共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
C. He L. D. Knibbs Q. Tran H. Wang R. Laiman B. Wang Y. Gu L. Morawska 《Indoor air》2016,26(4):623-633
Correctional centers (prisons) are one of the few non‐residential indoor environments where smoking is still permitted. However, few studies have investigated indoor air quality (IAQ) in these locations. We quantified the level of inmate and staff exposure to secondhand smoke, including particle number (PN) count, and we assessed the impact of the smoking ban on IAQ. We performed measurements of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and PN concentrations, personal PN exposure levels, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nicotine both before and after a complete indoor smoking ban in an Australian maximum security prison. Results show that the indoor 24‐h average PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 6 (±1) μg/m3 to 17 (±3) μg/m3 pre‐ban. The post‐ban levels ranged from 7 (±2) μg/m3 to 71 (±43) μg/m3. While PM2.5 concentrations decreased in one unit post‐ban, they increased in the other two units. Similar post‐ban increases were also observed in levels of PN and VOCs. We describe an unexpected increase of indoor pollutants following a total indoor smoking ban in a prison that was reflected across multiple pollutants that are markers of smoking. We hypothesise that clandestine post‐ban smoking among inmates may have been the predominant cause. 相似文献
2.
Particle mass and number concentrations were measured in a mechanically ventilated classroom as part of a study of ventilation strategies for energy conservation. The ventilation system was operated either continuously, intermittently, or shut down during nights while it was on during workdays. It appears that the nighttime ventilation scheme is not important for indoor particle concentrations the following day if fans are operated to give five air exchanges in advance of the workday. The highest concentrations of PM10 were found during and after workdays and were due to human activity in the classroom. The average workday PM10 concentration was 14 μg/m3, well below the WHO guideline values. The number concentration of particles with diameter <0.750 μm was typically between 0.5 × 103 and 3.5 × 103 particle/cm3. These concentrations were largely independent of the occupants. Transient formation of small particles was observed when ventilation was shut down. Then remaining ozone reacted with terpenes emitted by indoor sources and gave up to 8 × 103 particle/cm3 before formation stopped due to lack of ozone. The intermittent ventilation regime was found least favorable for the indoor air quality in the classroom. 相似文献
3.
M. Žitnik K. Bučar B. Hiti Ž. Barba Z. Rupnik A. Založnik E. Žitnik L. Rodrìguez I. Mihevc J. Žibert 《Indoor air》2016,26(3):468-477
We report results of analysis of a month‐long measurement of indoor air and environment quality parameters in one gym during sporting activities such as football, basketball, volleyball, badminton, boxing, and fitness. We have determined an average single person's contribution to the increase of temperature, humidity, and dust concentration in the gym air volume of 12500 m3: during 90‐min exercise performed at an average heart rate of 143 ± 10 bpm, a single person evaporated 0.94 kg of water into the air by sweating, contributed 0.03 K to the air temperature rise and added 1.5 μg/m3 and 5 ng/m3 to the indoor concentration of inhalable particles (PM10) and Ca concentration, respectively. As the breathing at the observed exercise intensity was about three times faster with respect to the resting condition and as the exercise‐induced PM10 concentration was about two times larger than outdoors, a sportsman in the gym would receive about a sixfold higher dose of PM10 inside than he/she would have received at rest outside. 相似文献
4.
E. L. Hult H. Willem P. N. Price T. Hotchi M. L. Russell B. C. Singer 《Indoor air》2015,25(5):523-535
Measurements were taken in new US residences to assess the extent to which ventilation and source control can mitigate formaldehyde exposure. Increasing ventilation consistently lowered indoor formaldehyde concentrations. However, at a reference air exchange rate of 0.35 h?1, increasing ventilation was up to 60% less effective than would be predicted if the emission rate were constant. This is consistent with formaldehyde emission rates decreasing as air concentrations increase, as observed in chamber studies. In contrast, measurements suggest acetaldehyde emission was independent of ventilation rate. To evaluate the effectiveness of source control, formaldehyde concentrations were measured in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)‐certified/Indoor airPLUS homes constructed with materials certified to have low emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOC). At a reference air exchange rate of 0.35 h?1, and adjusting for home age, temperature and relative humidity, formaldehyde concentrations in homes built with low‐VOC materials were 42% lower on average than in reference new homes with conventional building materials. Without adjustment, concentrations were 27% lower in the low‐VOC homes. The mean and standard deviation of formaldehyde concentration was 33 μg/m3 and 22 μg/m3 for low‐VOC homes and 45 μg/m3 and 30 μg/m3 for conventional. 相似文献
5.
