacturer initially sets a vendor inventory liability period (VILP) to control the suppliers’ delivery times, and the suppliers simultaneously determine when to deliver their components. Given the firms’ equilibrium strategies, we find that it is not wise for the manufacturer to set an overly long VILP, since having no inventory is not always beneficial to the manufacturer. A supplier may choose to postpone his delivery when the length of the VILP increases or the other suppliers’ deliveries are delayed, and either of these conditions is detrimental to the supplier’s profitability. We also examine the impact of VILP under different situations and find that having VILPs customised for different suppliers can reduce the manufacturer’s cost as well as improve the supply chain’s overall efficiency.     

Mitigating supply disruption with a backup supplier under uncertain demand: competition vs. cooperation

In case of supply disruption following major disasters, many supply chains tend to break down due to stock-outs and take a long time to recover. However, by keeping emergency sources of supply, some supply chains continue to function smoothly even after a major disaster. In this work, using a game-theoretic-framework, we consider a two-suppliers-one-retailer supply chain with price-dependent stochastic demand in which suppliers are prone to disruption. To investigate the impact of supply disruption we consider two models: SC model, in which the retailer does not maintain any emergency sources of supply against any supply disruption, and SCB model, in which the retailer maintains a backup supplier to mitigate the impact of supply disruption. We mainly focus on the pricing strategies of the suppliers and the mitigating strategies of the retailer under supply and demand uncertainty. We address two coordinating mechanisms to enhance supply chain performance. Our results indicate that in the presence of supply disruption, even with lower probabilities, the retailer would always prefer to take the advantage of a backup supplier and the optimal reserve quantity increases with disruption probabilities. We further investigate the scenario in which the suppliers would always prefer to cooperate with each other.     

Comparing the lens displacement profile data by using the sequential approach for selecting alternative suppliers

The lens module is a critical part of the camera module. The quality of the lens module significantly influences the auto-focus and image stability functions of the camera module. A new approach that uses sequential tests is proposed to select the alternative suppliers that provide the qualified parts as the current supplier under the linear profile data. Having several qualified alternative suppliers can reduce the dependency on one supplier, improve bargaining power, and reduce capacity risk. The lens displacement that has a linear relationship with current is the quality characteristic for evaluating the lens module suppliers. To select the qualified alternative suppliers, the proposed sequential approach tests the profile difference between the current supplier and the investigated suppliers. The simulation results show that the power of the sequential approach is higher than the simultaneous confidence bands method in differentiating profiles. Last, the proposed approach is effectively applied to select the qualified alternative lens module suppliers for the camera module manufacturer. Procuring the lens module from the selected suppliers can maintain production quality and flexibility for the camera module manufacturer in practice.     

Study on suppliers’ flexibility in supply chains: is real-time control necessary?

In a supply chain, the suppliers’ flexibility is considered as a tool to cope with the environmental uncertainties. Flexible suppliers are capable of supplying/processing other jobs in addition to the one for which they are the original supplier. In a cluster of flexible suppliers, it is expected that flexibility of suppliers be utilized more expressively through better control of the supply chain. The online real-time information system is considered as one of the tools for effective control of the supply chain. However, in a cluster of flexible suppliers, the physical and operating characteristics of alternative suppliers (available by virtue of suppliers’ flexibility) may vary from each other for doing the same operation, which may result in a different lead-time to process the same job. This paper presents a simulation study on suppliers’ flexibility level (SFL) in relation to information system automation level of the supply chain and physical characteristics of the flexible suppliers. This paper contributes an approach for decision-makers to identify the information system automation level and variations in physical characteristics of the alternative suppliers with respect to suppliers’ flexibility level that can help in improving the overall delivery lead-time. A decision-maker can reach a trade-off between benefits obtained from supplier's flexibility and the investment required to have a suitable information system automation level and physical characteristics of suppliers. Results of simulation study show that if automation level of information system is not matching to the suppliers’ flexibility level then supplier's flexibility may become counterproductive. Further, a relative change in physical characteristics of the alternative flexible suppliers as compared to the original supplier is more than a certain limit then suppliers’ flexibility may again be counterproductive. However, a cost intensive real-time information system may not be needed when suppliers’ flexibility levels are lower. Study identifies the productive and counterproductive performance regions for suppliers’ delivery lead-time.     

