黄曲霉毒素B1 降解产物及降解 安全性评价研究进展

为推动黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)降解技术的应用,寻求高效、快捷、安全的AFB1降解技术,促进食品中黄曲霉毒素的防治工作,对AFB1降解技术（物理降解技术、化学降解技术、生物降解技术）产生的降解产物以及降解后食品安全性评价研究的现状进行了论述,概括了降解技术的不足之处,并对降解技术的发展趋势进行展望。物理降解技术较适合大规模应用,但微波、脉冲电场、低温等离子体等技术仍处于研发阶段,无法确保该技术的安全性与可靠性。化学降解技术的研究比较常见,但存在食品感官品质变差,营养成分损失或破坏,易引入新的化学残留等不足。生物降解技术具有性质温和,不造成食品中营养成分大量损失且绿色环保等优点,但仍处于实验室研发阶段。在今后的研究中,应加强寻找新型纳米材料发展光降解技术、或各种技术联合使用、或利用基因工程联合酶法脱毒等新型技术,同时应更深入地研究降解机制、降解产物、降解路径以及降解产物的安全性。     

杀扑磷降解产物的鉴定及在蔬菜中残留量的检测

以杀扑磷为研究对象,分析鉴定了自然条件下水中杀扑磷的降解产物和市购杀扑磷中农药成分,采用QuEChERS前处理方法,建立了蔬菜中杀扑磷及降解物残留量的检测方法。结果表明,杀扑磷在水中的降解产物为牛津郡杀扑磷,市购的杀扑磷农药中除杀扑磷外,其降解产物牛津郡杀扑磷含量高达1.5 g/kg;建立的检测方法在1~100 ng/mL内线性良好(R²≥0.99),在定量限、3倍定量限和10倍定量限的加标水平下,回收率为62.9%~97.2%,RSD为1.6%~10.0%。该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,适用于蔬菜中杀扑磷及其牛津郡杀扑磷的测定。     

杀扑磷降解产物的鉴定及在蔬菜中残留量的检测

以杀扑磷为研究对象,分析鉴定了自然条件下水中杀扑磷的降解产物和市购杀扑磷中农药成分,采用QuEChERS前处理方法,建立了蔬菜中杀扑磷及降解物残留量的检测方法。结果表明,杀扑磷在水中的降解产物为牛津郡杀扑磷,市购的杀扑磷农药中除杀扑磷外,其降解产物牛津郡杀扑磷含量高达1.5 g/kg;建立的检测方法在1~100 ng/mL内线性良好（R²≥0.99）,在定量限、3倍定量限和10倍定量限的加标水平下,回收率为62.9%~97.2%,RSD为1.6%~10.0%。该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,适用于蔬菜中杀扑磷及其牛津郡杀扑磷的测定。     

大麻哈鱼硫酸软骨素及其酸降解产物的抗氧化活性

目的以大麻哈鱼鼻软骨为研究对象,制备硫酸软骨素粗提物、醇沉产物和酸降解产物,对比分析其体外抗氧化活性。方法通过测定硫酸软骨素粗提物、醇沉产物和酸降解产物对DPPH·、·OH和O_2~-·自由基的清除特性,比较其抗氧化能力。结果醇沉产物对DPPH·没有明显的清除作用,粗提物和酸降解物产物对DPPH·有一定的清除作用,但后者的清除能力远大于前者。粗提物、醇沉产物和酸降解产物对·OH自由基均有明显的清除作用;粗提物和醇沉产物对O_2~-·自由基均无清除作用,但酸降解产物对O_2~-·自由基有较强的清除作用。酸降解产物对3种自由基的清除能力均较强,IC50值均小于1.5 mg/m L。结论大麻哈鱼鼻软骨硫酸软骨素酸降解产物的抗氧化活性最强。     

物理技术降解农产品农药残留的研究进展

农药的使用对农业的发展发挥着重大作用,不仅可以使农产品保收、增产,还可以提升产品质量.但使用农药的同时也造成严重的农药污染以及食品安全问题.本文对可降低农产品中农药残留量的物理技术或方法进行了综述,包括光照、超声波、电离辐射、低温等离子体、超高压、洗涤、加热等,以期为相关技术的应用及提升、相关设备和产品的研发生产、农产品生产与消费安全的集成创新,提供理论依据,提高农产品食用安全性.     

生物基聚酰胺56纤维的热降解动力学及其热解产物

生物基聚酰胺56(PA56)纤维是由生物基1,5-戊二胺和石油基1,6-己二酸聚合制备而成的新型生物基材料.为探究生物基PA56纤维的热稳定性,分别在氮气氛围中测定其在不同升温速率下的热降解过程,并计算其热降解动力学参数,同时分析了生物基PA56纤维在热降解过程中的主要热降解气相产物.结果表明:生物基PA56纤维的热失...     