A mechanistic model was developed to examine how natural ventilation influences residential indoor exposure to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) via inhalation, dermal sorption, and dust ingestion. The effect of ventilation on indoor particle mass concentration and mass transfer at source/sink surfaces, and the enhancing effect of particles on mass transfer at source/sink surfaces are included. When air exchange rate increases from 0.6/h to 1.8/h, the steady‐state SVOC (gas‐phase plus particle phase with log KOA varying from 9 to 13) concentration in the idealized model decreases by about 60%. In contrast, for the same change in ventilation, the simulated indoor formaldehyde (representing volatile organic compounds) gas‐phase concentration decreases by about 70%. The effect of ventilation on exposure via each pathway has a relatively insignificant association with the KOA of the SVOCs: a change of KOA from 109 to 1013 results in a change of only 2–30%. Sensitivity analysis identifies the deposition rate of PM2.5 as a primary factor influencing the relationship between ventilation and exposure for SVOCs with log KOA = 13. The relationship between ventilation rate and air speed near surfaces needs to be further substantiated. 相似文献
6.
The present paper discusses a study which aims to develop a method for choosing and managing in the best possible way heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in new and existing buildings. The method utilises a combination of two analysis’ tools, the multicriteria decision-making and the building simulation towards the direction of a holistic assessment of HVAC systems. In order to evaluate the method, a series of HVAC systems are considered for installing in an office building and the multicriteria method Electre III is applied for their selection. The results show that the proposed model allows the classification of alternative technical solutions concerning the HVAC's design, taking into consideration economic, energy and environmental criteria as well as criteria of users’ satisfaction. Finally, the study also indicates that when applying the sustainability concept in the building sector, and especially in the HVAC systems, this should concern the overall socioeconomic costs. 相似文献
7.
Matias Tagle Ajay Pillarisetti Maria Teresa Hernandez Karin Troncoso Agnes Soares Ricardo Torres Aida Galeano Pedro Oyola John Balmes Kirk R. Smith 《Indoor air》2019,29(2):252-262
In Paraguay, 49% of the population depends on biomass (wood and charcoal) for cooking. Residential biomass burning is a major source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) in and around the household environment. In July 2016, cross‐sectional household air pollution sampling was conducted in 80 households in rural Paraguay. Time‐integrated samples (24 hours) of PM2.5 and continuous CO concentrations were measured in kitchens that used wood, charcoal, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), or electricity to cook. Qualitative and quantitative household‐level variables were captured using questionnaires. The average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m3) was higher in kitchens that burned wood (741.7 ± 546.4) and charcoal (107.0 ± 68.6) than in kitchens where LPG (52.3 ± 18.9) or electricity (52.0 ± 14.8) was used. Likewise, the average CO concentration (ppm) was higher in kitchens that used wood (19.4 ± 12.6) and charcoal (7.6 ± 6.5) than in those that used LPG (0.5 ± 0.6) or electricity (0.4 ± 0.6). Multivariable linear regression was conducted to generate predictive models for indoor PM2.5 and CO concentrations (predicted R2 = 0.837 and 0.822, respectively). This study provides baseline indoor air quality data for Paraguay and presents a multivariate statistical approach that could be used in future research and intervention programs. 相似文献
8.
9.
This study evaluated nine ventilation and filtration systems in an unoccupied 2006 house located 250 m downwind of the I‐80 freeway in Sacramento, California. Systems were evaluated for reducing indoor concentrations of outdoor particles in summer and fall/winter, ozone in summer, and particles from stir‐fry cooking. Air exchange rate was measured continuously. Energy use was estimated for year‐round operation in California. Exhaust ventilation without enhanced filtration provided indoor PM2.5 that was 70% lower than outdoors. Supply ventilation with MERV13 filtration provided slightly less protection, whereas supply MERV16 filtration reduced PM2.5 by 97‐98% relative to outdoors. Supply filtration systems used little energy but provided no benefits for indoor‐generated particles. Systems with MERV13‐16 filter in the recirculating heating and cooling unit (FAU) operating continuously or 20 min/h reduced PM2.5 by 93‐98%. Across all systems, removal percentages were higher for ultrafine particles and lower for black carbon, relative to PM2.5. Indoor ozone was 3‐4% of outdoors for all systems except an electronic air cleaner that produced ozone. Filtration via the FAU or portable filtration units lowered PM2.5 by 25‐75% when operated over the hour following cooking. The energy for year‐round operation of FAU filtration with an efficient blower motor was estimated at 600 kWh/year. 相似文献
10.
