Prediction of spatial distribution of the composition of inclusions on the entire cross section of a linepipe steel continuous casting slab

In the current study, the transformation in the composition of non-metallic inclusions from the molten steel to the solidified steel was studied and the composition distribution of inclusions on the cross section of a linepine continuous casting slab was predicted. During cooling and solidification of the continuous casting strand, Al₂O₃-CaO inclusions reacted with the bulk steel and transformed to CaS-Al₂O₃-MgO-(CaO) ones in the continuous casting slab. The composition of inclusions on the cross section of the slab varied with locations due to the varied cooling rate. A model was established to predict the distribution of the composition of inclusions on the cross section of the continuous casting slab, coupling solidification and heat transfer of the continuous casting slab, the kinetic mass transfer of the dissolved elements in the solid steel, and thermodynamic calculation of inclusion transformation at different temperatures. The composition transformation of inclusions mainly occurred at the temperature between the liquidus and solidus of the linepipe steel. Inclusions were mainly CaS-Al₂O₃-MgO-(CaO) in slab center and were MgO-Al₂O₃-CaO-CaS within the subsurface of the slab. In the slab, the transformation fraction of inclusions was less than 10 % at corners while it reached 70 % at 50 mm below the surface of the slab.     

钢板表面纵向裂纹的金相检验和分析

在连铸轧制的钢板表面有沿轧制方向的裂纹。采用化学成分分析,宏、微观检验等方法对裂纹进行了分析。结果表明,裂纹中存在氧化物及其脱碳等缺陷,这说明连铸坯表面在轧制前已存在裂纹并在轧前加热中裂纹内发生氧化和脱碳,导致轧制后的钢板表面出现裂纹。     

提高扇形段下线整备质量的措施

介绍济钢新建的4#连铸机，机制公司为了下线的扇形段整备质量的提高，以“以考古学家的思维，来对待手中的设备”而采取的多种措施，保证了扇形段内弧、外弧，顺弧的准确和开口度，满足奥钢联维修手册的技术要求和第三炼钢厂生产顺行的要求，确保了连铸板坯的内部质量和外观质量。     

Q235B钢热轧板带孔洞及边裂缺陷成因分析

采用宏观分析、化学成分分析、金相检验以及能谱分析等方法,对某钢铁公司生产的Q235B钢热轧板带中部孔洞和边裂缺陷的成因进行了分析。结果表明：该类热轧钢板的中部孔洞和边裂缺陷是由于连铸工艺出现异常,造成连铸板坯边部产生表层气孔以及中部产生较严重的硫偏析,从而使钢板中部生成了大量的条带状硫化物,特别是低熔点FeS的生成导致了中部孔洞缺陷的产生;而连铸板坯边部的表层气孔在轧制过程中导致了边裂缺陷的产生。     

取向硅钢制备工艺及其发展趋势

取向硅钢作为一种重要的铁芯材料,在电力行业中有着广泛的应用.基于生产工艺及技术特点,取向硅钢的制备工艺可以分为传统厚板坯工艺、薄板坯连铸连轧工艺及双辊薄带连铸工艺.传统的厚板坯工艺是工业生产取向硅钢的主要方法,其按加热温度又可分为板坯高温加热、板坯中温加热以及板坯低温加热工艺,其中板坯低温加热工艺具有加热温度低、能耗少...     

Simulation Using Realistic Spray Cooling for the Continuous Casting of Multi—component Steel

A three-dimensional heat transfer model for continuous steel slab casting has been developed with realistic spray cooling patterns and a coupled microsegregation solidification model that calculates the solidification path for multi-component steels.Temperature and composition dependent properties are implemented in a database for 15 chemical species.Considerable effort is made to accurately model the spray cooling heat transfer.Each spray nozzle position and distribution is considered, including variations of the spray patterns with flow rate, and spray overlay .Nozzle type, layout, nozzle-to-slab distance, and spray span and flux are variable.Natural convection,thermal radiation and contact cooling of individual rolls are computed. The present model provides more comprehensive information and realistic slab surface temperatures than results from a model using the “averaged“ treatment of boundary comditions .Cooling operating conditions and parameters of individual spray nozzles can be analzed to optimize muzzle spray distribution ,improve product quality,and troubleshoot issues such as nozzle clogging that may arise during production.One spray cooling correlation is used for the entire machine,achieving as good or better agreement with surface temperatre measurements than was found previously for the model using an “averaged“ treatment of boundary conditions and using three machine-segment-dependent correlations.     

