低温废热高效回收系统及其火用评价

通过一定的设备系统将大量放散的具有一定品位的热能回收发电,是废热回收的高价值方法.而对于原本品位不高的低温废热,如何有效地提高其回收率,则是低温废热回收中值得研究的课题.本文介绍一种多次闪蒸-混汽发电的废热回收发电系统,并采用火用方法对其热经济性做出了评价.     

低温废热高效回收系统及其_评价

通过一定的设备系统将大量放散的具有一定品位的热能回收发电 ,是废热回收的高价值方法。而对于原本品位不高的低温废热 ,如何有效地提高其回收率 ,则是低温废热回收中值得研究的课题。本文介绍一种多次闪蒸—混汽发电的废热回收发电系统 ,并采用火用方法对其热经济性做出了评价。     

反应机理分布对甲醇蒸汽重整制氢过程的影响

为强化微通道中甲醇蒸汽重整过程,考察了反应机理分布对制氢的影响。利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT中的通用有限速率模型对该过程进行了数值研究。计算表明,在相同反应条件下,采用贵金属催化剂所对应的反应机理的甲醇转化率较高,但其成本相应高。通过对催化表面上催化剂的分段布置,可以提高甲醇转化率,且在低温和高进口速度时更有效。在铜基和贵金属催化剂用量相等和温度453 K、进口速度0.4 m.-s1时甲醇转化率提高2.7%。     

低温废热高效回收系统及其Yong评价

通过一定的设备系统将大量放散的具有一定品位的热能回收发电，是废热回收的高价值方法。而对于原本品位不高的低温废热，如何有效地提高其回收率，则是低温废热回收中值得研究的课题。本文介绍一种多次闪蒸－混汽发电的废热回收发电系统，并采用Yong方法对其热经济性做出了评价。     

甲醇-水蒸汽重整制氢反应器新进展

甲醇-水蒸汽重整制氢反应器与所采用的催化剂体系和研究重点密切相关,反应器的最新发展多停留在实验室阶段.介绍了颗粒催化剂表征和涂层催化剂表征用甲醇-水蒸汽重整制氢反应器在实验室阶段的最新发展现状.微通道涂层催化剂反应器传热传质效率高,是甲醇-水蒸汽重整制氢反应器的发展方向.     

车载燃料重整技术的研究与展望

总结概述了目前的燃料重整技术,包括传统的重整制氢方法如水蒸汽重整、部分氧化重整、自热重整,以及逐渐成为研究热点的等离子体制氢技术.分析归纳了甲醇、乙醇、天然气、汽油和柴油的重整制氢研究,分析了反应机理和重整催化剂的研究进展,提出了各种燃料车载制氢的应用建议,尤其是汽油和柴油的车载应用.     

基于甲醇重整制氢的动力系统技术

对甲醇重整制氢的动力系统技术进行探讨,分别从甲醇重整制氢内燃机、甲醇重整制氢高温质子交换膜燃料电池（high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell,HT-PEMFC）、甲醇重整制氢低温质子交换膜燃料电池（low temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell,LT-PEMFC）等3个方面进行阐述。甲醇重整制氢内燃机动力系统对重整气的品质要求比较低,而且内燃机技术相对成熟,研发人员可以充分利用现有内燃机产业基础以及产业链,预期能够较快地进入市场应用。目前HT-PEMFC动力系统技术成熟,其对重整气体品质要求较高（CO体积分数<2%）,可以在便捷式电源、分布式发电以及电动汽车增程器上使用。甲醇重整制氢LT-PEMFC动力系统在应用时须要对重整气进行纯化才能满足LT-PEMFC的要求（H₂体积分数>99.999%）,目前该技术还处于前期研究阶段。     

600MW凝汽机组变工况热经济学分析

以600MW凝汽式机组为热经济学研究对象,使用热经济学结构理论,建立了系统的热经济学成本模型,计算变工况下各个组元的单位(火用)成本,并与传统的(火用)分析法进行比较,定量分析了变工况下组元单位(火用)成本的分布规律,指出了在系统节能分析中应重点考虑的组元,同时定性分析了组元单位(火用)成本高的原因.利用结构理论和等效焓降分别计算热耗率和煤耗率,验证了结构理论的合理性.结果表明:相对于(火用)分析法和等效焓降法,采用热经济学结构理论能更准确、更合理地判断设备的节能潜力.     