N. L. Lam G. Muhwezi F. Isabirye K. Harrison I. Ruiz‐Mercado E. Amukoye T. Mokaya M. Wambua M. N. Bates 《Indoor air》2018,28(2):218-227
Solar lamps are a clean and potentially cost‐effective alternative to polluting kerosene lamps used by millions of families in developing countries. By how much solar lamps actually reduce exposure to pollutants, however, has not been examined. Twenty households using mainly kerosene for lighting were enrolled through a secondary school in Busia County, Kenya. Personal PM2.5 and CO concentrations were measured on a school pupil and an adult in each household, before and after provision of 3 solar lamps. PM2.5 concentrations were measured in main living areas, pupils' bedrooms, and kitchens. Usage sensors measured use of kerosene and solar lighting devices. Ninety percent of baseline kerosene lamp use was displaced at 1‐month follow‐up, corresponding to average PM2.5 reductions of 61% and 79% in main living areas and pupils' bedrooms, respectively. Average 48‐h exposure to PM2.5 fell from 210 to 104 μg/m3 (?50%) among adults, and from 132 to 35 μg/m3 (?73%) among pupils. Solar lamps displaced most kerosene lamp use in at least the short term. If sustained, this could mitigate health impacts of household air pollution in some contexts. Achieving safe levels of exposure for all family members would likely require also addressing use of solid‐fuel stoves. 相似文献
11.
During 13 winter weeks, an experimental archeology project was undertaken in two Danish reconstructed Viking Age houses with indoor open fireplaces. Volunteers inhabited the houses under living conditions similar to those of the Viking Age, including cooking and heating by wood fire. Carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM2.5) were measured at varying distances to the fireplace. Near the fireplaces CO (mean) was 16 ppm. PM2.5 (mean) was 3.40 mg/m3, however, measured in one house only. The CO:PM mass ratio was found to increase from 6.4 to 22 when increasing the distance to the fire. Two persons carried CO sensors. Average personal exposure was 6.9 ppm, and from this, a personal PM2.5 exposure of 0.41 mg/m3 was estimated. The levels found here were higher than reported from modern studies conducted in dwellings using biomass for cooking and heating. While this may be due to the Viking house design, the volunteer's lack of training in attending a fire maybe also played a role. Even so, when comparing to today's issues arising from the use of open fires, it must be assumed that also during the Viking Age, the exposure to woodsmoke was a contributing factor to health problems. 相似文献
12.
Field observation of patron smoking behaviors and multiple sampling approaches were conducted in 79 restaurants and bars in Beijing, 2010, 2 years after implementing the governmental smoking regulations. Smoking was observed in 30 visits to 22 of the 37 nominal non‐smoking venues during peak patronage times and six visits to four of the 14 nominal non‐smoking sections. The median area secondhand smoke (SHS) concentrations during peak patronage time were 27, 15, 43, and 40 μg/m3 in nominal non‐smoking venues, non‐smoking sections, smoking sections, and smoking venues, respectively, as indicated by the difference between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 levels; and 1.4, 0.6, 1.7, and 2.7 μg/m3, respectively, as indicated by airborne nicotine. In the 27 venues with sampling of different approaches and over different time periods, the median nicotine concentration was 1.8 μg/m3 by one‐hour peak patronage‐time sampling, 1.1 μg/m3 by 1‐day active area sampling, 2.5 μg/m3 by 1‐day personal sampling, and 2.3 μg/m3 by week‐long passive sampling. No significant differences in nicotine levels were observed among venues/sections with different nominal smoking policies by all sampling approaches except during peak patronage time. This study showed that the 2008 Beijing governmental smoking restriction has been poorly implemented, and SHS exposures in Beijing restaurants and bars remain high. 相似文献
13.
