充氢对多孔TC4钛合金室温组织的影响

利用管式氢处理炉,采取固态气相渗氢法对多孔TC4钛合金进行充氢试验。采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射和扫描电镜等手段,研究相对密度、充氢温度和充氢时间对多孔TC4钛合金的相组成及微观组织的影响。研究结果表明,随氢质量分数的增加,多孔TC4钛合金的α相逐渐减少,β相逐渐增多,并形成δ氢化物;充氢温度达到某一临界温度时,一定量的氢可诱发多孔TC4钛合金的马氏体转变,生成α'马氏体;充氢后多孔TC4钛合金由原始等轴组织转变为针状和片层状的细小组织,当充氢温度较高氢质量分数较高时,出现片层状α'马氏体组织,当充氢温度较低氢质量分数较高时则出现网篮状α片层组织。充氢多孔TC4钛合金的微观组织与氢质量分数相当的TC4钛合金粉末相比整体要细小。     

置氢钛合金切削变形的实验研究

进行了爆炸落刀实验获取不同置氢量钛合金TC4的切屑根部,通过对切屑根部各变形区和切屑形态的分析研究置氢量影响钛合金切屑变形的规律.分析发现,置氢后钛合金的各变形区的变形量减小了,切屑由明显的锯齿形转变为近似带状的切屑.进一步测量了置氢钛合金切削过程中的切削力和切削温度,并根据切削变形量的减小解释了切削力和切削温度降低的机理.     

β型Ti40阻燃钛合金铸态组织高温变形的微观组织

Ti40(Ti-25V-15Cr-0.2Si)阻燃钛合金是β型钛合金。铸态组织中存在不同位向的孪晶,大孪晶中有许多平行的二次孪晶,沿孪晶界诱发微裂纹;高于850°C变形因动态回复形成了位错亚晶,变形温度越高亚晶越明显;850～1000°C变形孪晶与晶界交互作用及孪晶间的交互作用产生了微裂纹;孪晶的精细结构为位错;1100°C变形合金中不存在孪晶,在一些区域存在层错     

置氢对Ti-6Al-4V合金组织和性能的影响

为掌握置氢改善钛合金切削性能的机理,利用光学显微镜与X射线衍射仪分析了置氢Ti-6Al-4V合金的显微组织,采用热膨胀仪与热常数测试仪测定了该合金的热膨胀系数和导热系数,通过高温拉伸试验研究了该合金的力学性能。结果表明:置氢后,随着氢含量的增加,合金中的β相比例提高,并且生成了δ氢化物;与未置氢钛合金相比,在900℃时的热膨胀系数最大降幅为6%,而导热系数在500℃时的增幅最大,为40%;置氮后的钛合金,在800℃时抗拉强度与伸长率的降幅分别为19%和74%。     

TC4钛合金热变形行为研究

为了研究TC4钛合金丝材的拔制过程,对TC4合金进行了高温拉伸变形实验。研究了应变速率0. 1 s~(-1)时,不同温度(800℃、840℃、880℃、920℃和960℃),以及温度为920℃时,不同应变速率(0. 01 s~(-1)、0. 1 s~(-1)、1 s~(-1)和10 s~(-1))对TC4钛合金真应力-应变曲线及显微组织的影响。结果表明:当应变速率为0. 1 s~(-1)时,随着实验温度的升高,动态回复和动态再结晶出现,材料的流变应力逐渐降低。其显微组织表明,随着温度升高,α相变得粗大,并由原先的长棒状变为短棒状,β相的含量逐渐增多。当实验温度为920℃时,随着应变速率的增加,加工硬化速率变快,位错增殖,晶粒运动受阻,硬化不能及时消除,畸变能增大,导致峰值应力增大,流变应力峰值升高。其显微组织表明,随着应变速率增加,α相沿拉伸方向变细变长,逐渐趋于同向排列。     

一种新型铝锰合金的热压缩流变行为及热加工图

采用Gleeble-3500型热模拟试验机对一种新型铝锰合金进行了应变速率为0.01~10s-1、变形温度为350~550℃的等温热压缩试验,研究了它的热压缩流变行为;基于动态材料模型获得了该合金的热加工图,并研究了其显微组织与变形温度、应变速率之间的关系。结果表明:试验合金的热压缩流变行为可用双曲正弦模型来描述,其激活能为194.757kJ·mol-1;结合热加工图和显微组织得到的试验合金适宜的加工温度和应变速率分别为500~550℃和0.1s-1;在高Z条件下的亚晶为拉长的变形组织,在低Z条件下则形成了低位错密度的完整亚晶结构。     

TC11钛合金表面渗锆层组织及其摩擦学性能

为提高TC11钛合金的摩擦磨损性能,对合金表面进行双层辉光等离子渗锆处理,对渗锆层进行了物相分析、组织观察和微区成分分析,并在不同温度下进行了摩擦磨损试验。结果表明：TC11钛合金表面获得了组织致密、厚度为25μm、主要由α-Ti相组成的渗层,锆元素主要固溶在α-Ti相中;在室温和450℃时,渗锆层的摩擦因数均远小于T...     