二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢Cu-Zn-Al-Cr/ZSM-5双功能催化剂研究

用共沉淀耦合机械混合法制备Cu-Zn-Al-Cr/ZSM-5双功能催化剂,与Cu-Zn-Al/ZSM-5催化剂进行对比研究,并考察其在二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢反应中的催化性能,研究ZSM-5在二甲醚水解反应以及铜基催化剂Cu-Zn-Al-Cr在甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应中的活性,同时采用热重、X射线衍射、H2程序升温还原等手段对催化剂的焙烧温度、物相结构、还原性能等进行分析。结果表明,Cu-Zn-Al-Cr/ZSM-5双功能催化剂的性能明显优于Cu-Zn-Al/ZSM-5催化剂,同时Cu-Zn-Al-Cr/ZSM-5双功能催化剂在二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢反应中有较好的低温活性和CO选择性,当反应温度为280℃,水醚比为7∶1时,二甲醚转化完全,氢气收率达到85.7%,反应温度低于240℃时,无CO生成;同时催化剂之间的耦合作用使Cu-Zn-Al-Cr/ZSM-5催化剂在较高温度下具有较好的活性和稳定性。     

炼厂制氢装置停运可行性及经济性探讨

低氢成本战略是现代炼厂的重要发展战略,优化炼厂氢资源和低氢成本管理是炼厂低氢成本战略的重要组成部分。延安石油化工厂20km~3/h(标准)制氢装置是企业汽柴油质量升级项目配套装置,正常生产状况下,制氢装置与1.2Mt/a连续重整装置所产氢气供全厂用氢装置使用。制氢装置停运前后全厂氢气、燃料气及蒸汽产耗状况表明,制氢装置停运后,重整装置所产氢气能满足全厂用氢需求,增开燃煤锅炉或调整燃煤锅炉的运行负荷均可实现全厂蒸汽的产耗平衡,通过补充液化气可以弥补燃料气出现的缺口。经测算,停运制氢装置后,一年可节约费用约4055万元,经济效益可观。制氢装置停运后,一旦重整装置出现问题,将会给生产带来一定困难,所以必须确保重整装置的安稳、长周期运行及制氢装置完好备用,以便需要开工供氢时能在较短时间内投运。     

Thermodynamic and economic assessment of a PEMFC-based micro-CCHP system integrated with geothermal-assisted methanol reforming

A micro-combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) system integrated with geothermal-assisted methanol reforming and incorporating a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack is presented. The novel CCHP system consists of a geothermal-based methanol steam reforming subsystem, PEMFC, micro gas turbine and lithium bromide (LiBr) absorption chiller. Geothermal energy is used as a heat source to drive methanol steam reforming to produce hydrogen. The unreacted methanol and hydrogen are efficiently utilized via the gas turbine and PEMFC to generate electricity, respectively. For thermodynamic and economic analysis, the effects of the thermodynamic parameters (geothermal temperature and molar ratio of water to methanol) and economic factors (such as methanol price, hydrogen price and service life) on the proposed system performance are investigated. The results indicate that the ExUF (exergy utilization factor the exergy utilization factor), TPES (trigeneration primary energy saving) and energy efficiency of the novel system can be reached at 8.8%, 47.24% and 66.3%, respectively; the levelized cost of energy is 0.0422 $/kWh, and the annual total cost saving ratio can be reached at 20.9%, compared with the conventional system. The novel system achieves thermodynamic and economic potential, and provides an alternative and promising way for efficiently utilizing abundant geothermal energy and methanol resources.     

