基于分子动力学的3D打印TiAl纳米多晶合金变形机制及其温度相关性分析

借助透射电镜观察和分子动力学计算,对3D打印Ti-6Al-4V合金的变形行为及其温度相关性进行了系统研究。结果表明,温度在TiAl纳米多晶体变形机制的竞争中起关键作用。当温度低于800 K,平均晶粒尺寸低于8.3 nm的单相TiAl纳米多晶合金首先出现位错运动,且层错保留在晶粒中并形成交错结构。同时,大尺寸晶粒(≥8.3 nm)为位错运动提供了足够的空间,很少在晶粒中形成层错。在双相TiAl+Ti₃Al纳米多晶合金中,层错的交割是低应变(ε<18.0%)TiAl晶粒的主要变形机制,并且Ti₃Al晶粒保持其初始结构。当ε≥18.0%时,Ti₃Al晶粒中的位错开始运动并形成层错交割。当温度高于800 K时,Ti和Al原子处于高能状态,主要的变形机制与具有非晶结构的滑移边界有关。非晶滑移边界及再结晶结构是双相TiAl+Ti₃Al纳米多晶合金组织变形的最重要特征。     

变形过程中纳米金属镍的微结构演变

利用透射电镜对冷轧变形所致纳米结构金属镍的微结构组织演变特征进行了研究.结果表明,经过轧制变形后,纳米晶的平均晶粒尺寸为50～70 mm,有少量位错结构,但没有发现位错堆积缠结;在晶界处及附近有台阶界面结构,以及与台阶形状相对应的应力场衬度.在变形后期,可以靠晶界发射不全位错从而促使层错生成,并依赖层错尺寸长大(即层错界面位错)的运动进行.而当层错尺寸长大时,其前沿局部变形应力逐渐变大,直至该应力大到一定值时,位错停止运动,层错尺寸也不再长大,并留下了台阶结构.     

剧烈塑性变形对块体纳米金属材料结构和力学性能的影响

综述了剧烈塑性变形引起的块体纳米金属材料的结构和力学性能演变.以电化学沉积法制备的fcc结构纳米晶Ni-20%Fe(质量分数)合金为研究对象,通过对其进行不同应变量的高压扭转实验,系统分析了变形引起的结构和力学性能演变.结构表征结果表明:(1)变形引发纳米晶Ni-Fe合金晶粒旋转,实现晶粒长大.同时,晶粒长大过程伴随着位错密度、孪晶密度的演变;(2)存在一个最有利于变形孪晶生成的晶粒尺寸范围(45~100 nm),在这个晶粒尺寸范围之外,去孪晶起主导作用使原有的生长孪晶或变形孪晶消失;(3)位错密度是影响位错与孪晶反应的新的影响因素.当发生孪晶的晶粒内位错密度低时,位错可完全穿过孪晶界,部分穿过孪晶界,或被孪晶界吸收;发生孪晶的晶粒内位错密度高时,大量位错缠绕并堆积在孪晶界附近,形成应力集中,破坏孪晶界原有的共格性.为释放局部应力,将从孪晶界的另一侧发射不全位错形成层错和二次孪晶;(4)在塑性变形导致的晶粒长大过程中,原先偏聚于消失了的晶界上的C和S沿残留晶界扩散并继续偏聚于晶界上.结构与力学性能关系结果表明:随着应变量的增加,应变强化、应变软化交替出现.位错密度对硬度的演变起主导作用,其它结构演变(如孪晶密度的变化和晶粒尺寸变化)对硬度的演变起次要作用.     

含氧纳米多晶α-Ti拉伸力学性能与变形机制的分子动力学模拟

纳米纯Ti对间隙O原子具有强烈的敏感性,O含量可以很大程度上改变其力学性能和变形机制。采用分子动力学方法分别研究了O含量、变形温度、应变速率对纳米多晶α-Ti拉伸性能及变形机制的影响。结果表明,纳米多晶α-Ti的屈服应力随间隙O含量增加而升高。在O含量小于0.3%(原子分数)时,观察到变形孪晶■,该孪晶通过孪晶面上的“带状位错”协调长大;O含量大于等于0.3%时,被激活的滑移系类型向多元化转变,柱面、基面和锥面滑移系被激活,位错类型转变为以刃型位错为主。在含O纳米多晶α-Ti中,位错机制和晶界机制辅助塑性变形。晶界迁移率随变形温度和应变速率的增加明显增大。新晶粒形成过程伴随着不稳定的Ti_hcp→Ti_bcc→Ti_hcp相变,这种相变由晶粒的相对旋转所致,且生成新晶粒的数量随着应变速率的增大而增多。通过探索间隙O原子强化的本质,为优化纳米尺度纯Ti力学性能,拓展纯Ti应用范围提供理论依据。     

