Gluten-free cakes with walnut flour: a technological,sensory, and microstructural approach

Walnut flour (WF), a by-product of walnut oil production, is characterised by high polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, and fibre contents and presents suitability for bakery products. However, when using non-traditional ingredients, it is essential to evaluate the effect on the quality properties of the final product. So, this work aimed to assess the impact of WF on the technological, physicochemical, and sensory properties of gluten-free (GF) cakes. WF was added at a flour blend (cassava (CS) and maize (MS) starches and rice flour) at 0, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The results showed that WF modified starch gelatinisation, increased amylose–lipid complex (ALC) content, and made crumbs easier to chew. Besides, the total dietary fibre (TDF) and protein content significantly increased. Cakes with 15% WF presented the highest specific volume (SV) and no differences in overall acceptability with respect to control. Hence, WF is a suitable ingredient for gluten-free bakery products.     

Effect of rice bran fibre on the quality of rice pasta

This study investigated the effects of rice bran fibre (RBF) on the properties of rice pasta by extrusion processing. As the level of RBF increased, the content of total dietary fibre (TDF), insoluble dietary fibre (IDF) and soluble dietary fibre (SDF) increased, respectively. The difference in the content of ΔIDF between before and after extrusion decreased from 1.01% to 0.69% and that of ΔSDF decreased from 1.06% to 0.55%. Depending on the increasing level of RBF, the water absorption index decreased and water solubility index increased, respectively. The crystallinity of newly formed crystals decreased from 21.43% to 18.66% as the level of RBF increased. Adding RBF darkened the colour of rice pasta and reduced its hardness and chewiness. The cooking loss (CL) increased significantly compared with the control (0% RBF). The results indicate that rice pasta with extra RBF (up to 15%) can provide an acceptable quality product with a satisfactory colour and CL.     

柚皮膳食纤维对去势雌性大鼠肠道发酵的影响

研究柚皮中提取的膳食纤维对去势雌性大鼠肠道发酵的影响。将40只SD成年雌鼠随机分为5组,4组大鼠做双侧卵巢切除手术,一周后分为空白组、柚皮原料组、柚皮可溶性膳食纤维组和柚皮不溶性膳食纤维组;用伪切除同龄大鼠作对照(Sham组)。喂养4周后解剖,测定各组体重、盲肠组织重量、盲肠内容物中游离氨、短链脂肪酸以及微生物的数量等指标。结果显示,饲料中添加柚皮原料、柚皮可溶性膳食纤维和柚皮不溶性膳食纤维均能显著增加去势雌性大鼠短链脂肪酸含量和盲肠面积(p<0.05)、降低盲肠内容物pH和游离氨的含量以及增加肠道内有益菌的数量并抑制有害菌生长。柚皮膳食纤维能够明显促进去势雌性大鼠肠道发酵作用,改善肠道环境。      

水分含量对鲜湿米粉品质影响

研究不同水分含量对鲜湿米粉成品感官品质,蒸煮特性方面影响;并研究水分含量对鲜湿米粉储藏期内感官品质、微生物指标、蒸煮特性(蒸煮损失率和熟断条率)和酸度影响。结果表明,水分含量为65%鲜湿米粉成品感官评分最高;在储藏期内,随水分含量增加,鲜湿米粉感官品质变劣速度、微生物指标超标、蒸煮损失率和熟断条率及酸度增加也越快。经综合考虑,选鲜湿米粉最宜水分含量为65%。     

Influence of wheat flour substitution with potato pulp on dough rheology,microstructure and noodle quality

The effects of potato pulp (0–40%) on dough rheology and microstructures, as well as noodle quality, were investigated in this study. Substitution of wheat flour with potato pulp led to a decrease in β-sheet content, an increase in α-helix and unordered content for protein in dough, as well as a drop of the storage and loss modulus, which was mainly caused by the weakening of dough gluten strength. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the gluten–starch network could no longer to be observed for the formulated dough containing 30–40% potato pulp. Structural damage of dough induced the increases in optimal cooking time, cooking loss and adhesiveness, and a decrease in cohesiveness of cooked noodles. However, the samples with 20% potato pulp addition showed higher values in water absorption, hardness, springiness and chewiness, indicating that noodles with potato pulp content below 20% were acceptable.     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对挤压糙米粉面团蛋白特性和面条品质的影响

将挤压糙米粉(EBR)与小麦粉以1∶1(m/m)的比例混合制成面条,研究了谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TG)添加量(0.5%、1.0%和1.5%)对面条性质的影响。结果表明,TG添加后,面条中游离巯基含量减少,SDS-PAGE条带显示面条中形成了大分子质量的聚集体。随着TG的添加,面条最佳蒸煮时间增加,干物质损失率降低,吸水率升高。添加量为1.0%时,面条最佳蒸煮时间和吸水率达到最大值,蒸煮损失率达到最小值。TG添加量为0.5%时,面条的硬度、耐咀性、回复性和剪切力最大。扫描电镜结果显示,TG的添加明显增强了面条内部结构的连接与聚合,面条内部变得更加紧实,连续性增强。TG添加量为0.5%~1.0%时,挤压糙米粉面条质构品质和蒸煮品质较好。     