Separation of angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from bovine connective tissue and their stability towards temperature,pH and digestive enzymes

Bovine collagen was isolated from connective tissue, a by‐product in the meat processing industry and characterised by SDS‐PAGE. Alcalase and papain were employed to generate collagen hydrolysates with different degree of hydrolysis (DH). In vitro angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities were evaluated and the two most potent hydrolysates from each enzyme were separated by two‐step purification. Both alcalase‐catalysed and papain‐catalysed hydrolysates exhibited strong ACE inhibitory capacities with IC₅₀ values of 0.17 and 0.35 mg mL^?1, respectively. Purification by ion‐exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography revealed higher ACE inhibitory activities in one fraction from each enzyme with IC₅₀ values of 3.95 and 7.29 μg mL^?1. These peptide fractions were characterised as 6‐12 amino acid residues by MALDI‐TOF/MS. The peptides retained their activity (>90%) after exposure to processing temperature and pH and in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The present results demonstrated that collagen peptides can be utilised for developing high value‐added ingredients, for example ACE inhibitory peptides.     

Effects of light,temperature and water activity on the kinetics of lipoxidation in almond-based products

Lipoxidation in almond-derived products was investigated using the chemiluminescence (CL) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) methods to detect the first and later reaction products, respectively. The effects of light during storage at 5 °C, 22 °C and 40 °C were studied, as well as the effects of combined heat/water activity treatments in the 60–120 °C and 0.38–0.72 range. During storage, light was found to enhance the CL and TBARS values, and specific responses were observed in almond paste and the final Calisson product. During the heating of almond paste, as the initial water activity (a_w) increased, the CL rate constants increased during heating to 60 °C and 80 °C, but interestingly, these values decreased during further heating to 120 °C, whereas the maximum TBARS rate constants occurred at a_w 0.57 at all the heating temperatures tested. The activation energies, based on the CL and TBARS values, decreased specifically when the a_w increased from 0.38 to 0.72, giving overall values ranging from110 kJ mol⁻¹ to 60 kJ mol⁻¹. Likewise, in the same water activity range, the temperature-dependent rate constant enhancing factor (Q₁₀) decreased from 3.3 to 1.6.     

Correlation between antiradical activity and stability of betanine from Beta vulgaris L roots under different pH,temperature and light conditions

When the antiradical activity and stability of betanine were studied at pH values of 3.5 and 8.5 and temperatures of 25, 50 and 75 °C, the results showed that the antiradical activity was greater at acidic pH and lower at higher temperatures. At basic pH the activity of betanine correlated well with its stability at the three temperatures assayed, suggesting that the degradation products, betalamic acid (BA) and cyclo DOPA 5‐O‐β‐D ‐glucoside (CDG), did not contribute to this activity under the experimental conditions used. However, at acidic pH the degradation product, CDG, did seem to contribute to the antiradical activity. Furthermore, at pH 3.5, betanine stability was so great that light conditions had no effect on the antiradical activity. At basic pH, too, light had no effect on betanine activity owing to the high instability of the pigment. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Thermal degradation of anthocyanins and its impact on color and in vitro antioxidant capacity

The aim of the current study was to thoroughly investigate the structural changes of anthocyanins at pH 3.5 in purified fractions from black carrot, elderberry and strawberry heated over 6 h at 95 degrees C. Degradation products were monitored by HPLC-DAD-MS(3 )to elucidate the prevailing degradation pathways. In addition, alterations of color and antioxidant properties observed upon heating were scrutinized. Most interestingly, the degradation pathways at pH 3.5 were found to differ from those at pH 1. Among others, chalcone glycosides were detected at 320 nm in heat-treated elderberry and strawberry pigment isolates, and opening of the pyrylium ring initiated anthocyanin degradation. In the case of acylated anthocyanins, acyl-glycoside moieties were split off from the flavylium backbone, first. Finally, for all pigment isolates, phenolic acids and phloroglucinaldehyde were the terminal degradation products as remainders of the B- and A-ring, respectively. Maximum and minimum antioxidant stabilizing capacities were found in black carrot and strawberry, respectively, which was explained by the high degree of acylation in the former. After heating, decline of trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was observed in all samples, which was attributed to both anthocyanins and their colorless degradation products following thermal exposure. As deduced from the ratio of TEAC value and anthocyanin content, the loss of anthocyanin bioactivity could not be compensated by the antioxidant capacity of newly formed colorless phenolics upon heating.     