Exergoeconomic analysis of hydrogen production using a standalone high-temperature electrolyzer

The conventional hydrogen production methods, primarily steam methane reforming and coal gasification, produce massive amounts of greenhouse gas emissions which significantly cause impacts on the environment. An alternative hydrogen production method is high-temperature electrolysis using Solid Oxide Electrolyzer that combines both high conversion efficiency and saleable high purity hydrogen production. The produced hydrogen can feed the various industrial processes at different scales in addition to offering an environmentally friendly storage option. The scope of this paper is to examine the economic feasibility of this technology through the utilization of the exergoeconomic concept, which traces the flow of exergy through the system and price both waste and products. Therefore, a standalone solid oxide electrolyzer of a 1MWe is considered for hydrogen production using renewably generated electricity. Having the detailed exergy analysis conducted in earlier studies, the focus of this article is on the costing of each exergy stream to determine the exergy cost and the potential changes outcomes as a result of the system operating or design parameters optimization. It is found that the cost of hydrogen production through the modular high-temperature electrolyzer varies between $3-$9/kg with an average of about $5.7/kg, respectively.     

Technoeconomic analysis of a methanol plant based on gasification of biomass and electrolysis of water

Methanol production process configurations based on renewable energy sources have been designed. The processes were analyzed in the thermodynamic process simulation tool DNA. The syngas used for the catalytic methanol production was produced by gasification of biomass, electrolysis of water, CO₂ from post-combustion capture and autothermal reforming of natural gas or biogas. Underground gas storage of hydrogen and oxygen was used in connection with the electrolysis to enable the electrolyser to follow the variations in the power produced by renewables. Six plant configurations, each with a different syngas production method, were compared. The plants achieve methanol exergy efficiencies of 59–72%, the best from a configuration incorporating autothermal reforming of biogas and electrolysis of water for syngas production. The different processes in the plants are highly heat integrated, and the low-temperature waste heat is used for district heat production. This results in high total energy efficiencies (∼90%) for the plants. The specific methanol costs for the six plants are in the range 11.8–25.3 €/GJ_exergy. The lowest cost is obtained by a plant using electrolysis of water, gasification of biomass and autothermal reforming of natural gas for syngas production.     

A distributed energy system integrating SOFC-MGT with mid-and-low temperature solar thermochemical hydrogen fuel production

Solar thermochemical hydrogen production with energy level upgraded from solar thermal to chemical energy shows great potential. By integrating mid-and-low temperature solar thermochemistry and solid oxide fuel cells, in this paper, a new distributed energy system combining power, cooling, and heating is proposed and analyzed from thermodynamic, energy and exergy viewpoints. Different from the high temperature solar thermochemistry (above 1073.15 K), the mid-and-low temperature solar thermochemistry utilizes concentrated solar thermal (473.15–573.15 K) to drive methanol decomposition reaction, reducing irreversible heat collection loss. The produced hydrogen-rich fuel is converted into power through solid oxide fuel cells and micro gas turbines successively, realizing the cascaded utilization of fuel and solar energy. Numerical simulation is conducted to investigate the system thermodynamic performances under design and off-design conditions. Promising results reveal that solar-to-hydrogen and net solar-to-electricity efficiencies reach 66.26% and 40.93%, respectively. With the solar thermochemical conversion and hydrogen-rich fuel cascade utilization, the system exergy and overall energy efficiencies reach 59.76% and 80.74%, respectively. This research may provide a pathway for efficient hydrogen-rich fuel production and power generation.     

