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1.
Impacts of Combined Technical and Economic Measures on Water Saving in Agriculture under Water Availability Uncertainty 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Daniel El Chami Alessandra Scardigno Giulio Malorgio 《Water Resources Management》2011,25(14):3911-3929
In Emilia Romagna region (northern Italy), the Water Protection Plan (WPP) — a tool designed to reach the objectives of the
Water Framework Directive — established different measures to achieve a good quantitative status of water bodies. The objective
of this study is to evaluate the combined economic, agronomic and environmental impacts of four measures of the WPP on the
“Renana” reclamation and irrigation scheme, and to quantify the water conservation in agriculture under the uncertainty of
water availability. To this purpose, a mathematical stochastic model able to represent uncertainty in water availability was
designed and implemented. Some data were collected from farms, and local sources were used as well to test the model. Each
analyzed measure was simulated in a single scenario, and subsequently combined with other measures. The performed simulations
are the following: application of volumetric water pricing (Scenario WFD1), awarding incentives for farmers to improve on-farm
irrigation efficiency (Scenario WFD2a), combination of WFD1 and WFD2a (Scenario WFD2b), reduction of water abstraction in
case of water shortage (Scenario WFD3a), combination of WFD1 and WFD3a (Scenario WFD3b), increasing distribution efficiency
in the channel system (Scenario WFD4a) and combination of WFD1 and WFD4a (Scenario WFD4b). Results have shown that scenarios
WFD2a and WFD4a generate a higher income for farmers and produce a positive ecological impact (water use and soil cover) but
tend to increase total water use. Scenarios WFD1 and WFD3a have the opposite effects since they reduce farmers’ income but
decrease water use as well. Only WFD1 could be favorable for the Board governing the scheme (RIB) in terms of economic returns.
Finally, results have shown that combined scenarios WFD2b and WFD4b, respectively, could modify the trade-off between economic
and environmental objectives and could be more effective since they significantly reduce water consumption and minimize losses
in farmers’ income. 相似文献
2.
Environmental and Resource Costs Under Water Scarcity Conditions: An Estimation in the Context of the European Water Framework Directive 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Julia Martin-Ortega Giacomo Giannoccaro Julio Berbel 《Water Resources Management》2011,25(6):1615-1633
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the good ecological status of surface water bodies, which implies the
improvement of both their physicochemical condition, as well as their flow and continuity. The WFD prescribes the assessment
of environmental and resource costs and benefits associated with implementing these improvements. The recent literature focuses
almost exclusively on the assessment of the economic values related to quality aspects. However, in much of southern Europe,
fulfilling the WFD goals will greatly depend on maintaining sufficient water flow, as well. This study aims to fill this gap
by assessing the non-market value of allocating enough water to the environment to ensure environmental services are sustained
when water is scarce. The non-market value of guaranteeing water supply for secondary household uses is also estimated. Using
the Guadalquivir River Basin in Spain as a case study, a choice experiment is applied with scenarios characterized by varying
water flow levels and accompanying environmental impacts, and a different frequency of household water restrictions. The results
show that the population derives significant benefits not only from the direct use of water, but that also holds non-use values
related to the ecological status, although the latter has a considerably lower impact on consumer surplus. Additionally, we
conclude that the costs of implementing the water saving measures currently included in the Program of Measures seem to be
proportionate to its benefits in this case. 相似文献
3.