马铃薯-籼米粉特性及其挤压成型品质

为推进马铃薯主食化研究,将马铃薯全粉和籼米粉混合并通过螺杆挤压技术制备米粉。研究添加马铃薯全粉对籼米粉糊化、流变、凝胶质构、微观结构以及对米粉蒸煮、质构和色差等品质的影响。结果表明,与纯籼米粉相比,马铃薯全粉增加,混合粉糊化后的糊化特征参数、弹性模量、黏性模量、凝胶强度均降低,凝胶流动性更好,呈现较少、均匀程度相同的孔状结构,且连接较紧密。米粉的蒸煮时间、透射比亦降低,而吐浆值和断条率升高。米粉质构特征值呈降低趋势,与凝胶质构变化一致。添加20%马铃薯全粉能使米粉亮度值L显著减小,红值a显著增大;30%马铃薯全粉能使黄值b显著增大。综合各项指标,马铃薯全粉添加量在30%以内,米粉仍具有可接受的品质。     

干法、半干法和湿法磨粉工艺制备的糙米米线品质研究

采用干法、半干法和湿法3种方式将糙米磨粉制备糙米米线,干法粉碎强度10～40 Hz,半干法调节含水量为20%～35%及湿法料液比为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3、1∶4,研究了3种磨粉方式对糙米米线蒸煮品质和质构性质的影响,并分析了糙米磨粉颗粒细度及损伤淀粉含量与糙米米线蒸煮品质的相关性。结果表明,磨粉方式及磨粉工艺条件显著影响糙米米线的蒸煮、质构和感官品质,糙米磨粉颗粒细度与糙米米线最佳蒸煮时间显著正相关,与糙米米线断条率显著负相关。糙米磨粉损伤淀粉含量与糙米米线最佳蒸煮时间、硬度显著负相关,损伤淀粉含量与糙米米线断条率显著正相关。干法粉碎强度10、半干法水分调节含量20%、30%和35%、湿法粉碎料液比1∶3～1∶4时,糙米米线的品质较好。     

添加淀粉对马铃薯米粉品质的影响

研究3种常用淀粉对马铃薯米粉品质的影响,为马铃薯米粉加工提供参考依据。分别将0%、5%、10%、15%、20%和25%的玉米、小麦和马铃薯淀粉添加到马铃薯全粉占比30%的米粉中,测定米粉蒸煮、色差、质构和拉伸性能指标的变化。结果:添加不同淀粉使得米粉的含水量显著减小(p<0.05);玉米、小麦以及5%~20%马铃薯淀粉可使米粉透射比显著增大(p<0.05);10%玉米淀粉能使碘蓝值显著增大(p<0.05);添加10%玉米、5%小麦以及5%~20%马铃薯淀粉,能使吐浆值显著减小(p<0.05);但3种淀粉对断条率影响均不显著。添加10%玉米、10%小麦和5%马铃薯淀粉能使米粉亮度L^*显著减小(p<0.05),色度值a^*和b^*亦发生不同改变。5%~15%玉米淀粉可有效改善米粉硬度、峰值负载,但添加量达到20%时峰值负载形变量显著减小(p<0.05);小麦淀粉可改善弹性,添加10%~15%可有效改善硬度,15%和20%可改善峰值负载和咀嚼性;马铃薯淀粉可提高米粉硬度,但添加量达20%时米粉变得黏连。在实际生产中建议玉米和小麦淀粉添加量分别为5%和10%。     

鲜湿留胚米米粉食用及营养品质研究

为考察留胚米对鲜湿米粉食用及营养品质的影响,该研究使用留胚米制备米粉,分析了米粉的微观结构、质构特性、蒸煮特性、消化特性及矿物元素和总酚含量。结果表明：留胚米米粉内部气孔孔径小且均匀分布,外表面致密光滑,具有与精米米粉相似的质构和蒸煮特性,表明留胚米可用于加工鲜湿米粉;留胚米的蛋白质、脂质和总膳食纤维含量较精米分别显著增加了6.4%、168%和47.5%（P<0.05）,其米粉的血糖生成指数（GI值）由精米米粉的87.29显著降低至84.41,矿物元素镁、磷、钾、锰和铁的含量分别显著增加了105.9%、46.0%、27.1%、32.0%和60.2%,总酚含量显著增加了8.2%,具有更高的营养价值。因此,留胚米能够制得与精米米粉具有相似食用品质的鲜湿米粉,同时提高了米粉的营养品质。     