动态压缩条件下高纯钛微观组织特征研究

利用光学显微镜(OM)、背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术及透射电子显微镜(TEM)对高纯钛低-中应变动态压缩变形的微观组织特征进行了研究。结果表明：随着应变量(ε)的增加,晶粒内部通过孪晶与孪晶,孪晶与位错以及位错与位错之间的交互作用逐步细化原始晶粒;变形初期,形变孪生以{11-22}孪晶为主,当ε达到0.2后,{10-12}孪晶转变为主要形变孪生类型,孪生改变了原始晶粒的取向,进一步促进晶粒内部的位错滑移。高纯钛动态压缩变形经历了由位错滑移到形变孪生,再到位错滑移主导的过程,但位错滑移和孪生始终共同作用协调动态压缩变形。     

动态压缩条件下高纯钛微观组织特征

利用光学显微镜(OM)、背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术及透射电子显微镜(TEM)对高纯钛低-中应变动态压缩变形的微观组织特征进行了研究。结果表明:随着应变量(ε)的增加,晶粒内部通过孪晶与孪晶,孪晶与位错以及位错与位错之间的交互作用逐步细化原始晶粒;变形初期,形变孪生以{1122}孪晶为主,当ε达到0.2后,{1012}孪晶转变为主要形变孪生类型,孪生改变了原始晶粒的取向,进一步促进晶粒内部的位错滑移。高纯钛动态压缩变形经历了由位错滑移到形变孪生,再到位错滑移主导的过程,但位错滑移和孪生始终共同作用协调动态压缩变形。     

剧烈塑性变形对Ni-20%Fe合金显微结构和力学性能的影响

研究了剧烈塑性变形对Ni-20%Fe合金显微结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,变形后Ni-20%Fe合金的晶粒取向发生旋转,同时伴随有晶粒长大现象。晶粒的长大是由塑形变形过程中位错密度,以及孪晶密度的改变引起的。当应变量增加时,材料的应变强化、软化现象交替出现,这主要是由位错密度的变化引起的。     

易切削Cu-Zn-Se-Bi-Sn合金动态再结晶机制与位错组态

采用H800透射电镜观察了不同变形量条件下Cu-Zn-Se-Bi-Sn合金的热变形组织。研究发现,在不同变形量的Cu-Zn-Se-Bi-Sn合金中分别出现了位错网、位错墙及位错胞三种位错组态。当变形量为2%时,在Cu-Zn-Se-Bi-Sn合金晶粒内部某些区域形成明显的位错网;变形量达到20%时,位错开始在原始晶界附近规整化排列,并在一些区域内排列成整齐的位错墙,同时出现亚晶界的离解与亚晶间聚合;当变形量达到80%时,出现了明显的动态再结晶亚晶聚合形核。     

Ta-7.5％W合金箔材冷轧过程中的位错结构演变

本文详细研究了Ta-7.5％W合金中取向为45°立方旋转织构{001}〈110〉方向的晶粒在冷轧变形过程中的位错结构和显微硬度演变规律.结果发现,当冷轧变形10％时,合金中形成了典型的bcc金属冷变形的位错结构,包括位错偶极子、位错反应形成的“剪刀”型位错以及位错碎片亚结构等;随着变形的进一步进行,其中一种晶粒中初期形...     