Much of human exposure to particulate matter of outdoor origin occurs inside buildings, particularly in residences. The particle penetration factor through leaks in a building's exterior enclosure assembly is a key parameter that governs the infiltration of outdoor particles. However, experimental data for size‐resolved particle penetration factors in real buildings, as well as penetration factors for fine particles less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ultrafine particles less than 100 nm (UFPs), remain limited, in part because of previous limitations in instrumentation and experimental methods. Here, we report on the development and application of a modified test method that utilizes portable particle sizing instrumentation to measure size‐resolved infiltration factors and envelope penetration factors for 0.01–2.5 μm particles, which are then used to estimate penetration factors for integral measures of UFPs and PM2.5. Eleven replicate measurements were made in an unoccupied apartment unit in Chicago, IL to evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of the test procedure and solution methods. Mean estimates of size‐resolved penetration factors ranged from 0.41 ± 0.14 to 0.73 ± 0.05 across the range of measured particle sizes, while mean estimates of penetration factors for integral measures of UFPs and PM2.5 were 0.67 ± 0.05 and 0.73 ± 0.05, respectively. Average relative uncertainties for all particle sizes/classes were less than 20%. 相似文献
14.
J. Rosbach E. Krop M. Vonk J. van Ginkel C. Meliefste S. de Wind U. Gehring B. Brunekreef 《Indoor air》2016,26(4):538-545
Inadequate ventilation of classrooms may lead to increased concentrations of pollutants generated indoors in schools. The FRESH study, on the effects of increased classroom ventilation on indoor air quality, was performed in 18 naturally ventilated classrooms of 17 primary schools in the Netherlands during the heating seasons of 2010–2012. In 12 classrooms, ventilation was increased to targeted CO2 concentrations of 800 or 1200 ppm, using a temporary CO2 controlled mechanical ventilation system. Six classrooms were included as controls. In each classroom, data on endotoxin, β(1,3)‐glucans, and particles with diameters of <10 μm (PM10) and <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were collected during three consecutive weeks. Associations between the intervention and these measured indoor air pollution levels were assessed using mixed models, with random classroom effects. The intervention lowered endotoxin and β(1,3)‐glucan levels and PM10 concentrations significantly. PM10 for instance was reduced by 25 μg/m³ (95% confidence interval 13–38 μg/m³) from 54 μg/m³ at maximum ventilation rate. No significant differences were found between the two ventilation settings. Concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2 were not affected by the intervention. Our results provide evidence that increasing classroom ventilation is effective in decreasing the concentrations of some indoor‐generated pollutants. 相似文献
15.
C. Gaüzère M. Moletta‐Denat H. Blanquart S. Ferreira S. Moularat J.‐J. Godon E. Robine 《Indoor air》2014,24(1):29-40
The microbial content of air has as yet been little described, despite its public health implications, and there remains a lack of environmental microbial data on airborne microflora in enclosed spaces. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize the diversity and dynamics of airborne microorganisms in the Louvre Museum using high‐throughput molecular tools and to underline the microbial signature of indoor air in this human‐occupied environment. This microbial community was monitored for 6 month during occupied time. The quantitative results revealed variations in the concentrations of less than one logarithm, with average values of 103 and 104 Escherichia coli/Aspergillus fumigatus genome equivalent per m3 for bacteria and fungi, respectively. Our observations highlight the stability of the indoor airborne bacterial diversity over time, while the corresponding eukaryote community was less stable. Bacterial diversity characterized by pyrosequencing 454 showed high diversity dominated by the Proteobacteria which represented 51.1%, 46.9%, and 38.4% of sequences, for each of the three air samples sequenced. A common bacterial diversity was underlined, corresponding to 58.4% of the sequences. The core species were belonging mostly to the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and to the genus Paracoccus spp., Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Enhydrobacter sp., Sphingomonas sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Streptococcus sp. 相似文献
16.
We estimated the impact of a smoke‐free workplace bylaw on non‐smoking bar workers' health in Ontario, Canada. We measured bar workers' urine cotinine before (n = 99) and after (n = 91) a 2004 smoke‐free workplace bylaw. Using pharmacokinetic and epidemiological models, we estimated workers' fine‐particle (PM2.5) air pollution exposure and mortality risks from workplace secondhand smoke (SHS). workers' pre‐law geometric mean cotinine was 10.3 ng/ml; post‐law dose declined 70% to 3.10 ng/ml and reported work hours of exposure by 90%. Pre‐law, 97% of workers' doses exceeded the 90th percentile for Canadians of working age. Pre‐law‐estimated 8‐h average workplace PM2.5 exposure from SHS was 419 μg/m3 or ‘Very Poor’ air quality, while outdoor PM2.5 levels averaged 7 μg/m3, ‘Very Good’ air quality by Canadian Air Quality Standards. We estimated that the bar workers' annual mortality rate from workplace SHS exposure was 102 deaths per 100 000 persons. This was 2.4 times the occupational disease fatality rate for all Ontario workers. We estimated that half to two‐thirds of the 10 620 Ontario bar workers were non‐smokers. Accordingly, Ontario's smoke‐free law saved an estimated 5–7 non‐smoking bar workers' lives annually, valued at CA $50 million to $68 million (US $49 million to $66 million). 相似文献
17.
