Robust Collaborative Optimization Method Based on Dual-response Surface

A novel method for robust collaborative design of complex products based on dual-response surface (DRS-RCO) is proposed to solve multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) problems under uncertainty. Collaborative optimization (CO) which decomposes the whole system into a double-level nonlinear optimization problem is widely Accepted as an efficient method to solve MDO problems. In order to improve the quality of complex product in design process, robust collaborative optimization (RCO) is developed to solve those problems under uncertain conditions. RCO does opfmiTation on the linear sum of mean and standard deviation of objective function and gets an optimal solution with high robustnmess. Response surfaces method is an important way to do approximation in robust design. DRS-RCO is an improved RCO method in which dual-response surface replaces system uncertainty analysis module of CO. The dual-response surface is the approximate model of mean and standard deviation of objective function respectively. In DRS-RCO, All the information of subsystems is included in dual-response surfaces. As an additional item, the standard deviation of objective function is added to the subsystem optimization. This item guarantee both the mean and standard deviation of this subsystem is reaching the minima at the same time. Finally, a test problem with two coupled subsystems is conducted to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of DRS-RCO.     

Effects of flank deviation on load distributions for helical gear

Flank deviation is one of the important factors that greatly affect helical gear strength. A qualitative analysis is performed using finite element method (FEM) for the effects of flank deviation on load distributions for helical gear based on ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328-1 (standard for cylindrical gears — ISO System of Accuracy — Part 1: Definitions and Allowable Values of Deviations Relevant to Corresponding Flanks of Gear Teeth). To analyze the effects of flank deviation, tooth contact analysis (TCA) is developed and load distributions of helical gears with flank deviation are presented. Load distributions in contact lines are derived and compared to each other under grade 5 and 7 after taking five types of flank deviation, including single pitch deviation, profile form deviation, profile slope deviation and helix form deviation as well as helix slope deviation, into account. It is found that the effects of individual flank deviation on load distribution have the superposition property. Flank crowning and tip relief corrections must be carefully regarded in the design process because of the effects of flank deviation on load distributions.     

Establishing a Demerit Count Reference Standard for the Classification and Grading of Leather Hides

Leather hide, as a natural material, may have many types of undesirable surface defects. No analytical method has been devised for classifying and grading wet blue hide surface defects. A high return rate and disputes between the customer and manufacturing company usually cause additional costs. This paper proposes a semi-automatic machine vision method to measure the unusable surface defect areas in wet blue hides and a clear reference standard for the demerit count for graders to classify and grade wet blue hides. A statistical comparative evaluation of the grade deviation rate and a practical demerit count method for tannery performance are given to show the usefulness of the proposed approach. a clear evaluation standard for leather surface quality usually causes much argument between the tanneries and the leather.       

Robust optimization of the billet for isothermal local loading transitional region of a Ti-alloy rib-web component based on dual-response surface method

Billet optimization can greatly improve the forming quality of the transitional region in the isothermal local loading forming (ILLF) of large-scale Ti-alloy rib-web components. However, the final quality of the transitional region may be deteriorated by uncontrollable factors, such as the manufacturing tolerance of the preforming billet, fluctuation of the stroke length, and friction factor. Thus, a dual-response surface method (RSM)-based robust optimization of the billet was proposed to address the uncontrollable factors in transitional region of the ILLF. Given that the die underfilling and folding defect are two key factors that influence the forming quality of the transitional region, minimizing the mean and standard deviation of the die underfilling rate and avoiding folding defect were defined as the objective function and constraint condition in robust optimization. Then, the cross array design was constructed, a dual-RSM model was established for the mean and standard deviation of the die underfilling rate by considering the size parameters of the billet and uncontrollable factors. Subsequently, an optimum solution was derived to achieve the robust optimization of the billet. A case study on robust optimization was conducted. Good results were attained for improving the die filling and avoiding folding defect, suggesting that the robust optimization of the billet in the transitional region of the ILLF was efficient and reliable.     