Effects of temperature,solid content and pH on the stability of black carrot anthocyanins

Anthocyanin stability of black carrots was studied at various solid contents (11, 30, 45 and 64° Brix) and pHs (4.3 and 6.0) during both heating, at 70–90 °C, and storage at 4–37 °C. Monomeric anthocyanin degradation fitted a first-order reaction model. Degradation of monomeric anthocyanins increased with increasing solid content during heating, while it decreased during storage. For example, at pH 4.3, half-life periods for anthocyanins at 30, 45 and 64° Brix were, respectively, 8.4, 6.9 and 5.2 h during heating at 80 °C and 18.7, 30.8 and 35.9 weeks during storage at 20 °C. At 30–64° Brix, increasing pH from 4.3 to 6.0 enhanced the degradation of anthocyanins during heating. The effect of pH on thermal stability of anthocyanins was also studied at six different pHs (2.5–7.0) in citrate-phosphate buffer solutions and significant decrease in anthocyanin stability was observed at pHs above 5.0. Higher activation energies (E_a) were obtained during heating than during storage with increasing solid contents. At 30–64° Brix, E_a values ranged from 68.8 to 95.1 kJ mol⁻¹ during heating and from 62.1 to 86.2 kJ mol⁻¹ during storage. Q₁₀ values at 20–37 °C were as high as 3.1 at 45° Brix and 3.6 at 64° Brix.     

不同pH、温度、金属离子对溶菌酶抗菌稳定性的初步研究

本文选择金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)与大肠杆菌O157：H7(Escherichia coli O157：H7)为受试菌,以活菌抑制率为评价指标,评价不同pH、温度、金属离子条件对溶菌酶抗菌稳定性的影响。结果表明:溶菌酶对金黄色葡萄球菌与大肠杆菌O157：H7的最小抑菌浓度分别为1.3×10^-3 g/mL与2.6×10^-3 g/mL。溶菌酶在酸性条件(pH4~6),其对两种菌均能表现很好的抑菌效果。经过4~121 ℃处理后,溶菌酶的抗菌活性不受处理温度的影响。不同金属离子对溶菌酶抗菌活性影响较大,Zn²⁺、Mn²⁺与溶菌酶具有较强的协同抑菌效应,其中Zn²⁺效果最为明显,而Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺具有一定的拮抗抑菌效应,可降低溶菌酶的抑菌效果。     

Effect of light,pH, metal ions and antioxidants on the colour stability of norbixin in aqueous solution

Norbixin, a carotenoid extracted from the seeds of the annatto (Bixa orellana) plant, can be used in aqueous food applications, where other carotenoids are too hydrophobic to solubilise in a water environment. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of pH, antioxidants and transition metal ions with and without hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) on the stability of norbixin in aqueous solutions as well as determining the interaction between these factors and light. The stability of norbixin in buffered aqueous solution stored in light or in the dark was evaluated using absorbance spectrophotometry. Light, reduced pH and metal ions both with and without H₂O₂ increased the bleaching of norbixin, whereas chelators and the natural antioxidants, ascorbic acid and tocopherol, reduced the bleaching of norbixin. Light significantly increased the loss of norbixin alone and in combination with the other factors.     

温度及光照对亚麻籽油贮藏稳定性影响研究

为研究亚麻籽油贮藏稳定性,以初榨亚麻籽油为原料,测定贮藏过程中油脂的过氧化值、酸价、K232、K270和TBA值,探讨了温度和光照对贮藏过程中亚麻籽油品质的影响,采用主成分分析法进行数据处理。结果表明,亚麻籽油的氧化稳定性随温度的升高明显降低,60℃贮藏条件下亚麻籽油的过氧化值增长速率分别是50、40、30℃的3.02、5.88、22.41倍,酸价增长速率分别是50、40、30℃的2.22、10.60和29.96倍。不同光照条件下,以避光贮藏的亚麻籽油品质最佳,其各项品质指标均优于日光灯和自然光下贮藏的亚麻籽油。主成分分析结果表明,第一主成分可以解释各品质指标89.40%的信息,其中,过氧化值对第一主成分的贡献最大,其次是TBA。     

Structural elucidation and analysis of thermal degradation products of the Fusarium mycotoxin nivalenol