置氢钛合金车削时刀具扩散磨损研究

采用热氢处理技术在800℃下,对Ti-6Al-4V合金进行了置氢处理。通过车削试验,比较了切削置氢钛合金时硬质合金刀具的耐用度,采用SEM及EDS等分析仪器对刀具的扩散磨损机理进行了深入探讨。研究表明:90m/min的切削速度下,切削置氢量为0.3%试件对应刀具耐用度相对于切削未置氢试件时提高了2.2倍。切削未置氢和置氢量为0.3%的钛合金TC4时,刀具均有扩散磨损发生,并且切削未置氢钛合金时对应刀具前刀面的扩散层深度相对较深。磨损区切削温度的差异,以及钛合金TC4适量置氢后,其组织、力学性能、物理性能变化而引起的钛合金与刀具材料之间化学亲和力的改变是刀具耐用度和扩散磨损程度存在差异的主要原因。     

TC4钛合金等离子弧焊接接头组织及性能

采用等离子弧焊接工艺焊接TC4钛合金,通过室温拉伸、显微硬度测试、金相分析及X射线衍射试验,对TC4钛合金等离子弧焊接接头的显微组织和性能进行了研究。实验结果表明:TC4钛合金等离子弧焊接接头焊缝的组织为针状马氏体α'相和残余β相,组织形态为粗大柱状晶,过渡区和近焊缝区中的组织为细小的针状α相和β相、少量的α'相,组织形态为较粗大的等轴晶;接头焊缝熔化区的硬度最高;接头断口的主要微观特征为韧窝,属于延性断裂,但部分区域韧窝很浅,趋向于脆性断裂。     

TC4固态渗碳化硼的试验研究

为改善钛及钛合金的表面性能,对TC4在不同温度条件下固态渗碳化硼后的渗层显微组织及硬度等情况进行了试验研究。结果表明,渗层在表面为致密分布的化合物层,而在基体内部则形成沿晶界分布的板条状或等轴状的颗粒扩散层;表面碳化硼处理可以显著提高TC4的表面硬度,而且由表及里具有良好的硬度梯度;断口形貌分析发现材料由韧性断裂转变成脆性断裂。     

金属材料在振动切削时脆化机理的研究

振动切削实质是一种高能量冲击切削。位错、挛晶、微晶和亚晶粒组织是高能冲击切削时金属材料的主要组织形态,高密度变形条带相互交叉、阻滞或截割,使晶体组织严重细化为微晶,同时发生严重的点阵畸变,使晶体的自由能升高,金属材料的强度硬度升高,同时塑性韧性下降。特别是在高速、高能量冲击载荷的作用下,变形区内主要组织形态是孪晶和亚晶粒,材料的塑性和韧性降低,脆性大幅增加。切削时,呈现脆性分离形成的崩碎切屑。     

Effect of prior deformation on microstructural development and Laves phase precipitation in high‐chromium stainless steel

This study investigated the influence of deformation on precipitation behaviour and microstructure change during annealing. Here, the prior deformation of high‐chromium stainless steel was tensile deformation of 3%, 6% and 10%, and the specimens were then annealed at 700?C for 10 h. The specimens were subsequently analyzed using backscattered electron image and electron backscattering diffraction measurements with SEM. Compared with the deformation microstructure, the grains revealed no preferred orientation. The precipitates of TiN and NbC were formed homogenously in the grain interior and at grain boundaries after annealing. Fine Laves phase precipitates were observed in grains and along subgrain boundaries as the deformation increased. Furthermore, the volume fraction of Laves phase increased, but the average particle diameter of precipitate was reduced as the deformation increased.     

基于非均匀储存能场的低碳钢静态再结晶CA模拟

采用元胞自动机方法,基于亚晶异常长大形核机制,在非均匀储存能场条件下,建立了低碳钢静态再结晶模型,并模拟了不同变形条件下的静态再结晶过程。结果表明:储存能越大,再结晶临界形核半径越小;变形程度较小时,再结晶晶核优先在晶界和小晶粒处形成;随着变形程度的增大,再结晶晶核的分布趋于均匀,孕育期及再结晶时间缩短,再结晶完成时晶粒较为细小;模拟结果与试验结果一致。     

EBSD investigation of the microstructure and texture characteristics of hot deformed duplex stainless steel

The microstructure and crystallographic texture characteristics were studied in a 22Cr‐6Ni‐3Mo duplex stainless steel subjected to plastic deformation in torsion at a temperature of 1000 °C using a strain rate of 1 s^?1. High‐resolution EBSD was successfully used for precise phase and substructural characterization of this steel. The austenite/ferrite ratio and phase morphology as well as the crystallographic texture, subgrain size, misorientation angles and misorientation gradients corresponding to each phase were determined over large sample areas. The deformation mechanisms in each phase and the interrelationship between the two are discussed.     