大豆分离蛋白对湿米粉储藏品质的影响

以湿米粉储藏过程中硬度、蒸煮损失和断条率的变化为指标,研究大豆分离蛋白对湿米粉品质的影响。结果表明,大豆分离蛋白会导致湿米粉硬度的升高,但在储藏过程中添加大豆分离蛋白的湿米粉硬度低于未添加大豆分离蛋白的湿米粉,这表明大豆分离蛋白可显著改善湿米粉在储藏过程中的硬度升高现象;当大豆分离蛋白添加量低于4%时,湿米粉的蒸煮损失和断条率均随大豆分离蛋白添加量的增加而下降;但大豆分离蛋白添加量达6%时,湿米粉的蒸煮损失和断条率上升。结果表明适量的大豆分离蛋白可改善湿米粉的食用品质,但大豆分离蛋白添加量不是越多越好。差示热量扫描和微观结构分析发现大豆分离蛋白可抑制湿米粉中淀粉的回生,赋予米粉蜂窝状多孔结构,有利于米粉在储藏过程中保持水分不发生迁移从而提高湿米粉品质。     

Chemical composition and physical properties of modified dietary fibre sources

The influence of thermal treatments on the chemical composition and the physical properties of yellow pea hulls, apple pomace and depectinised apple pomace were determined. The chemical composition of yellow pea hulls and apple pomace was altered only slightly. With depectinised apple pomace, however, the heat treatments led to a significant loss of the total dietary fibre (TDF) content. Water uptake, water binding capacity, rheological behaviour in the farinograph and oil absorption were determined before and after boiling, autoclaving and extrusion cooking. The physical properties of all samples were considerably affected by the thermal modifications. Whilst in cooked dietary fibre samples the water uptake, the water binding capacity and the oil absorption was always enhanced, the influence of autoclaving and extrusion cooking on the physical properties depended very much on the dietary fibre source. Yellow pea hulls showed unchanged or slightly increased values, while the results for the two apple pomace preparations were lower compared with the untreated samples. The differences in the farinogramsiwere less obvious since the dietary fibre content in the dough mixtures was only in the range of 10–20%.     

沙米粉对大米粉及其粉条品质的影响

为提高沙米的利用价值和大米粉条的食用品质,将沙米粉（0%、5%、15%、25%、35%、45%）应用于传统大米粉条的制作,系统考察沙米粉对大米粉糊化特性、流变学特性和热特性,以及对大米粉条坚实度、蒸煮品质和消化性等的影响。结果表明,添加质量分数为25%及以上沙米粉可显著（P＜0.05）提高混合粉中蛋白质、脂肪和纤维素的含量,质量分数为35%及以上沙米粉可显著（P＜0.05）降低混合粉中碳水化合物含量;沙米粉添加量≥15%时,随着沙米粉比例的增加,混合粉糊化峰值黏度显著（P＜0.05）降低,所得粉条的蒸煮损失显著（P＜0.05）升高,抗性淀粉含量显著（P＜0.05）增大;凝胶黏弹性随着沙米粉添加量的增加不断增大;添加超过25%沙米粉降低了粉条截面紧密度和表面平整度;添加不超过15%沙米粉的粉条感官综合评分高于纯大米粉条。因此,沙米粉可以用于新型大米粉条的制作。     

Effect of pre-gelatinised high-amylose maize starch combined with Ca2+ -induced setting of alginate on the physicochemical and sensory properties of rice flour noodles

This study explored the effect of pre-gelatinised high-amylose maize starch combined with Ca²⁺ -induced setting of alginate on the physicochemical and sensory properties of rice flour noodles. Rice flour noodles were prepared by partially substituting rice flour with pre-gelatinised high-amylose maize starch in ratios of 5, 10 and 15% (wt/wt), combined with sodium alginate at 1% (wt/wt). The noodles were then immersed in a calcium chloride solution to set the alginate. Results indicated that the hydrocolloids significantly (P < 0.05) increased noodle tensile strength, hardness, water absorption and optimum cooking time while cooking loss was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced. SEM micrographs showed a denser, compact noodle structure with an increase in the matrix's continuity as a result of hydrocolloids addition. Formulated noodles also scored above average (5.91) sensory acceptability on the 7 points hedonic scale. Overall, results proved promising for the preparation of rice flour noodles with enhanced properties.     