The major class of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moulds are trichothecenes, a large group of sesquiterpenes sharing the same basic chemical structure, a 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene ring system. Their toxic effects range from causing diarrhoea, vomiting and gastro-intestinal inflammation to noncompetitive inhibition of the biosynthesis of proteins in eukaryotic cells. Trichothecenes in general are relatively stable compounds, their degradation is observed only at high temperatures and prolonged heating time. In order to investigate the stability of the trichothecene nivalenol (NIV) under food processing conditions such as cooking or baking, we performed model heating experiments and screened the residue for degradation products using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Heating of nivalenol, especially under mild alkaline conditions, gave a mixture of four compounds (norNIV A, norNIV B, norNIV C, and NIV lactone), which where isolated and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and MS experiments. Although their formation was also demonstrated in heating experiments with spiked flour samples, only norNIV B was detectable in a screening of several commercially available samples, possibly due to the very low contamination with nivalenol. Furthermore, cell culture experiments using immortalized human kidney epithelial (IHKE) cells showed that the four compounds are less cytotoxic (formazan dye cytotoxicity assay) compared to nivalenol. Whereas nivalenol revealed an EC50 at 0.9 micromol, all other compounds did not show any significant effect up to 100 micromol.     

Effect of temperature and pH on the degradation of fructo-oligosaccharides

The degradation process of fructo-oligosaccharides has been studied in buffered solution affected by temperature and pH. The system has been incubated at 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 oC; pH has been varied between 2.7 and 3.3. The carbohydrate compositions of the solution-samples have been analyzed by an accurate analytical method for oligosaccharide determination (HPLC with differential refractometric detection). Under acidic condition the hydrolysis of fructo-oligosaccharides is insignificant at 60 oC; however, already at 70–80 oC it is so considerable, that the amount of them could be bisected in 1–2 h. Meanwhile, all of the oligomers are degraded in 1–1.5 h at 90–100 oC. The increase of proton concentration of the solution makes degradation faster; however, there is a slighter effect of pH on the rate of hydrolysis than of temperature in the studied range. The rate of the changes in the value of average degree of polymerisation (DP_a) significantly depends on the temperature and pH.     

高温处理对牛肉蛋白质组分及其降解的影响

以不同高温处理(110,115,121℃分别加热3,6,9,12,15min)的牛背最长肌为研究对象,分析其不同溶解性和不同结构蛋白质的含量,总氮、非蛋白氮、氨基态氮的含量,蛋白质水解指数以及全肌肉蛋白十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)的变化规律。结果表明:水溶性蛋白和盐溶性蛋白均随加热温度的升高和时间的延长而急剧下降,121℃加热15 min后,牛背最长肌中肌浆蛋白含量下降了86.9%,肌原纤维蛋白含量下降了89.88%。总氮和氨基态氮含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,加热时间对非蛋白氮和蛋白水解指数影响显著(P0.05),200kDa的肌球蛋白重链电泳条带随着加热时间的延长逐渐变淡消失,而44.3kDa的肌动蛋白在整个高温处理过程中均无明显的变化。     

乳制品中肌醇含量的测定及其稳定性的研究进展

肌醇是乳制品中的一种多羟基化合物,是一种重要的母体营养物质,具有多种生理药理活性。本综述对奶粉中肌醇的提取、净化等前处理方法、衍生化方式,目前常用的检测方法包括微生物法,气相色谱法,气相色谱/质谱法,液相色谱法,以及液相色谱-质谱/质谱法等进行了分析和比较,并对乳制品中肌醇的稳定性进行探讨,以期为乳制品中肌醇的检测提供参考依据。     

Air-water transfer of MTBE, its degradation products, and alternative fuel oxygenates: the role of temperature

The gasoline oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) has become one of the world's mostwidespread groundwater and surface water contaminants. As a result, there has been increasing interest in the environmental behavior of MTBE and its degradation products, mainly tert-butyl formate (TBF) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). In contrast, the environmental behavior of the proposed alternatives to MTBE, namely ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME), and diisopropyl ether (DIPE) has hardly been studied yet, although some of them are already in substantial use in various countries. A key parameter for the assessment of the fate, transport, and possible remediation of these contaminants is the air-water partitioning constant (KiH). The KiH is highly temperature dependent, and it is therefore necessary to obtain reliable experimental values at relevant temperatures. Hence, the KiH of MTBE, ETBE, TAME, and DIPE, along with the degradation products, TBF and methyl acetate, were determined from 5 degrees C-40 degrees C. The alternatives to MTBE generally had a higher KiH, which implies that, upon emission into the environment, the alternatives partition more readily into the air phase than MTBE. This may favor their use, as it is in the air phase where dilution and degradation are the most effective. The degradation products of MTBE, with the exception of TBF, have much lower KiH values at all temperatures. Hence, the degradation products will have a stronger affinity for the water phase. The temperature dependency of the kinetics of air-watertransfer is discussed using a boundary layer model. Only for TBA but not for the ethers a significant effect of temperature was found.