Assessment of surface roughness based on super resolution reconstruction algorithm

In this work, an attempt has been made to use a super resolution image processing algorithm for preprocessing the images over and above existing image quality enhancement techniques. The improved quality images processed using a machine vision system have been used to assess the quality of the surfaces. To ensure the validity of the approach the roughness values quantified using these images are then compared with widely accepted standard mechanical stylus instrument values. Quantification of digital images for surface roughness is performed using two Fourier transform parameters (major peak frequency and principal component magnitude squared value) and the standard deviation of gray level intensity values. Then the group method of data handling (GMDH) technique was used to obtain an analytical relationship of the roughness parameters calculated using the digital surface image and the stylus instrument values. We present in this paper an analysis based on the comparison to make sure that the present approach of estimation of surface finish based on the digital processed image could be implemented in practice.     

Nanometer profile measurement of large aspheric optical surface by scanning deflectometry with rotatable devices: Uncertainty propagation analysis and experiments

High-accuracy mirrors and lenses with large dimensions are widely used in huge telescopes and other industrial fields. Interferometers are widely used to measure near flat surfaces and spherical optical surfaces because of their high accuracy and high efficiency. Scanning deflectometry is also used for measuring optical near flat surfaces with sub-nanometer uncertainty. However, for measuring an aspheric surface with a large departure from a perfect spherical surface, both of these methods are difficult to use. The key problem for scanning deflectometry is that high-accuracy autocollimators usually have a limited measuring range less than 1000″, so it cannot be used for measuring surfaces having a large slope. We have proposed a new method for measuring large aspheric surfaces with large slopes based on a scanning deflectometry method in which rotatable devices are used to enlarge the measuring range of the autocollimator. We also proposed a method to connect the angle data which is cut by the rotation of the rotatable devices. An analysis of uncertainty propagation in our proposed method was done. The result showed that when measuring a large aspheric surface with a diameter over 300 mm and a slope of 10 arc-deg, the uncertainty was less than 10 nm. For the verification of our proposed method, experimental devices were set up. A spherical optical mirror with a diameter of 35 mm and curvature radius of 5000 mm was measured. The measuring range of the autocollimator was successfully enlarged by our proposed method. Experimental results showed that the average standard deviation of 10 times measurement was about 20 nm.     

Quantitative approach to determine the mechanical properties by nanoindentation test: Application on sandblasted materials

A novel method is developed to improve the accuracy in determining the mechanical properties from nanoindentation curves. The key point of this method is the simultaneous statistical treatment of several loading curves to correct the zero point error and identify the material properties considering size effects. The method is applied to four sandblasted aluminum-based specimens with different surface roughness. A linear relationship is obtained between the standard deviation of the initial contact error and the roughness which highlights the effect of the surface roughness on the reproducibility of the indentation curves. Moreover, the smaller standard deviation of the hardness given by the method confirms the importance of considering the initial contact error for an accurate determination of the material properties.     

Installation effects on an ultrasonic flow meter with implications for self diagnostics

A small ultrasonic flow meter for water was exposed to five different test configurations, a reference experiment, a single elbow, a double elbow out of plane, a reduction in pipe diameter and a pulsating flow experiment. All tests were performed in a flow calibration facility ranging over Reynolds number from 25 to 110 000. The experiments with the four installation effects were compared with a reference experiment. The error and the change in standard deviation compared to the reference experiment were calculated. The standard deviation serve as a measure of the noise level of the flow meter. The results show that all disturbances generated errors in the flow measurement. The maximum errors were mainly in the range of 2–4% of flow rate, but at very low flow rates the pulsating flow caused larger errors. In most of the flow range there were no or smaller errors. All installation effects also generated an increase in the noise level. The different pipe configurations increased the standard deviation up to more than 100%. The pulsating flow induced even higher enlargements in the noise level. The errors and the increase in the standard deviation are present in about the same flow ranges. The results demonstrate not only that the installation effects tested introduce errors in the flow measurements but also that these effects can be detected from the noise level in the data. The noise level was determined from the standard deviation. This could be interpreted as that the disturbances amplify the turbulence intensity. Thus the standard deviation can be used as a measure of the turbulence. The presence of a disturbance could be recognised by comparing the magnitude of the noise level in the present data with a reference level valid for the measured flow rate. A procedure like this could possibly be performed by the meter itself in operation.     