Control of Meniscus-Level Fluctuation by Optimization of Spray Cooling in an Industrial Thin Slab Casting Machine Using a Genetic Algorithm

Meniscus-level fluctuation is a common problem during thin slab casting and can lead to breakout. Because meniscus-level fluctuation increases with increase in casting speed, it restricts high-speed casting. It is now known that the meniscus-level fluctuation is caused by fluctuation in bulging and decreasing the total bulging can control it. Increasing the spray cooling reduces the total bulging and hence the meniscus-level fluctuation. However, the increase in spray cooling poses other problems. The midwide surface temperature at the slab exit may fall excessively, requiring significant reheating and thus fuel consumption in the reheating furnace. Also, the temperature at the unbending point may fall below a critical value causing crack formation. Thus, an optimization procedure was adopted to find the optimum combination of spray cooling, which will minimize the total bulging, keeping the midwide surface temperature at the slab exit more than a minimum and user-specified value. To do so, a genetic algorithm was used in conjunction with a model for estimation of temperature at different locations of strand and total bulging in the strand (thermal-bulge model). Based on the results of optimization, the casting speed in a plant could be enhanced by more than 30%.     

Fundamental investigation of interfaces in particle reinforced steel sheets processed by thin strip casting

Along the steel industry history, the production of flat‐steel products has technologically evolved towards reducing slab thickness at the output of the continuous casting machine. This development has been related to the incessant requirement of providing a certain steel quality at lower costs. As a result of this procedure, the thin strip casting technology emerged in a commercial scale at the end of the nineties, with all the advantages of a near‐net‐shape manufacturing process. In particularly, the higher energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact turned it as a very promising and attractive technology for the steel industry. With the purpose of obtaining new types of steel sheets, characterized by improved mechanical and tribological properties, reinforced steel strips have been produced by introducing slight modifications to a twin‐roll caster. In this regard, a considerable enhancement of the mechanical properties has been achieved.     

不锈钢／普碳钢复合连铸技术及模拟研究

利用长、短水口结合电磁制动技术在同一结晶器内连铸复合钢坯是刚刚发展的一项新工艺。本文发展一种数学模型分析该工艺过程结晶器内两种异质钢液流动及分布特征。采用低Reynolds数湍流模型计算湍流参数，并以虚拟凝固壳来代替实际的凝固计算。通过与文献中的实验结果对比和较系统的数值分析，证明了模型的可靠性和所提方法改善工艺的作用。     

A 2.5D finite element model for bending and straightening in continuous casting of steel slabs

This paper presents a bi‐dimensional slice model of the continuous casting process developed to focus on the risk of transverse cracking during bending and straightening of steel slabs. The model is based on the finite element method and it integrates both thermal and mechanical aspects: temperature evolution, solidification, stress and strain developments. Generalized plain strain conditions are applied in the casting direction, allowing taking account of the extraction force applied to the slab as well as strains in this direction. The model also includes an original solution to counteract the generally wrong modelling of slab bulging with such slice models. The model has been applied to an industrial case of slab casting. Some numerical results illustrate the accuracy of the model compared to results of other models, measurements and observations on the caster. Transverse cracks are predicted to be the most likely to occur at the edge on the upper face, at the end of straightening of the slab. This is due to the combination of low ductility of the material with tensile stress and elongation in the casting direction in the straightening zone. This conclusion has been confirmed by the examination of slabs that present transverse cracks. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

连续铸钢前沿技术的工程化

论述了具有我国自主知识产权的高效连铸和薄板坯连铸工程化关键技术的特点；介绍了连续铸钢领域轻压下、液压非正弦振动、电磁连铸等前沿技术的开发现状；阐述了传统连铸技术超高效率、高品质化及近终形连铸、电磁连铸开发的研发方向。     

基于纳米铁碳析出物的钢综合强化机理

简要叙述了关于钢强化机理的研究现状,用化学相分析+X射线小角散射、RTO方法及高分辨透射电镜对薄板坯连铸连轧钛微合金化高强耐候钢中纳米粒子的属性进行了综合分析。发现钛微合金化高强耐候钢中尺寸<36 nm的粒子,除纳米TiC以外,还存在大量的纳米Fe3C,其体积分数为同尺寸TiC体积分数的4.4倍,析出强化作用比纳米TiC粒子大,不可忽略;提出了钢的综合强化机理,指出对不同种类、不同尺寸的纳米析出粒子,应分别根据位错切割和位错绕过机理计算出析出强化贡献,然后与固溶强化和细晶强化贡献加和,求得钢的屈服强度;讨论了细晶强化与位错强化不能加和的原因以及相变对钢强度影响的表现形式,对钛微合金化高强耐候钢屈服强度的理论计算与生产结果相符,实验钢σs=630～676 MPa,实际σs=630～680 MPa。简述了钢综合强化机理的应用情况,指出了有待进一步研究的科学问题。     

Modelling and a genetic algorithm solution for the slab stack shuffling problem when implementing steel rolling schedules

