Taste properties of potassium chloride alone and in mixtures with sodium chloride using a check-all-that-apply method

As consumers try to reduce their sodium consumption for health purposes, the food industry seeks ways to reduce the sodium content in products while maintaining palatability. One potential solution for lowering sodium content is using potassium chloride (KCl) as a substitute. However, many people find KCl to have unpleasant off-tastes, which limits its effectiveness to replace sodium chloride (NaCl). This study examined the taste properties of KCl using a check-all-that-apply (CATA) ballot. The objectives were to see which terms people use to describe KCl and in what ways this changes in various combinations with NaCl. Panelists were served mixtures of varying NaCl and KCl concentrations, and evaluated them using a set of predetermined terms on a CATA ballot. Frequency counts were taken, and binomial and McNemar tests were performed to see which stimuli changed the most between samples. Results showed that adding KCl increased salt perception slightly, and salty was chosen more frequently when in combination with NaCl. Adding NaCl in a mixture with KCl decreases unpleasant side tastes associated with KCl, such as bitter, chemical, and metallic.     

Palatability of beef steaks marinated with solutions of calcium chloride, phosphate, and (or) beef-flavoring

This study evaluated the efficacy of marination for increasing consumer acceptability of beef. Top-sirloin steaks from 28 USDA select steers were randomly assigned to one of six marination treatments: control (CT), 150 mM calcium chloride (CA), 10% solution of beef-flavoring/seasoning mixture (FL), CA and FL (CF), 2.5% sodium phosphate and FL (PF), and tap water (TW). Steaks were marinated in vacuum pouches, aged for 7 days, cooked to 70°C and evaluated by a trained sensory panel. Marination with CA did not affect tenderness ratings, but increased (P<0.05) bitter and metallic flavors compared to CT or TW treatments. Use of FL, alone or in conjunction with CA or sodium phosphate, increased (P<0.05) tenderness and juiciness ratings and reduced (P<0.05) bitterness and metallic flavors compared to CT, CA and TW marinades. Marination of beef, in vacuum pouches, is an effective method for increasing consumer acceptability and value beef.     

Effect of gas composition on rabbit meat quality in modified atmosphere packaging

This study examines the effect of four types of modified atmospheres (MA), (A: 30% CO₂ + 70% O₂; B: 30% CO₂ + 30% O₂ + 40% N₂; C: 40% CO₂ + 60% N₂; D: 80% CO₂ + 20% O₂), on the quality of rabbit meat. Meat quality was assessed by examining pH, colour, drip loss (DL), cooking loss (CL) and shear force (SF). Similar values of pH were observed for all treatments and increased over time (p < 0.05). Acceptance of meat (on the basis of overall appearance) correlated (p < 0.001) with Chroma, time storage and type of MA. Samples packed with A were the most acceptable over time. Samples packed with D showed highest DL values, while in this same group CL values were highest (p < 0.05) only during the first 5 days post‐packing. SF values decreased with ageing, and in general similar values were observed for all treatments. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

肉制品低钠盐加工技术研究进展

肉制品中含有较多的钠盐(食盐),是人体所摄入食盐的主要来源之一,而过量摄入钠盐容易诱发高血压等心血管疾病,因此有必要降低肉制品中的钠盐含量以满足消费者和管理部门对肉制品的健康要求。本文总结了国内外肉制品低钠盐加工技术的研究成果,主要分为5大类:降低食盐用量或改变食盐的结构形态;采用食盐的替代物如钾盐等;使用风味增强剂或掩饰剂;添加品质改良剂如谷氨酰胺转氨酶和食品胶等;采用新型工艺如超高压技术以及优化配方和低盐联合技术等。由于氯化钠对肉制品的风味、质构和保质期等方面均具有重要影响,因此在开发低钠盐加工技术及低钠盐肉制品的过程中必须加以综合考虑。实际情况表明,依靠单一技术难以达到低钠盐肉制品的生产要求,需要对产品的配方和加工技术进行重新设计和优化。相信在不久的将来,这些问题都会逐一解决,生产出质优价廉的低钠肉制品。      

兔肉火腿系列产品的研制

兔肉经解冻、切块、腌制后进行斩拌。并在斩拌中加入各种调料及改性淀粉（磷酸单酯淀粉）,然后经灌肠、蒸煮而生产出的不同风味的兔肉火腿肠系列产品。在利用兔肉和改型淀粉的同时进一步通过三因子三水平正交试验,确定出去除兔肉本身土腥味的最优添加物配比是白酒1％、姜粉1％、β-环状糊精0．04％,使最终产品在色香味型各方面取得了较好的效果。     

Strategies to eliminate atypical aromas and flavors in sow loins-part II: consumer acceptance of loins marinated with sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium bicarbonate