车身焊装质量评价方法及其存在的问题

目前常用的轿车车身焊装质量评价方法有CⅡ指数、AUDIT扣分和Pass Rate等三种，它们分别从车身尺寸标准差的波动、车身表面缺陷、车身测点尺寸在公差带范围内的通过率等三个不同的角度来评价车身焊装质量；本文阐述了各评价方法的原理，并结合车身生产过程的质量控制对各评价方法的特点进行分析，指出各车身焊装质量评价方法存在的问题。     

变速器齿轮齿向倾斜偏差配齿设计与实验

为了降低变速器齿轮啮合的偏载及振动噪声,需要减小齿轮啮合时的交错量。齿向倾斜偏差可以转换为齿向修形量,故不同齿向倾斜偏差匹配可以消除齿轮承载啮合交错量。通过仿真设计了啮合齿轮的齿向倾斜误差的函数关系。实测了5对具有不同齿向倾斜偏差的3挡齿轮激发的变速器噪声,并对齿轮的静态传动误差进行了仿真分析。5对齿轮的噪声与静传动误差的变化规律一致,说明齿向配齿可提高变速器的NVH性能。     

Experimental investigation of precision turning of Monel K-500 under dry conditions

In this paper, final surface accuracy in turning the super alloy Monel K-500 is studied. The experiments were conducted on the basis of the design of experiment methodology considering four inputs of tool nose radius, feed rate, depth of cut, and cutting speed, and three outputs of surface roughness, dimensional deviation, and tool wear. The aim of this work is to identify these three phenomena to achieve a desirable machined surface with acceptable finishing and the least deviation from nominal dimensions under different parametric conditions. It was observed that the quality of the machined surface in the direction of the machining length is not constant and, in some trials, the values of Ra increase considerably at the end of the machining length. The results show that cutting speed can improve surface accuracy, in a way that the more the cutting speed, the less the dimensional deviation. Less depth of cut and tool radius affect dimensional deviation as well. Although it has a small effect on dimensional deviation, feed rate plays the most important role in controlling tool wear. Finally, on the basis of Grey relational analysis, a simultaneous optimization is carried out on surface roughness, dimensional deviation, and tool wear values. In order to minimize these responses, optimal parametric conditions are presented. A satisfying correspondence was observed between the predicted results and the confirmation observations.     

基于扫描线的三维激光扫描数据精简算法

在曲面重构中,三维激光扫描线点云数据量过大,不利于计算、存储和曲面重构。通过分析角度偏差法和弦偏差法的工程适用特点,提出了同时基于角度偏差法和弦偏差法的改进型点云数据的直接精简方法,利用Matlab实现了对扫描线点云进行逐线精简。此外,介绍了一种基于二次曲面拟合的数据点曲率估算方法,并以颜色显示点云的曲率分布,计算结果显示了方法的有效性。     

Quantitative CLSM roughness study on early cavitation-erosion damage

Surfaces exposed to cavitation-erosion in four materials (Cu, brass CuZn30, austenitic steel 1.4301 and duplex steel 1.4462) using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) were studied. This technique allows the quantitative evaluation of roughness caused by the plastic deformation of metallic surfaces during the exposition to cavitation-erosion through quantitative parameters, such as average deviation (Ra), standard deviation (Rq), skewness (Rsk) and surface roughness parameter (Rs) (real surface/projected area). The present work revealed a sudden Rs increase in the transition between the incubation stage (IS) and erosion stage (ES), while the skewness showed an evident reduction after the transition in all tested materials. It is concluded that the Rsk and Rs parameters can be employed for the early recognition of the erosion initiation in the four tested materials.     

Field and laboratory emission cell automation and control system for investigating surface chemistry reactions

A novel system [field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) automation and control system] has been developed to deliver ozone to a surface utilizing the FLEC to simulate indoor surface chemistry. Ozone, humidity, and air flow rate to the surface were continuously monitored using an ultraviolet ozone monitor, humidity, and flow sensors. Data from these sensors were used as feedback for system control to maintain predetermined experimental parameters. The system was used to investigate the chemistry of ozone with alpha-terpineol on a vinyl surface over 72 h. Keeping all other experimental parameters the same, volatile organic compound emissions from the vinyl tile with alpha-terpineol were collected from both zero and 100 ppb (parts per 10(9)) ozone exposures. System stability profiles collected from sensor data indicated experimental parameters were maintained to within a few percent of initial settings. Ozone data from eight experiments at 100 ppb (over 339 h) provided a pooled standard deviation of 1.65 ppb and a 95% tolerance of 3.3 ppb. Humidity data from 17 experiments at 50% relative humidity (over 664 h) provided a pooled standard deviation of 1.38% and a 95% tolerance of 2.77%. Data of the flow rate of air flowing through the FLEC from 14 experiments at 300 ml/min (over 548 h) provided a pooled standard deviation of 3.02 ml/min and a 95% tolerance range of 6.03 ml/min. Initial experimental results yielded long term emissions of ozone/alpha-terpineol reaction products, suggesting that surface chemistry could play an important role in indoor environments.     