Thermodynamic analysis of high‐temperature helium heated fuel reforming for hydrogen production

In order to take full advantage of the heat from high temperature gas cooled reactor, thermodynamic analysis of high‐temperature helium heated methane, ethanol and methanol steam reforming for hydrogen production based on the Gibbs principle of minimum free energy has been carried out using the software of Aspen Plus. Effects of the reaction temperature, pressure and water/carbon molar ratio on the process are evaluated. Results show that the effect of the pressure on methane reforming is small when the reaction temperature is over 900 °C. Methane/CO conversion and hydrogen production rate increase with the water/carbon molar ratio. However the thermal efficiency increases first to the maximum value of 61% and then decreases gradually. As to ethanol and methanol steam reforming, thermal efficiency is higher at lower reaction pressures. With an increase in water–carbon molar ratio, hydrogen production rate increases, but thermal efficiency decreases. Both of them increase with the reaction temperature first to the highest values and then decrease slowly. At optimum operation conditions, the conversion of both ethanol and methanol approaches 100%. For the ethanol and methanol reforming, their highest hydrogen production rate reaches, respectively, 88.69% and 99.39%, and their highest thermal efficiency approaches, respectively, 58.58% and 89.17%. With the gradient utilization of the high temperature helium heat, the overall heat efficiency of the system can reach 70.85% which is the highest in all existing system designs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrogen as a vector for central receiver solar utilities

An assessment is presented to use hydrogen or hydrogen-rich fuels as a vector in the Central Receiver Solar Utility (CRSU) concept.

The CRSU is conceived to meet primarily the domestic energy requirements for space heating and hot water production of a community. It normally operates to provide low grade heat with sensible seasonal heat storage and district heating systems. However, there are institutional problems connected with using sensible heat storage and low grade energy distribution systems into dwellings.

An alternative to this would be to produce hydrogen and hydrogen-rich fuels by using an advanced conversion technology and eliminate low grade heat storage and distribution systems. Two developing technologies, namely high temperature electrolysis and thermochemical processes, are considered for production of the vector. Then, an assessment is carried out at the conceptual level for fully dedicated Central Receiver Solar Utility Plants which integrate a central receiver system, thermochemical plant or electrical power generating system and synthetic fuel production plant with necessary auxiliary sub-systems.

It is shown that for a 10% capital recovery factor, the cost of hydrogen at the plant will be about $18 per GJ using thermochemical processes and about $20 per GJ using high temperature electrolysis processes.

The solar-hydrogen can also be converted to a more easily stored fuel for domestic use such as methanol, ethanol, ammonia or fuel oil. In this case, there is a distinct possibility that by using waste heavy fuels, tar sands and biomass, the cost of synthetic fuel can be considerably reduced.     

Energy and exergy analysis of hydrogen production by solid oxide steam electrolyzer plant

Energy and exergy analysis has been conducted to investigate the thermodynamic–electrochemical characteristics of hydrogen production by a solid oxide steam electrolyzer (SOSE) plant. All overpotentials involved in the SOSE cell have been included in the thermodynamic model. The waste heat in the gas stream of the SOSE outlet is recovered to preheat the H₂O stream by a heat exchanger. The heat production by the SOSE cell due to irreversible losses has been investigated and compared with the SOSE cell's thermal energy demand. It is found that the SOSE cell normally operates in an endothermic mode at a high temperature while it is more likely to operate in an exothermic mode at a low temperature as the heat production due to overpotentials exceeds the thermal energy demand. A diagram of energy and exergy flows in the SOSE plant helps to identify the sources and quantify the energy and exergy losses. The exergy analysis reveals that the SOSE cell is the major source of exergy destruction. The energy analysis shows that the energy loss is mainly caused by inefficiency of the heat exchangers. The effects of some important operating parameters, such as temperature, current density, and H₂O flow rate, on the plant efficiency have been studied. Optimization of these parameters can achieve maximum energy and exergy efficiencies. The findings show that the difference between energy efficiency and exergy efficiency is small as the high-temperature thermal energy input is only a small fraction of the total energy input. In addition, the high-temperature waste heat is of high quality and can be recovered. In contrast, for a low-temperature electrolysis plant, the difference between the energy and exergy efficiencies is more apparent because considerable amount of low-temperature waste heat contains little exergy and cannot be recovered effectively. This study provides a better understanding of the energy and exergy flows in SOSE hydrogen production and demonstrates the importance of exergy analysis for identifying and quantifying the exergy destruction. The findings of the present study can further be applied to perform process optimization to maximize the cost-effectiveness of SOSE hydrogen production.     