Incorporating Non-market Benefits of Reclaimed Water into Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Case Study of Irrigated Mandarin Crops in southern Spain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Francisco Alcon Julia Martin-Ortega Francisco Pedrero Juan Jose Alarcon M. Dolores de Miguel 《Water Resources Management》2013,27(6):1809-1820
Maintaining a river system’s minimum water flow is a pre-condition for achieving the “good ecological status” prescribed by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). In areas of water scarcity the reuse of treated water for agricultural irrigation is seen as a promising option to reduce the quantitative pressure on the resource. As part of assessing the viability of reclaimed water use in agriculture, and in accordance with the economic principles underpinning the WFD, a comprehensive economic analysis of this irrigation option is needed. This paper contributes to fill this knowledge gap by producing a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of the use of reclaimed water in agriculture. The costs and benefits of reclaimed water use on an experimental mandarin farm in the south-east of Spain are compared with those of using surface water and a mixture of water sources. The novelty of this study is that non-market benefits are incorporated in the CBA. We thereby account for the increase in welfare that the environmental services of this supply option provide to society at large. These kind of “intangible” benefits are often ignored, but only the combination of market and non-market costs and benefits can produce a balanced assessment of water management options and lead to an efficient and sustainable allocation of the resource. Our results suggest that at the private and social level, when environmental benefits are included, the use of a mixture of water sources, including reclaimed water, seems the best option. However, at low mandarin prices (lower than 0.23 €/kg) the exclusive use of reclaimed water seems the most beneficial option. 相似文献
4.
The aim of this paper was to analyse Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenarios for addressing the eutrophication issue of the Po Basin-North
Adriatic coastal zone continuum. A multidisciplinary approach was developed combining Ecologic and Economic disciplines being
a relevant step for shaping cost-effective strategies aiming to achieve the water quality targets as required by the Water
Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC and by the Italian D.lgs. 152 of the 2006. The BAU scenarios analysed suggest an increase
of nutrient load (2.1–4.6% for nitrogen and 0.4–5% for phosphorus) if the current programme of measures will not be modified
implying that Water Qualitative Objectives (WQOs) will not be achieved by the year 2015 (Art. 4 of WFD). The methodological
approach described in this paper should be used as Decision Support System (DSS) aiming to support environmental planning
process under both the WFD and the Italian D.lgs. 152 of the 2006. 相似文献
5.
Rodrigo Maia 《Water Resources Management》2017,31(10):3043-3060
The Water Framework Directive (WFD), one of the most influential pieces of European water legislation, presents a general framework for integrated river basin management in Europe to meet the environmental objectives. More than 16 years after the WFD adoption and after the end of the first management cycle (in 2015), it is time for a screening assessment of the implementation of the WFD in the different Member States (MSs). This article provides a global overview about the evolution of WFD implementation in MSs, highlighting the progression of the European water bodies status, as well as, some of the main challenges of WFD implementation: ecological flows, pricing policies/economic analysis, climate change, exemptions, public participation and transboundary issues. The paper examines these different topic, drawing up their situation in different MSs. For that purpose, not only the foreseen second cycle of the River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs) is analysed as also, at a larger scale, the expectations and challenges for the future set by the WFD are examined. 相似文献
6.
Decision Support for the Selection of Measures according to the Requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Bernd Klauer Michael Rode Johannes Schiller Uwe Franko Melanie Mewes 《Water Resources Management》2012,26(3):775-798
One major scientific challenge posed by the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) is the design of a decision support process
that meets the Directive’s requirement to achieve “good status” for all water bodies using a cost-effective combination of
measures. This paper presents BASINFORM, a new decision methodology for selecting cost-effective management measures, developed in close co-operation with the
water authorities and tested in the 5,154 km2 mesoscale river Weisse Elster in central Germany. BASINFORM comprises (i) a procedure for framing the specific problems in the water bodies, including quantification of the need
for action, (ii) modelling tools for quantifying the impacts of management measures, and (iii) a method for selecting cost-effective
combinations of measures. One innovative feature of BASINFORM is that it structures the complex decision problems appropriately for practical use and provides an easy-to-use framework
for integrating scientific and practical knowledge. A trial run applying BASINFORM to the Weisse Elster catchment revealed that good surface water status with respect to nutrient levels cannot be achieved
if only the “standard” actions of current water management are taken to reduce point sources (sewage treatment) and diffuse
agricultural sources. It also became clear that the nutrient-reduction measures available will generate considerable costs.
The application of BASINFORM in this case study demonstrated its practical applicability in the WFD implementation process. Beyond the case study
described here BASINFORM is currently being used for practical implementation of the WFD in the German Federal State of Thuringia. 相似文献
7.