Iron and steel production is a multistage process. A slab yard serves as a storage buffer between the continuous casting stage and the steel rolling mill. Slabs from continuous casting are stacked in the yard to await rolling. When implementing the rolling production schedule, slabs need to be picked up from the slab yard one by one according to the scheduled rolling sequence, heated in the heating furnace and then rolled. There are usually a number of suitable candidate slabs in the yard satisfying the requirement for each rolling item. In general, these candidate slabs are not at the most convenient positions in the stacks. To pick up a required slab, the slabs above it need to be shuffled. To save slab-handling cost and prevent the handling cranes from becoming a bottleneck, slabs for a rolling schedule must be selected from among the candidate slabs so that the total number of slabs shuffled is minimized. The paper studies the slab stack-shuffling problem using the hot strip rolling mill in Shanghai Baoshan Iron and Steel Complex as an application background. We first formulate the problem using an integer-programming model and then develop a modified genetic algorithm to solve it. Genetic codes and genetic operators are specially designed to ensure the feasibility of solutions and to speed up the solution process. The algorithm is implemented and compared with the existing algorithm that the mill has been using. Experiments on randomly generated problems show that the proposed new method reduces the number of slab shuffles by 11.19% on average.     

钢铁连铸用铜合金结晶器

结晶器是钢铁连铸设备的重要部件，其用途是把浇注的钢水成形并生成足够厚度的凝壳，防止铸锭带移向２次冷却带时跑钢。以往，结晶器是选择导热性良好的脱氧铜制作的。实践表明，脱氧铜结晶器在使用中易变形和磨损，寿命很短。因此，研制、开发新型铜合金结晶器材料，便成为钢铁连铸工程中的重要课题。本文综合性地介绍了这方面的发展。     

Two‐phase thermo‐mechanical and macrosegregation modelling of binary alloys solidification with emphasis on the secondary cooling stage of steel slab continuous casting processes

As an approach towards a better modelling of solidification problems, we introduce a thermo‐mechanical and macrosegregation model that considers a solidifying alloy as a binary mixture made of a liquid and a solid phase. Macroscopic conservation laws for mass, momentum and solute are obtained by spatial averaging of the respective microscopic conservation equations. Assuming local thermal equilibrium, a single equation for the conservation of the mixture energy is then written. A single equation can be obtained for the solute as well by invoking a proper microsegregation rule. The numerical implementation in a two‐dimensional finite element code is then detailed. Lastly, some examples of simulations of academic tests as well as industrial applications for continuous casting of steel slabs are discussed. They particularly enlighten the ability of the formulation to describe the formation of central macrosegregation during the secondary cooling of slab continuous casting processes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冷却速率对1Cr18Ni9Ti钢高温脆性区凝固组织的影响

连铸过程中裂纹主要产生在凝固末期的高温脆性温度区间,凝固组织对其影响巨大.结合相图并利用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)、定向凝固实验系统和Gleeble-3800热模拟实验机,在对1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢的熔化和近平衡凝固过程进行分析的基础上,研究了冷却速率对奥氏体不锈钢高温脆性区凝固组织的影响.研究表明,1Cr18Ni9Ti钢的近平衡凝固模式为FA型,随着冷速的加大,铁素体的形态从晶内骨骼状分布转变到晶间不规则块状分布,其含量也有所提高.     

浅析济钢4#连铸机ASTC控制系统的应用和研究

介绍济钢新建的4#连铸机，采用奥钢联的多项先进技术，重点是连铸机ASTC控制技术测试和校验等方面的情况     

连铸结晶器表面强化层的研究现状和发展趋势

钢铁连铸结晶器作为连铸机的核心部件，其工作的可靠性、稳定性和耐用性便成为人们十分关心的问题。人们采用电镀、热喷涂等表面强化处理技术在结晶器表面制备一层保护层，以延长结晶器的使用寿命。阐述了结晶器表面强化技术的研究现状，并展望了结晶器的表面强化技术。     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢热轧卷分层原因分析

采用化学成分分析、金相检验和电子探针分析等方法,对0Cr18Ni9不锈钢热轧卷的分层原因进行了分析。结果表明:分层的主要原因是由于连铸过程中产生的氧化物夹杂物引起的。为避免分层的产生,应加强连铸中间包保护渣操作的管理,以避免夹杂物的产生。     

高层建筑用Q345GJC钢板表面裂纹成因分析

采用宏观分析、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜观察和能谱分析等方法对某批轧制后表面存在纵向裂纹的高层建筑用Q345GJC钢板的裂纹形成原因进行了分析。结果表明:钢板表面裂纹在连铸板坯上就已经存在,裂纹产生的主要原因是在连铸过程中结晶器涂层严重磨损致使铜板外露,从而使铜元素渗入到连铸板坯中,降低了钢的热塑性,导致了裂纹的产生;在随后的轧制过程中,裂纹沿轧制方向进一步扩展形成纵向裂纹。