Demand Control System (DCV) is designed to optimise the energy consumption with respect to the demand of outdoor air quantity based on the number of people indoors. However, if significant indoor pollutant sources exist, which is not a function of the number of people, the DCV may cause the indoor air quality to be unacceptable. This paper discusses a procedure of calibrating the building in respect of managing the indoor air quality. The objective is to set the minimum fresh air quantity which is a function of the indoor pollutant concentrations rather than metabolic carbon dioxide. Radon is used as an example because it is a common pollutant embedded in the building materials of high-rise buildings in Hong Kong. This paper also presents a year-round record of the indoor air quality in a typical high-rise building which is very useful for building indoor air quality (IAQ) design. 相似文献
18.
Cooking is recognized as an important source of particulate pollution in indoor and outdoor environments. We conducted more than 100 individual experiments to characterize the particulate and non‐methane organic gas emissions from various cooking processes, their reaction rates, and their secondary organic aerosol yields. We used this emission data to develop a box model, for simulating the cooking emission concentrations in a typical European home and the indoor gas‐phase reactions leading to secondary organic aerosol production. Our results suggest that about half of the indoor primary organic aerosol emission rates can be explained by cooking. Emission rates of larger and unsaturated aldehydes likely are dominated by cooking while the emission rates of terpenes are negligible. We found that cooking dominates the particulate and gas‐phase air pollution in non‐smoking European households exceeding 1000 μg m?3. While frying processes are the main driver of aldehyde emissions, terpenes are mostly emitted due to the use of condiments. The secondary aerosol production is negligible with around 2 μg m?3. Our results further show that ambient cooking organic aerosol concentrations can only be explained by super‐polluters like restaurants. The model offers a comprehensive framework for identifying the main parameters controlling indoor gas‐ and particle‐phase concentrations. 相似文献
19.
In order to compare patterns of indoor air perception, including perceptions of temperature, air movement, indoor air quality (IAQ), mental concentration, and comfort, 33 subjects either with persistent allergic rhinitis or controls were exposed to different temperatures and constant relative humidity in an experimental office environment. Results were obtained by means of a self-administered visual analogue scale, analyzed using mean score comparisons and principal component analysis. At 14 degrees C, the rhinitis group reported higher scores for sensations of air dryness than controls. At 18 degrees C, in the rhinitis group, there was a correlation between dry, stagnant air, and difficult mental concentration. This group also correlated heat, dry air, and poor IAQ, in contrast to the control group, which correlated comfort, easy mental concentration, and freshness. At 22 degrees C, the rhinitis group correlated heat, dryness, stagnant air, and overall discomfort. This group also correlated non-dry air, freshness, and comfort, whereas the control group correlated heat, humidity, good indoor air, freshness, and comfort. This study suggests that the rhinitis group perceives indoor temperatures of 14 degrees C as dryer than controls do, and that at 18 and 22 degrees C this group positively correlates different adverse perceptions of IAQ. By means of a self-administered questionnaire in an experimental condition, the present study compares subjective patterns of indoor air perception from individuals with respiratory allergy (allergic rhinitis) to control individuals. It reports different patterns of perception of indoor air quality (IAQ) between the two groups, suggesting that allergic individuals could have different IAQ perception. 相似文献
20.
室内有机化学污染防治研究现状及存在问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
指出了室内有机化学污染防治的重要性,分析了近年来国内外关于室内有机化学污染防治的研究现状,根据其中存在的问题,针对污染防治的三种方式(源头治理、改善空间传输和空气净化)提出了一些近期值得讨论和研究的问题,旨在引起相关领域研究者的共同关注,加大这些方面的研究力度,以提供解决我国室内化学污染问题的有力技术支持。 相似文献