Groundwater-Dependent Wetlands in the UK and Ireland: Controls,Functioning and Assessing the Likelihood of Damage from Human Activities 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Stefan Krause A. Louise Heathwaite Felicity Miller Paul Hulme Andrew Crowe 《Water Resources Management》2007,21(12):2015-2025
Under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) the requirement for ‘good groundwater status’ is dependent upon there being no ‘significant
damage’ to groundwater-dependent terrestrial ecosystems, i.e. groundwater-dependent wetlands. An ecohydrogeological framework
was developed to assess the risk of significant damage for groundwater-dependent terrestrial ecosystems in the UK and the
Republic of Ireland. The framework will be used by the competent authorities implementing the WFD as a decision support system
to apply the WFD guidelines on a local to regional basis. The framework considers the variety of groundwater controls and
pathways of different wetland types and allows a specific assessment to be made of the vulnerability of different wetland
types to groundwater related risks. Seven distinct wetland types were identified and the potential pressures were evaluated.
A GIS framework was developed in order to analyse the spatial coincidence of potential risks to each wetland type. The framework
was tested for a trial dataset of 10 groundwater controlled wetland ecosystems in England and Wales in order to evaluate their
current risk of damage. 相似文献
8.
9.
G. Premazzi A. Dalmiglio A. C. Cardoso G. Chiaudani 《Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management》2003,8(1):41-59
This paper constitutes the first consideration of the implications of the lake management in Italy arising from the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), in comparison to the provisions of existing national legislation. As a matter of fact, the Italian decrees anticipated the principles of the WFD and have substantially modified the legislation in the field of water in Italy. Important changes were introduced, both in the monitoring systems and in the classification methods for surface waters. The environmental quality status will be determined not only by monitoring the aqueous matrix, but also the sediment and the biota. The new WFD is the major piece of European Union (EU) legislation with environment at its core; it will guide the efforts for attaining a sustainable aquatic environment in the years to come. In the WFD one can see elements from all the different forces that guided the reform of EU water policy: environmental protection, deregulation and subsidiarity. Moreover, elements of the economic instruments approach (introduction of the cost recovery principle), quantitative concerns (setting of minimum flow objectives for rivers and abstraction limits for ground waters) and the quest for integration (river basin management with representation of all stakeholders) are all reflected in the WFD. The paper summarizes the present condition of the most important lakes in the Italian lake district and also highlights the case of Lake Varese, representing a unique case of lake management in Italy. Preliminary results show that there are very few examples dealing with the elements thought appropriate to lake water assessment as required by the WFD. The application of the objectives of the type specified is a largely unknown issue. 相似文献
10.
This paper provides a comparative review of the literature on the institutional challenges and politics of IWRM, in relation to the EU's Water Framework Directive (WFD). It reveals two parallel debates with little interaction. The extent to which IWRM is actually addressed in the WFD literature is questioned, as is the assumption that developing countries can learn from WFD experiences. Finally, the mutual benefits of connecting these parallel discussions are demonstrated, especially in terms of encouraging greater sensitivity to the contingencies and complexities of water management. 相似文献
11.
The European Union Water Framework Directive (EU WFD) is a unique piece of legislation, which may be of great significance to on-going reforms of the water sector in China. First and foremost it unites 27 European member states behind a common goal, which is “to achieve good chemical and ecological status” of all water bodies across the EU. Other significant characteristics of the EU WFD are that (1) it sets a clear timeframe with a number of time-bound actions for member states to achieve the goal, but leaves it to member states to achieve this goal in a decentralised process, which makes allowance for the different socio-economic conditions, (2) it defines the river basin as the management unit for water thus departing with the traditional fragmented management by administrative units and it appoints a single competent authority for water management within each river basin, thus facilitating resolution of sector conflicts, (3) it requires a financial and economic analysis of the costs of implementing the EU WFD to enable decision makers to assess whether the required improvements are affordable to government and to the population within the river basin, and (4) it requires a structured process for information and consultation with stakeholders and the public throughout the planning and implementation process. 相似文献
12.