挤压膨化小扁豆粉对面团特性及面条品质的影响

将质量分数0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%和100%的挤压膨化小扁豆粉添加到小麦粉中,研究了挤压膨化小扁豆粉对面团特性及面条品质的影响。结果表明,随着挤压膨化小扁豆粉添加量的增大,混合粉中蛋白质和灰分含量增大,水分和脂肪含量减小。混合粉面团形成时间和稳定时间显著减小,弱化度增大。当挤压膨化小扁豆粉添加量超过10%后,淀粉的糊化热稳定性和蒸煮稳定性均变差,淀粉酶解速率增大。挤压膨化小扁豆粉添加量10%～15%组面团黏弹性与对照面团最为接近,且在该范围添加量下,面条硬度和咀嚼性大小适宜,弹性良好。添加量0%～15%时挤压膨化扁豆粉的添加不影响面条的断条率和蒸煮损失率,综合考虑,推荐面条中挤压膨化小扁豆粉的添加量为10%。     

不同含水量面条蒸煮品质差异机制研究

为了了解不同含水量的面条蒸煮时间差异和煮后面条的口感不同的内在机制,本实验以相同面粉为原料,制作了四种含水量的面条,与半干面（29.3%、25.1%水分）、干面（13.8%水分）相比,鲜面（32.6%水分）的最佳蒸煮时间较短（是干面的26%）,吸水率较低且蒸煮损失小（7.91%）,煮后面条内部面筋蛋白网络结构致密、孔隙度小且连续性好,弹性和咀嚼性较好,感官评价得分最高,其次为半干面、干面。四种面条的水分组成在煮之前内部仅有较低比例的自由水（T23）,主要以结合水（T21、T22）为主,其来自和面过程中加入的水分;蒸煮中从外部吸收水分;煮后面条水分组成均以自由水（T23）为主,结合水（T21、T22）比例减小,而鲜面（32.6%水分）内部还保留一大部分弱结合水（T22）,其来自和面过程中加入的水分;随着面条自身水分含量减少,面筋网络结构致密度降低,质构和口感降低。因为蒸煮过程中从锅中吸收水分量大、煮面时间长、蒸煮损失大,干面的蒸煮品质比生鲜面差。     

天然马铃薯、木薯和玉米淀粉添加对发酵挂面品质的影响

为解决市售发酵挂面存在爽滑性差、粘弹性差、蒸煮时间长的问题,本文以单因素实验的方法,研究了马铃薯淀粉、木薯淀粉和玉米淀粉对发酵挂面蒸煮特性、质构特性以及感官评价的影响.结果表明:添加天然薯类和谷物淀粉均可以改善发酵挂面的蒸煮及质构品质,提高感官评价得分,尤其能够缩短最佳蒸煮时间,同时结合质构和感官实验数据分析,添加10...     

Mexican lime peel: Comparative study on contents of dietary fibre and associated antioxidant activity

High dietary fibre (DF) powders from Persian and Mexican lime peels were prepared and their dietary fibre composition and antioxidant capacities determined. The total dietary fibre (TDF) contents of both varieties were high; 70.4% and 66.7%, respectively. Both lime peel varieties had an appropriate ratio of soluble/insoluble fractions. The water-holding capacities (WHC) of DF concentrates are high (6.96–12.8 g/g). The WHC was related to the soluble dietary fibre (SDF) which was higher in the DF concentrate of Mexican lime. As part of this analysis, the antioxidant activity (AA) of total extractable polyphenols (TEP) was studied, using three methods: azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) ABTS radical-scavenging activity, α,α-diphenyl–picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene-linoleic acid antioxidant assay. DF concentrates of Persian lime peel had greater polyphenol contents than those of Mexican lime peel. The polyphenols associated with the DF in both lime peel varieties showed a good AA. From a nutritional standpoint, DF lime concentrates may be suitable as food additives.     

鲜湿米粉品质改良研究

鲜湿米粉是我国南方的传统米制主食,属于高含水量产品,在实际加工过程中,品质较难保证。选择以马铃薯变性淀粉、焦磷酸钠、卵磷脂、海藻酸钠作为鲜湿米粉加工中的品质改良剂,以鲜湿米粉蒸煮损失率及感官评价为指标,比较上述4种品质改良剂不同添加量对鲜湿米粉的品质影响。以此为基础设计正交实验,发现在添加马铃薯变性淀粉5%(干物质质量分数,下同)、焦磷酸钠0.4%、卵磷脂0.4%、海藻酸钠0.3%时,鲜湿米粉蒸煮损失率为1.3%,感官评分为91.4分,在同等条件下达到最佳。然后,以断条率、蒸煮损失率、透色比、糊化度为指标,未添加品质改良剂的鲜湿米粉为对比样,以单因素实验中最适添加量添加品质改良剂制作鲜湿米粉、正交实验中最佳复合添加量添加品质改良剂制作鲜湿米粉,进行对比实验。以最佳添加量添加复合品质改良剂制作的鲜湿米粉断条率降低到1.7%,蒸煮损失率降低到1.3%,透射比提高到0.836,糊化度提升到92.1%,在对比实验中品质改良效果最佳。