An identified challenge in using sow loins as a raw material for value added enhanced whole muscle products is to eliminate or minimize objectionable atypical aromas and flavors (“sow taint,” ST) that may occur in some sow carcasses. The objective of this study was to determine consumer acceptance of sow loins exhibiting atypical aromas and flavors marinated with a solution of salt, sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium bicarbonate. Sow loins (N=34) with atypical aromas and flavors and commodity loins (N=6) were fabricated into anterior and posterior loin sections and marinated with one of four ST marinade treatment combinations (15% pump, 0.5% PO₄, 0.70 M NaHCO₃; 15% pump, 0.25% PO₄, 0.70 M NaHCO₃; 15% pump, 0.25% PO₄, 0.35 M NaHCO₃; and 15% pump, 0.25% PO₄, 0.35 M NaHCO₃), or a control marinade (0.25% sodium tripolyphosphate, 15% injection level) and evaluated by a consumer sensory panel. Sensory ratings determined that ST loin chops injected with a 15% solution of sodium tripolyphosphate (0.50%) and sodium bicarbonate (0.35 M) were not different (P>0.05) than loin chops from marinated commodity control loin sections (N=12) for flavor, texture, juiciness, and overall acceptability. These results indicate that a solution containing sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium bicarbonate minimized the detection of atypical aromas and flavors in sow loins.     

即食香辣兔肉加工工艺的研究

为了研究一种开袋即食的兔肉食品,利用现代肉制品加工工艺和保藏技术,对传统香辣兔肉工艺进行优化,在腌制食盐用量、黄酒用量、腌制时间和油炸时间4个单因素实验的基础上,通过正交实验得出香辣兔肉的最佳工艺：腌制食盐用量为4%、黄酒用量为2%、腌制时间为12 h和油炸时间为1 min。     

新型兔肉脯加工技术

采用新配方、新工艺和微波杀菌新技术研制具有高蛋白、低脂肪、营养丰富、口味独特新型兔肉脯休闲食品,并对其营养成分进行测定,结果显示:新型兔肉脯蛋白质含量34.54%、氨基酸总量32.64%均高于牛肉脯、鸡肉脯和猪肉脯;脂肪含量为7.2%,均低于其他三种肉脯。     

兔肉胶原蛋白特性及评定方法研究

胶原蛋白是一种生物性高分子物质,是动物细胞外基质中最重要的组成部分。兔肉作为一种营养美味的食材,其食用和加工品质与肌内胶原蛋白的变化息息相关。通过总结不同兔品种、生长时期、生长部位及加工条件等因素对兔肉肌内胶原蛋白特性的影响,介绍兔肉肌内胶原蛋白的评定方法,以期为兔肉及其高附加值产品的研发提供理论依据和创新基础。      

不同电压击晕对獭兔生理信号及宰后兔肉品质的影响

本文研究了电击晕屠宰时,不同电压对獭兔致晕后生理参数(脑电波、心电波)、胴体质量、兔肉品质(蒸煮损失率、滴水损失率、剪切力)的影响。实验分为四组,以手砍脑干颈椎致晕法为对照组,其他三组分别用90、120、150V电压头部电击獭兔3s致晕,然后割动脉放血,取其股二头肌(biceps femoris)测定相关指标分析。结果发现,与对照组相比,电击后獭兔脑电波呈癫痫状,随电击电压的增大癫痫状脑电波振幅增大,其心电波主峰频率也比对照组加快。同时,电击致晕獭兔出现不同程度胴体瘀斑、骨折和出血等现象。随着击晕电压的增大,兔肉蒸煮损失率和滴水损失率均显著增大。同时电击晕处理能增大兔肉剪切力,降低兔肉嫩度。以上结果表明,与脱颈处死相比,电击致晕降低了兔肉品质,其随着电压强度的增加而更加明显。按照屠宰需要及考虑动物福利的原则,选用90V电压为獭兔适宜击晕电压。      

兔肉脂肪酸组成的气相色谱法分析

采用极性毛细管柱气相色谱法,测定了兔肉脂肪酸组成的相对百分含量和实际含量.测定结果表明,此方法能准确分离出兔肉中的主要8种脂肪酸:豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生酸,有较好的精密度、重复性、可靠性.     