Earle JR Blacklocke S Bruen M Almeida G Keating D 《Water science and technology》2011,64(10):2044-2051
Water Framework Directive (WFD) statutory authorities and stakeholders in Ireland are now challenged with the issue of how the proposed programmes of measures in the newly required River Basin Management Plans - designed to protect and restore good ecology by reverting as closely as possible back to natural conditions - are to be implemented in a way that concurrently complies with other existing and emerging intersecting European Union legislation, such as the Floods Directive (FD). The WFD is driven largely by ecological considerations, whereas the FD and other legislation are more geared towards protecting physical property and mitigating public safety risks. Thus many of the same waterbodies, especially heavily modified waterbodies, arguably have somewhat competing policy objectives put upon them. This paper explores the means by which Ireland might best achieve the highest degrees of cost effectiveness, economic efficiency and institutional durability in pursuing the common and overarching objective of the WFD and FD - to ensure Irish waterways are put to their highest valued uses. 相似文献
13.
Amaya Martínez Javier Uche Antonio Valero Carlos Rubio 《Water Resources Management》2011,25(12):2931-2949
The Georgescu-Roegen’s statements about the connexion between the Economy and the Thermodynamics, together with the Eco-integrator
approach introduced by Naredo and its relation with the water cost definitions given in the European Water Framework Directive
(WFD), are the outline backgrounds of the work presented in this paper. Assuming that the physical laws are called to be the
objective and universal tools to assess water costs, Physical Hydronomics (PH) has been developed as the accounting tool for
the WFD application, regarding its physico-chemical objectives. PH is defined as the specific application of the Thermoeconomics
to physically characterize the degradation and correction of water bodies. The Second Law of Thermodynamics, through the exergy
loss calculation, is the basic working tool in this study. The final objective of PH is to use those calculated physical costs
of water as a guide to allocate the environmental and resource costs introduced by the WFD. In this paper, the general framework
and the basic accounting principles of PH are explained. First, from the quantity and quality measurements in the river (they
give the exergy value to water bodies), the exergy profiles of the river at different statuses (those defined by the WFD)
are obtained. Then, the environmental cost of water is obtained (in energy units) as the exergy needed to cover the gap between
the current state of the river and the objective state defined by the applicable legislation to fulfil the European requirements.
To do it, thermodynamic efficiency of water treatment technologies was introduced in the analysis. Then, the physical cost
are translated into monetary units. To illustrate the application of the PH’s methodology, the example of the Spanish Muga
Basin, sited in the Inland Basins of Catalonia, is summarized at the end of this paper. The results show that similar results
to conventional Measurements Plans to fulfil the WFD objectives are obtained. However, PH presents an important advantage:
costs could be allocated according to the degradation (exergy costs) provoked by the different water users in the water bodies. 相似文献
14.
Abstract The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is potentially the most significant piece of water management legislation to be developed by the European Union (EU) in the last forty years. Whilst water legislation is already regarded by many people as the ‘gold plating’ of EU environmental policy, many of the previous regulations and policies have focussed on specific point and non-point source water quality problems and have stipulated stringent standards to be achieved within specified time limits. In sharp contrast, the WFD aims to establish a planning and management framework for sustainable use of water and the ecological restoration of entire river systems, many of which do not fit neatly within the political or administrative boundaries of the Member States. Public participation in planning and management decisions is a key aspect of the WFD. This paper describes the specific requirements of the WFD for public participation and examines their implementation in the Ribble basin in North West England. The Ribble is part of a EU river basin network designed to test the WFD implementation guidelines issued by the European Commission. Particular challenges associated with engaging stakeholders in WFD implementation are highlighted and recommendations for future practice are offered. 相似文献
15.