Comprehensive assessment on a hybrid PEMFC multi-generation system integrated with solar-assisted methane cracking

A hybrid proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) multi-generation system model integrated with solar-assisted methane cracking is established. The whole system mainly consists of a disc type solar Collector, PEMFC, Organic Rankine cycle (ORC). Methane cracking by solar energy to generate hydrogen, which provides both power and heat. The waste heat and hydrogen generated during the reaction are efficiently utilized to generate electricity power through ORC and PEMFC. The mapping relationships between thermodynamic parameters (collector temperature and separation ratio) and economic factors (methane and carbon price) on the hybrid system performance are investigated. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) are applied to environmental and economic performance evaluation. The results indicate that the exergy utilization factor (EXUF) and energy efficiency of the novel system can reach 21.9% and 34.6%, respectively. The solar-chemical energy conversion efficiency reaches 40.3%. The LCOE is 0.0733 $/kWh when the carbon price is 0.725 $/kg. After operation period, the GHG emission reduction and recovered carbon can reach 4 × 10⁷ g and 14,556 kg, respectively. This novel hybrid system provides a new pathway for the efficient utilization of solar and methane resources and promotes the popularization of PEMFC in zero energy building.     

Thermodynamic and exergo-economic assessments of a new geothermally driven multigeneration plant

In this paper, a new geothermal-based multigeneration system is designed and investigated in both thermodynamic and economic analyses. The reason to select the geothermal source is that geothermal power is a renewable and sustainable power resource, and also it is not weather dependent. The proposed geothermal-based multigeneration plant is able to produce power, heating, cooling, swimming pool heating, and hydrogen. The main idea in this renewable-based multigeneration system is to create valuable products by using waste heat of subsystems. Then, by applying thermodynamic analyses, the energy and exergy performances of proposed multigeneration system are computed. Also, parametric work has been performed in order to see the impacts of the reference temperature, geothermal fluid temperature, and geothermal water mass flow rate. Finally, exergo-economic analysis based on exergy destruction or thermodynamic losses is done to gain more information about the system and to evaluate it better. According to the calculations, the overall plant's energy and exergy performances are 32.28% and 25.39%. Economic analysis indicates that hydrogen production cost can be dropped down to 1.06 $/kg H₂.     

A methanol autothermal reforming system for the enhanced hydrogen production: Process simulation and thermodynamic optimization

Methanol autothermal reforming is a potential way to produce hydrogen that can be used for vehicle power batteries like PEMFC. Combining a reformer with a combustor to produce substantial hydrogen is promising, but the challenge of heat transfer efficiency between the reformer and combustor must be considered. Furthermore, the complexity of the system structure is not conducive to its large-scale operation level. In this paper, a novel methanol autothermal reforming hydrogen production system without catalytic combustion was built and developed, aiming to produce hydrogen-rich gas with low CO concentration. Process simulation and thermodynamic optimization on the target system were detailedly performed using Aspen Plus software and parameter sensitivity analysis methods. In addition, a methanol autothermal reforming hydrogen production system using catalytic combustion was taken as the reference system. The results indicated that the novel system could achieve a self-sustaining operation by the coupled methanol partial oxidation and steam reforming. And the product gas contained very low CO concentration (<10 ppm) due to the combined effects of water-gas shifting and CO preferential oxidation reactions. It was verified that under the maximal exergy efficiency condition, the exergy efficiency of the novel system is not significantly improved compared with the reference system, but the hydrogen yield is increased by about 27.65%, the thermal efficiency is increased by about 17.51%, and the exergy loss when generating unit molar H₂ is reduced by 20.53 kJ/mol; Under the condition of maximum hydrogen yield, the indicators of the novel system also perform better. Notably, the reformer is the main exergy loss source in the novel system, which provides a theoretical basis for further optimization of parameter configuration. This work will be beneficial to researchers who study the miniaturization design of the integrated system of methanol hydrogen production coupled vehicle power battery.