润滑剂含量对雾化铁粉温压行为的影响

采用水雾化铁粉,分别加入不同含量的润滑剂,以常温压制与温压两种压制方式成形,温压温度为130℃;测量了压坯、烧结坯的密度和弹性后效,并进行了对比与分析.结果表明:润滑剂的适量加入可以提高粉末的流动性以及减小其与模壁间的摩擦力,从而得到更高的压坯密度与烧结密度,加入量最佳值为0.4%(质量分数)左右;同时,温压可提高粉末的生坯密度、烧结密度,并且可以降低弹性后效和脱模力;常温压制的压坯密度和烧结坯密度最高值分别为6.89和7.10 g·cm-3,而温压的则提高至7.06和7.26 g·cm-3.     

铁基合金粉末低温温压工艺研究

对铁基合金粉末低温温压工艺进行了较为系统的研究,考察了粉末温度、模具温度、润滑剂含量和压制压力对温压密度的影响。结果表明：较佳的模具、粉末温度分别为120℃和100℃;粉末中较佳的润滑剂含量为0．65％;当压力为686MPa时,Fe-1．5Cu-0．5C和Fe-1．5Ni-0．5Mo-0．5Cu-0．5C粉末压坯密度分别达到了7．42,7．41g／cm^3;两种粉末的温压坯件经过烧结后密度进一步提高,合金元素镍、钼等具有优良的烧结强化效果。     

钛合金拉伸试棒粉末温压成形研究

研究了钛合金拉伸试棒粉末温压成形过程。在双向压制方式下,采用一种新型聚合物作模壁润滑剂,并在用其作内润滑剂主要成分的情况下使经过特殊配制的钛合金粉末温压达到拉伸试棒的要求。实验结果表明:在700MPa压力和模具粗糙度Ra值不大于0.4μm的情况下,长径比超过6的钛合金试棒在110℃时压坯密度达到最高值4.0g/cm3,温度高于或低于110℃时,密度均减小。     

润滑剂对不锈钢粉末温压成型工艺的影响

研究了润滑剂种类、成型温度、润滑剂含量和润滑方式对不锈钢粉末温压成型生坯密度的影响。试验结果表明,改性聚合物润滑剂比石蜡和硬脂酸锌更适合于温压工艺,并具有较宽的温压成型温度范围,其值为(110±10)℃。当润滑剂含量(质量分数)为0.5%~0.9%时,对不锈钢粉末温压成型的生坯密度影响不大。模壁润滑可以显著降低混合粉末中润滑剂的含量,模壁润滑温压成型工艺可以显著提高不锈钢混合粉末的生坯密度。     

压制次数对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料物理性能的影响

粉末压制是粉末冶金工艺关键步骤,压制压力直接影响着粉末冶金压坯的密度,提高压坯密度有助于提高粉末冶金制品的各项力学性能和物理性能。随着压制压力的提高,压坯密度呈现先急增后缓增的趋势,因此压制压力的大小严重影响着粉末冶金制品的性能。然而当压制压力不能使粉末冶金摩擦材料制品达到所需的压坯密度时,增加压制次数也能够在一定程度上提高压坯密度,一般情况下铜粉的屈服强度为200MPa左右,而一般铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料制品所需要的压制压力为600～800MPa,当使用低压压制时为了达到所需的压坯密度、硬度及各项物理性能,可适当增加压制次数,从而同样能达到改善压坯物理性能的目的。     

粉末压制时的密度-压力关系

粉末冶金文献上习见的两个名词,粉末的压制性(Com-pactibilty)和压缩性(Compressibility),是有区别的。Schwarzkopf给前者的定义是:达到一定生坯强度所需的最低压力;后者是:在一定压力下粉末密度增加的程度。而实际应用最广的,是以“压缩比”来作为粉末压制性能的衡量。“压缩比”是在一定压力下压坯密度和粉末的视密度(Appar-entdensity)之比。求粉末的压缩比时,往往要以不同压力多次压制,测定压坯密度,才能得出某种粉末的密度-压力关系。本文叙述的方法,仅需一次压制即可从冲头的位移而测定“在压”压坯密度和“零压”压坯密度与所加压力间的关系。     

316L不锈钢粉的流动温压成型工艺

研究了316L不锈钢粉流动温压成型时,在500 MPa压力下成型温度及润滑剂含量对生坯密度的影响;并在500 MPa压力、4%润滑剂含量和120℃温度下,进行了带内螺纹孔十字形零件的流动温压成型。结果表明:流动温压成型时,在润滑剂的熔点120℃附近生坯密度达到最大值5.55 g·cm~(-3);生坯密度随着润滑剂含量的增加而提高,但随着润滑剂含量的增加,压坯不出现裂纹的最大成型压力降低;流动温压成型制备的十字形零件的纵向和横向都具有完好的内螺纹。     

部分扩散预合金温压铁-铜-镍-钼-碳材料的组织与性能

对部分扩散预合金Fe-2Cu-2Ni-1Mo-1C粉末的温压行为及烧结和热处理后的组织和性能进行了研究.结果表明:模壁润滑温压工艺能明显提高烧结材料的密度和性能;在130℃、400～700 MPa压力范围内材料压坯密度、烧结密度和烧结性能均随压制压力增大而提高;700 MPa下材料压坯密度7.34 g/cm3;1 150℃烧结60 min后密度为7.32 g/cm3,抗拉强度达到853 MPa,表面硬度302 HB,伸长率4.4%;热处理对烧结材料力学性能提高效果显著;880℃淬火 350℃回火60 min材料的综合性能较好,抗拉强度1 086 MPa,表面硬度295 HB,伸长率3.7%,显微组织为马氏体、回火屈氏体和残余奥氏体.     

WC颗粒增强钢基复合材料的制备及耐磨性研究

以0.076～0.1mmWC颗粒为增强相,45钢为基体,采用粉末冶金真空烧结法制备颗粒增强钢基表面复合材料,考察了常温压制烧结和温压烧结2种工艺条件下的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,对于质量配比1∶1的WC和45钢粉末,采用硬脂酸锌作润滑剂,压制温度140℃,压制压力320kN,得到较为理想的复合材料,其耐磨性是Cr15的2.8倍,是同样工艺条件下常温压制试样的2.9倍。     

不同压制工艺对粉末冶金制品性能影响的有限元模拟

利用MSC/MARC有限元分析软件对金属粉末压制过程进行模拟分析.采用基于更新拉格朗日方法的热-力耦合分析不同工艺条件(温度、摩擦条件和压制方式等)对压坯性能的影响规律,同时对压制过程中的力学特征(压制力、脱模力、侧压力和应力分布等)进行分析.结果显示,摩擦条件是影响压坯密度大小及分布的关键因素,通过采用双向压制方法可以有效地改善单向压制压坯密度分布不均、差值较大的现象.温度的提高有利于提高粉末颗粒的塑性变形能力,但效果不明显.另外,由于温度影响润滑剂润滑性能,因此在制定压制工艺时需考虑温度对压坯性能的影响.此外温度的提高、摩擦的降低均有利于降低压制力,提高压坯密度均匀性,改善压坯应力集中现象.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.