卤味兔肉加工工艺

阐述了卤味兔肉的加工工艺、操作关键点及质量要求,此加工工艺简化了传统的酱卤工艺,且卤香味与兔肉的结合,既去除了兔肉的腥膻味,也赋予了兔肉特色的卤香味。     

Manufacture of low-sodium Minas fresh cheese: effect of the partial replacement of sodium chloride with potassium chloride

We investigated the effect of sodium reduction by partial substitution of sodium chloride (NaCl) with potassium chloride (KCl) on the manufacture of Minas fresh cheese during 21 d of refrigerated storage. Four treatments of low-sodium Minas fresh cheese were manufactured, with partial replacement of NaCl by KCl at 0, 25, 50, and 75% (wt/wt), respectively. The cheeses showed differences in the content of moisture, ash, protein, salt, and lipid contents, as well as on the extent of proteolysis and hardness throughout the storage period. However, no difference was observed among treatments within each storage day tested. The partial substitution of NaCl by KCl decreased up to 51.8% the sodium concentration of the cheeses produced. The consumer test indicated that it is possible to manufacture a low-sodium Minas fresh cheese that is acceptable to consumers by partial substitution of NaCl by KCl at 25% (wt/wt) in the salting step.     

Determination of sodium chloride in pork meat by computed tomography at different voltages

Ground pork samples simulating the widely different chemical composition of hams during dry-cured ham production were produced and scanned by x-ray computed tomography (CT). Chemical composition accounted for most of the variation in CT values (97%). Tube voltage (80, 110, and 130 kV) affected CT value and the effect varied between different types of tissue. Sodium chloride (NaCl) was predicted in the ground samples with average prediction errors (RMSEP) as low as 0.2% to 1.0% NaCl. NaCl was also predicted in small samples of raw to dry-cured ham. When dry and fat ham samples were left out of the models, NaCl was predicted with a high precision (RMSEP 0.2% to 0.4% NaCl, R(2) > 0.99). CT can be used as a valuable, nondestructive tool to analyze distribution of and quantify NaCl in ham during dry-curing.     

脂肪替代品在低脂肉制品中的研究进展

由于低脂肉制品可有效降低脂肪的摄入,且能预防高脂膳食所引起的各种慢性疾病,相关研究领域逐渐成为近年来的研究热点。本文基于国内外低脂肉制品的发展现状,从脂肪替代物、脂肪模拟物和复合型脂肪替代物三个方面综述了各自对低脂肉制品组成成分、组织结构、抗氧化性及感官评价等指标影响的最新研究进展,并就肉制品中脂肪替代物的发展方向进行了展望。      

兔肉营养特点与人体健康

文章从我国居民营养素摄入现状出发,对近年来国内外兔肉营养成分的研究进行了综述,重点阐述了其脂肪酸的组成、胆固醇、氨基酸和矿物质的含量等,特别是它高蛋白质、低胆固醇、低热量、高比例的多不饱和脂肪酸、高赖氨酸、高钾低钠、高维生素B12的特点,是一种符合我国居民现代需求的优质肉品。      

Biogenic amines in chicken meat products in relation to bacterial load,pH value and sodium chloride content

Exogenous biogenic amines may present food poisoning hazards, especially when coupled with additional risk factors. In recent years, consumption of poultry meat and poultry meat products has increased. Therefore, the goals of this work were to estimate biogenic amines in chicken meat products and to find a correlation to bacterial quality, pH value and/or NaCl content. A total number of 60 random samples of chicken frankfurter, luncheon and keshta were collected from Cairo and Assiut supermarkets and groceries. The samples were analyzed for estimation of histamine, tyramine, cadaverine and puerscine. The results were in low levels and varied in each product. The bacterial quality was evaluated with respect to total colony, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Lactobacillaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa counts. These amine‐producering bacteria were detected in low amounts. Such findings as well as pH value and NaCl content correlated with amines levels.     

食盐中氯化钠测定的研究

食盐是人们日常生活中必备的调味品,氯化钠是食用盐的主要成分,是食盐咸味的主要来源。作为食盐生产企业必须控制的指标,氯化钠项目的检测尤为重要,但是不同产品标准规定的氯化钠的检测方法存在着或多或少的差别,常用的氯化钠测定方法为计算法,一个项目涉及到5个项目的检测,且计算过程繁琐。本研究根据食盐中杂质化合物的不同将食用盐分成几个类型,将复杂的计算过程列表表示,使计算过程变得清晰明了。同时汇总了现行食用盐标准中氯化钠含量的测定方法幵迚行了比较分析,以期给管理部门、生产企业及检验人员提供更多的参考和思考。     

Partial replacement of sodium chloride with potassium chloride in dry fermented sausages: Influence on carbohydrate fermentation and the nitrosation process

Two types of dry fermented sausages were manufactured: type A with traditional formulation and type B with reduced sodium content. pH and a(w) values and the counts of aerobic mesophiles, Enterobacteriaceae and lactobacilli micro-organisms during the ripening of both fermented sausages were similar. Final lactic acid contents were also similar, but carbohydrate content was significantly lower in type B sausage. Content of acetic, propionic and butyric acids were significantly higher in type B, suggesting a higher heterofermentative activity. Also type B sausage showed lower nitrate level and higher chemical conversion percentage, suggesting a higher nitrosation intensity.