Supplier selection problem revisited from the perspective of product configuration

Collaboration with suppliers is essential for developing and producing a competitive product and it begins with selecting the right suppliers. This article addresses the supplier selection problem from the perspective of product configuration. We discuss first how the conventional decision models of supplier selection should be extended, considering the fact that supplier configuration requires supplier selection for each subsystem of a product. We then highlight the need to consider interrelationships between suppliers, namely, supplier–supplier relationships during the selection process of the combination of suppliers. Finally, we introduce the supplier configuration graph in order to provide a clear picture of the problem. Discussions are provided along with an example of a smartphone configuration.     

Supplier Selection Fuzzy Model in Supply Chain Management: Vietnamese Cafe Industry Case

Supplier selection is a vital part of the supply chain and is also a current issue that concerns businesses today as supplier quality directly affects the operations of the organization. Choosing the right supplier can help businesses increase productivity, competitiveness in the market, and profits without having to lower the quality of the products. However, choosing a supplier is not a simple matter, it requires businesses to consider many aspects about their suppliers. Therefore, the goal of this study is to propose an integrated model consisting of two models: Fuzzy Analytics Network Process (Fuzzy-ANP) model and Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) to solve the problem above. The Fuzzy-ANP model was developed to evaluate the weightings of the supplier selection criteria, and the WASPAS Model was used to rank the suppliers. An example of supplier selection in the coffee industry in Vietnam was studied to validate the model, namely 5 main criteria, with 16 sub-criteria, and 7 suppliers. The model test results show that the Fuzzy ANP and WASPAS integration model was suitable. In future, these developing models can apply to other industries or integrate with other models.     

Inventory decision-making models for a closed-loop supply chain system

In this paper, we investigate how buyers’ and suppliers’ distinct perceptions of technology uncertainty affect the relationship between communication frequency and supplier performance. Information processing theory suggests that a fit is desirable between perceived environmental uncertainty and the communication processes between organisations. However, if partners in a buyer-supplier relationship do not concur on the high level of technology uncertainty, it is highly questionable whether increased communication will be effective in increasing supplier performance. Using dyadic data from 86 buyer-supplier relationships, involving 388 respondents, we found that communication frequency was positively related to supplier performance only when both suppliers and buyers perceived high levels of technology uncertainty. When buyers perceived greater technology uncertainty than their suppliers, communication frequency was negatively related to supplier performance. The findings in this study show that it is important to take the distinct perceptions of buyers and suppliers of technology uncertainty into account when assessing the effects of communication frequency. It appears that increased communication is only effective when both parties acknowledge the need to communicate, and can be unfavourable when only one party sees the benefits of it.     

A supplier performance evaluation framework using single and bi-objective DEA efficiency modelling approach: individual and cross-efficiency perspective

In view of complexities associated with supplier performance evaluation based on traditional business criterions (such as costs, quality levels, and delivery timelines) and emerging criterions (such as those related to environmental sustainability), we in this research evolve two different supplier efficiency measurement models that unify such criterions possessing characteristics of both desirable and undesirable outputs. The first model is a single-objective DEA efficiency assessment model wherein both types of outputs are integrated into a single composite efficiency measure. Using data from suppliers of Hyundai Steel Company, we determine composite efficiencies of each of these suppliers thus ranking them in terms of an overall efficiency score that would be useful as far as the first-cut supplier discrimination is concerned. However, due to the relative inability of evolved single-objective efficiency model to perform trade-offs amongst desirable and undesirable outputs and, owing to unidimensionality aspects, we evolve a goal programming based bi-objective efficiency model wherein trade-offs can be performed between both conventional and emerging dimensions criterions leading to different supplier evaluations for varied scenarios. We also integrate our evolved models with the cross-efficiency view of efficiency determination in order to enable the decision-makers to achieve peer-to-peer evaluation and maximum discrimination amongst suppliers.