GH625合金的动态再结晶行为研究

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机研究了GH625合金在变形温度为950～1150℃,应变速率为0.001～5s-1条件下的热变形特性,并用OM和TEM分析了变形条件对微观结构的影响。结果表明:当应变量很小时,该合金没有发生再结晶,直到应变量达到0.1时才开始有再结晶晶粒析出。随着变形温度的升高,再结晶晶粒尺寸增大,位错密度降低;当温度较低时显微结构中可以观察到孪晶。当变形温度一定时,随应变速率的增大,再结晶的形核率增大且晶粒变小,位错密度变大;而当应变速率较低时,再结晶进行得比较充分,晶粒尺寸较大。根据实测的应力-应变曲线,获得了该合金发生动态再结晶的临界应变εc和峰值应变εp与Z参数之间的关系:εc=2.0×10-3.Z0.12385,lnεp=-6.02285+0.12385lnZ。此外,还采用定量金相法计算出了合金的动态再结晶体积分数,并建立了该合金动态再结晶的动力学模型:Xd=1-exp[-0.5634(ε/εp-0.79)1.313]。     

拉伸变形对Hastelloy C-276合金组织与力学性能的影响

采用金相(OM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)以及拉伸实验等技术手段研究了不同变形量条件下Hastelloy C-276合金薄板的组织演化特征和力学性能。结果表明:变形量小于14%时,位错优先在晶界附近塞积,并产生局部应变集中;变形量在14%~30%范围内,孪晶界附近及晶粒内部产生大量位错,位错滑移引起晶粒内部应变集中增强;变形量由0%增加至30%,晶界应变集中程度因子先增大后减小,变形量为14%时晶界应变集中程度因子最大。利用Ludwigson模型回归拟合了不同变形条件下的真应力-真应变曲线,随变形量的增加,材料的加工硬化程度提高,加工硬化速率减小,发生单滑移向多滑移转变的临界应变减小。     

Plastic deformation of nanocrystalline aluminum at high temperatures and strain rate

The deformation of nanocrystalline aluminum was studied using molecular dynamics simulation at homologous temperatures up to 0.97. The microstructures and stress–strain response were examined in a polycrystalline and bicrystal configuration. The activation energies for dislocation-based deformation as well as grain boundary sliding and migration were quantified by fitting simulation data to temperature using an Arrhenius relation. The activation energy for the flow stress response suggests that deformation is largely accommodated by sliding and migration of grain boundaries. This is in agreement with simulated microstructures, indicating a negligible degree of dislocation interaction within each grain, and microstructural observations from high strain rate processes are also consistent with this result. A steady-state grain size is maintained in the recrystallized structure following yielding due to boundary migration and grain rotation mechanisms, rather than by diffusion-based dislocation climb.     

Multiple plastic deformation mechanisms of NiTi shape memory alloy based on local canning compression at various temperatures

A Ni-rich NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA), which was in its austenitic state at ambient temperature, was subjected to plastic deformation by means of local canning compression at various temperatures ranging from room temperature to 800 °C. Depending on temperatures, NiTi SMA exhibited multiple plastic deformation mechanisms, such as dislocation slip, deformation twinning, grain boundary slide, grain rotation, dislocation climb and grain boundary migration. Amorphization, dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization of NiTi SMA were also observed at various temperatures. Mechanism of localized amorphization, in particular, was investigated based on dislocation slip and deformation twinning. Statistically stored dislocation (SSD) and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) were found to play an important role in the amorphization of the current NiTi SMA. There appeared a critical dislocation density below which NiTi SMA was unable to amorphize. Accordingly, at a fixed deformation strain, there should be a critical temperature above which amorphous phase would not occur in the NiTi SMA matrix. Furthermore, when NiTi SMA experienced plastic deformation at the critical temperature, amorphization and crystallization would occur simultaneously and compete with each other.     

Influence of grain size in the near-micrometre regime on the deformation microstructure in aluminium

The effect of grain size on deformation microstructure formation in the near-micrometre grain size regime has been studied using samples of aluminium prepared using a spark plasma sintering technique. Samples in a fully recrystallized grain condition with average grain sizes ranging from 5.2 to 0.8 μm have been prepared using this technique. Examination in the transmission electron microscope of these samples after compression at room temperature to approximately 20% reduction reveals that grains larger than 7 μm are subdivided by cell block boundaries similar to those observed in coarse-grained samples, with a similar dependency on the crystallographic orientation of the grains. With decreasing grain size down to approx. 1 μm there is a gradual transition from cell block structures to cell structures. At even smaller grain sizes of down to approx. 0.5 μm the dominant features are dislocation bundles and random dislocations, although at a larger compressive strain of 30% dislocation rotation boundaries may also be found in the interior of grains of this size. A standard 〈1 1 0〉 fibre texture is found for all grain sizes, with a decreasing sharpness with decreasing grain size. The structural transitions with decreasing grain size are discussed based on the general principles of grain subdivision by deformation-induced dislocation boundaries and of low-energy dislocation structures as applied to the not hitherto explored near-micrometre grain size regime.     