铸态铝黄铜的超塑性

本文 研究了未经任何预处理的大晶粒铸态铝黄铜（ZHA166-6-3-2）的超塑性,结果表明：在变形温度为520～585℃,初始应变速率为2.6×10-4～6.6×10-3s-1范围内,超塑拉伸的伸长率可达到120%以上,最佳应变速率为2.6×10-3s-1,变形温度为575℃,最大伸长率为230%,应变速率敏感性指数为0.32,金相组织分析表明：超薄变形主要发生在大晶粒内部,超塑变形促进亚晶的形成和动态再结晶的进行。     

The application of a hot deformation SEM stage, backscattered electron imaging and EBSD to the study of thermomechanical processing

The technique of combining in situ hot‐deformation and high resolution electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) has been applied to study the mechanisms operating during the thermomechanical processing of metals. A simple hot tensile‐straining stage is installed in a field emission gun scanning electron microscope equipped with an EBSD system and has been used successfully for a number of preliminary investigations. These investigations include substructure formation, dynamic subgrain and grain growth, superplastic deformation in aluminium alloys, and dynamic recrystallization in copper. Despite the surface topography, which inevitably increases during plastic deformation, channelling contrast backscattered electron micrographs have been successfully obtained after strains of up to ～50%. Good quality EBSD maps have been obtained after strains of up to 100%. Most observations and measurements from the in situ experiments are consistent with what is known about the mechanisms occurring in the bulk. The microstructures revealed in the centre of the in situ samples after later repolishing are generally similar to those at the surface.     

Misorientation distributions in hot deformed NaCl using electron backscattered diffraction

EBSD orientation mapping has been used to derive subgrain boundary misorientation distributions in a series of hot deformed and etched NaCl samples. The main objective of this study has been to examine the influence of data processing, noise caused by angular resolution limits and step size on the subgrain misorientation distributions in hot deformed NaCl. Processing of non‐indexed EBSD patterns increased the average misorientations in etched NaCl. Noise contributed significantly to low angle misorientation peaks for step sizes less than the minimum subgrain size. Orientation data collected using a step size larger than the average subgrain size cumulated misorientations across individual subgrains and effectively measured an orientation gradient between steps. Orientation gradient distributions were not influenced by noise. Average misorientation values calculated from large step data correlated well with average misorientation from small step size data. Average misorientations showed a power law relationship with strain. Three types of substructures were identified using scanning electron microscopy and EBSD mapping, equiaxed subgrains, long subgrain boundaries and a core‐mantle subgrain arrangement.     

Characterizing the deformed state in Al-0.1 Mg alloy using high-resolution electron backscattered diffraction

The application of high resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in a field emission gun scanning electron microscope to the characterization of a deformed aluminium alloy is discussed and the results are compared with those obtained by transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the adequate spatial resolution, accompanied by the improvement in angular resolution to ~0.5° that can be achieved by data processing, together with the extensive quantitative data obtainable, make EBSD a suitable method for characterizing the cell or subgrain structures in deformed aluminium. The various methods of analysing EBSD data to obtain subgrain sizes are discussed and it is concluded that absolute subgrain reconstruction is the most accurate.     

Relationship between the structure and physical-mechanical properties of U8A steel subjected to cold plastic deformation by hydrostatic extrusion

The structure and physical-mechanical properties of U8A high-carbon steel subjected to cold plastic deformation by hydrostatic extrusion have been investigated in a wide range of strain extents. Cold plastic deformation by hydrostatic extrusion has been shown to lead to the dispersion of the structure of U8A high-carbon steel. As the degree of true deformation increases, the ultimate strength and conventional yield limit of U8A steel monotonically grow by 2 and 3.6 times, respectively. Such parameters as coercive force, the number of jumps in magnetic Barkhausen noises, maximum magnetic permeability, residual induction, and the speed of elastic waves are more sensitive to changes in the dislocation density than in the dispersion of the grain and subgrain structure of extruded U8A steel. It has been established that at least two informative testing parameters are needed for nondestructive evaluation of the level of strength properties in extruded U8A steel. Those are coercive force (or maximum magnetic permeability, residual induction, the number of Barkhausen jumps, the speed of elastic waves) for a true deformation of up to 1.62 and the root-mean-square voltage of magnetic Barkhausen noises for true deformations above 1.62.     

Electron backscattered diffraction as a tool to quantify subgrains in deformed calcite

In this work, we investigated processing methods to obtain subgrain sizes from electron backscattered diffraction data using samples of experimentally deformed calcite (CaCO₃) polycrystals. The domain boundary hierarchy method, based on area measurements of domains enclosed by boundaries larger than a given misorientation angle, was applied to these calcite samples and was found to be limited by: (i) topological problems; (ii) undersampling of large grains; and (iii) artefacts caused by nonindexing. We tested two alternative methods that may reduce the problems: (i) the measured linear intercept hierarchy method, based on measurements of linear intercept between boundaries having larger misorientations than a given minimum angle; and (ii) the calculated linear intercept hierarchy method, based on the total length of boundaries having misorientations larger than a given minimum angle. The measured linear intercept hierarchy method was found to produce results more representative for the microstructure than the calculated linear intercept hierarchy method, because the calculated linear intercept hierarchy method has a significant uncertainty related to the grid‐based nature of the measurements. Preliminary results on calcite suggest that the measured linear intercept hierarchy method is related, in a complex way, to deformation conditions such as stress, strain and temperature as well as to the characteristics of subgrain rotation and grain boundary migration processes.