槽式光伏聚光器能流密度均匀化设计

从理论上推导了常规槽式光伏聚光器能流聚光比的计算模型,分析了该聚光器能流密度极不均匀的原因,探讨了改善聚光器能流密度均匀性的可能性。在此基础上,提出了一种新型聚光器结构形式,即太阳能电池呈V形槽式的抛物槽式聚光器,从理论上推导了新型聚光器结构的能流聚光比计算模型,分析了聚光器参数对能流密度分布的影响。最后通过粒子群优化算法对该新型模型参数进行了优化。计算和优化结果表明,该新型结构的能流聚光比的标准差小于常规聚光器的30%,极大地改善了槽式光伏聚光器能流密度分布。     

元素分析-同位素质谱联用测定微量氮元素同位素方法研究

在保证仪器正常出峰的情况下,缩小元素分析仪氧化管、还原管的管径,优化色谱柱条件,降低载气流速,进而减小载气对进入质谱仪的N2稀释比,降低元素分析-同位素质谱(EA-IRMS)测试固体样品中氮同位素的检出限.结果 表明,优化前元素分析仪载气流速为80 mL/min,大约20 μg氮元素在质谱检测器产生的峰面积约3×10-...     

Surface roughness and the use of a peak to background ratio in the X-ray microanalysis of bio-organic bulk specimens

The use of a net peak intensity and of a peak to background (P/B)-ratio of sulphur and chlorine is examined in the X-ray microanalysis of a 2·4% w/w S bulk standard in Spurr's epoxy resin. In calculating the P/B-ratio, the background intensity is calculated for the same energy region as for the net peak. Analyses were carried out on the flat top of the standard and on the slope running down from the top on the side not facing the X-ray detector. The results obtained for the peak to local background ratios from the top and the slope yielded a relatively small mean deviation (11%) while net peak intensities ultimately were reduced to 7% or less of the initial value for the flat top. This indicated that a peak to local background ratio is to be preferred in the quantitative analysis of bulk specimens which have poorly defined local tilt and takeoff angles. A second advantage is the inherent correction for beam current fluctuations.     

总镉在线监测仪和石墨炉原子吸收测镉比对试验

通过两种不同分析原理的监测分析方法测定地表水中总镉含量比对实验,实验表明利用HSJ-Cd型总镉在线监测仪测定地表水中镉含量具有在线监测快速准确、干扰少、分析成本低、信息反馈迅速等优点;在线自动监测系统监测结果的精密性、准确性较好,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于8.6%,相对误差小于5.7%,回归方程相关系数大于0.999,能够满足环境监测质量的要求,对及时迅速、科学准确掌握地表水环境质量状况,实现环境自动监控具有重要意义。     

克银丸质量控制方法研究

采用高效液相色谱法测定克银丸中梣酮含量,并对原质量标准中的薄层鉴别方法进行适当修改,梣酮含量测定方法的加标回收率为99.16%,RSD为2.03%。所建立的方法稳定可靠,能准确地进行定性、定量检测,可用于克银丸的质量控制。     

SOI压阻传感器的阳极键合结合面检测

由于当前绝缘体上硅(SOI)压阻传感器芯片的封装质量仍依赖人工检测,本文提出了一种自动实现该项检测的视觉检测方法。分析了压阻传感器的工作原理,研究了芯片定位精度和结合面质量对传感器性能的影响。以传感器性能和质量为导向,提出了一种以中心定位偏差和键合面结合度为检测点的封装结合面检测方法。该方法通过对Hough圆检测效果和实际图像的分析完成定位精度的检测;基于对传感器质量影响因素的分析和气泡面积的统计实现结合面质量的检测。在传感器实际制造封装过程中对该视觉检测算法进行了实验验证。结果表明:该方法能识别的结合面上的最小气泡直径为6μm;玻璃内孔半径检测误差约为0.015mm.。本文提出的基于视觉检测的方法基本满足了压阻传感器封装对结合面检测的要求,有助于实现封装质量的自动化检测。