等温变形对异种钛合金焊缝组织性能的影响

通过改变等温变形工艺参数探讨了焊缝显微组织的变化机理与焊件的室温拉伸性能。结果表明:在较低应变速率下,以较大变形量变形时,焊接界面晶粒细化与位错切过晶界和晶内的O/α2相条及O/α2发生拉长、颈缩而断开的机制有关,变形量小时则主要以位错切断晶界及晶内O/α2条为主。应变速率低(10-4s-1)和高(10-2s-1)时,出现的粗细不同条状O/α2相是与动态再结晶的响应速率有关。在980℃,以10-2～10-4s-1应变速率和30%～50%变形Ti2AlNb/TC11双合金焊接接头,可得到高于TC11合金的室温强度。     

Surface self-nanocrystallization of α+β titanium alloy by surface mechanical grinding treatment

In this work, the heavy deformation was performed on Ti6Al4V alloy by using surface mechanical grinding treatment (SMGT) in order to obtain surface nanocrystalline layer. The phase structure and microstructures in the deformation zones were characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. The nanocrystallization mechanisms of α and α phase were clarified. The results show that a gradient structure including nano grain, quasi nanograin and micro-grains was achieved within the depth of 500 μm below the surface. The depth of nanocrystallines layer was at least 20 μm. From the non deformation zone in the center to the heavy deformation zone close to treated surface, dislocation densities gradually increased. The original coarse grains gradually evolved into dislocation cell structures and subgrains through dislocation movement. In the depth of about 20 μm below the treated surface, the subgrains began to split into nano-scale grains with high angle grain boundaries by lattice rotation and tilting mechanisms. During SMGT, β phase deformed and refined prior to α phase, and inhibited the generation of twinning in α grain. The coordinated deformation between a and β phase promoted the formation of nanocrystallines.     

Deformation Mechanism and Hot Workability of Extruded Magnesium Alloy AZ31

Using the flow stress curves obtained by Gleeble thermo-mechanical testing, the processing map of extruded magnesium alloy AZ31 was established to analyze the hot workability. Stress exponent and activation energy were calculated to characterize the deformation mechanism. Then, the effects of hot deformation parameters on deformation mechanism,microstructure evolution and hot workability of AZ31 alloy were discussed. With increasing deformation temperature, the operation of non-basal slip systems and full development of dynamic recrystallization(DRX) contribute to effective improvement in hot workability of AZ31 alloy. The influences of strain rate and strain are complex. When temperature exceeds 350 °C, the deformation mechanism is slightly dependent of the strain rate or strain. The dominant mechanism is dislocation cross-slip, which favors DRX nucleation and grain growth and thus leads to good plasticity. At low temperature(below 350 °C), the deformation mechanism is sensitive to strain and strain rate. Both the dominant deformation mechanism and inadequate development of DRX deteriorate the ductility of AZ31 alloy. The flow instability mainly occurs in the vicinity of 250 °C and 1 s-1.     

Hot Deformation Behavior of ATI 718Plus Alloy with Different Microstructures

In this work, the eff ect of microstructure on hot deformation behavior of ATI 718Plus(hereinafter refers to 718Plus) alloy was studied by isothermal compression test. The results showed that when the strain rate was 0.01–0.1 s^-1 with deformation temperature of 980 and 1030 °C, hot deformation behavior was mainly aff ected by dislocation density. Dislocation density of the air-cooling alloy was larger than that of the furnace-cooling alloy, which makes its critical strain smaller and ...     

Deformation twinning in bulk nanocrystalline metals: Experimental observations

Deformation twins have been observed in nanocrystalline (nc) fcc metals with medium-to-high stacking fault energies such as aluminum, copper, and nickel. These metals in their coarse-grained states rarely deform by twining at room temperature and low strain rates. Several twinning mechanisms have been reported that are unique to nc metals. This paper reviews experimental evidences on deformation twinning and partial dislocation emissions from grain boundaries, twinning mechanisms, and twins with zero-macro-strain. Factors that affect the twinning propensity and recent analytical models on the critical grain sizes for twinning are also discussed. The current issues on deformation twinning in nanocrystalline metals are listed.