铁碳微电解—A/O组合工艺处理精细化工废水 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
嘉兴某精细化工厂采用铁碳微电解—A/O组合工艺处理生产废水.运行结果表明,出水水质稳定,COD去除率可达79.12%,出水可稳定达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)三级排放标准,工艺处理成本为1.1元/m3.该工艺具有处理效果好、耐冲击负荷能力强、经济效益高等特点,在精细化工废水的处理中具有很好的应用价值. 相似文献
16.
Occurrence and fate of relevant substances in wastewater treatment plants regarding Water Framework Directive and future legislations 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Martin Ruel S Choubert JM Budzinski H Miège C Esperanza M Coquery M 《Water science and technology》2012,65(7):1179-1189
The next challenge of wastewater treatment is to reliably remove micropollutants at the microgram per litre range. During the present work more than 100 substances were analysed through on-site mass balances over 19 municipal wastewater treatment lines. The most relevant substances according to their occurrence in raw wastewater, in treated wastewater and in sludge were identified, and their fate in wastewater treatment processes was assessed. About half of priority substances of WFD were found at concentrations higher than 0.1 μg/L in wastewater. For 26 substances, potential non-compliance with Environmental Quality Standard of Water Framework Directive has been identified in treated wastewater, depending on river flow. Main concerns are for Cd, DEHP, diuron, alkylphenols, and chloroform. Emerging substances of particular concern are by-products, organic chemicals (e.g. triclosan, benzothiazole) and pharmaceuticals (e.g. ketoprofen, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine). About 80% of the load of micropollutants was removed by conventional activated sludge plants, but about two-thirds of removed substances were mainly transferred to sludge. 相似文献
17.
Anker Lajer Højberg Jens Christian Refsgaard Frans van Geer Lisbeth Flindt Jørgensen István Zsuffa 《Water Resources Management》2007,21(10):1649-1672
Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) poses many new challenges to European water managers. Monitoring
programmes play a key role to assess the status and identify possible trends in the environmental conditions of river basins;
to gain new knowledge on water processes and to assess to which extent implemented measures actually have the expected effects
in terms of improving the environmental status. Despite a general acknowledgement in the scientific community on the benefits
of using monitoring and modelling jointly, it has not been the common practise in the European monitoring programmes so far.
Several obstacles may be identified which limits the joint use of monitoring and modelling, such as lack of the required skill,
lack of time, lack of confidence in models but also a lack of awareness on how models can be used in practise. In this paper
we provide examples on how modelling can support the monitoring programmes to meet the objectives of the monitoring programmes
in the WFD more efficiently. The extent to which the monitoring requirements in the WFD can be expected to supply sufficient
data for modelling purposes is further addressed. This question is, however, not well posed, as the data requirement for modelling
is highly dependent on the required accuracy of the model results. 相似文献
18.
Molinos-Senante M Hernández-Sancho F Sala-Garrido R 《Water science and technology》2012,65(5):898-906
The concept of sustainability involves the integration of economic, environmental, and social aspects and this also applies in the field of wastewater treatment. Economic feasibility studies are a key tool for selecting the most appropriate option from a set of technological proposals. Moreover, these studies are needed to assess the viability of transferring new technologies from pilot-scale to full-scale. In traditional economic feasibility studies, the benefits that have no market price, such as environmental benefits, are not considered and are therefore underestimated. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new methodology to assess the economic viability of wastewater treatment technologies that considers internal and external impacts. The estimation of the costs is based on the use of cost functions. To quantify the environmental benefits from wastewater treatment, the distance function methodology is proposed to estimate the shadow price of each pollutant removed in the wastewater treatment. The application of this methodological approach by decision makers enables the calculation of the true costs and benefits associated with each alternative technology. The proposed methodology is presented as a useful tool to support decision making. 相似文献
19.
Javier Paredes-Arquiola Joaquín Andreu-Álvarez Miguel Martín-Monerris Abel Solera 《Water Resources Management》2010,24(11):2759-2779
Traditionally, water quality modelling has focused on modelling individual water bodies. However, water quality management
problems must be analyzed at the basin scale. European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires introducing physical, chemical
and biological aspects into the management of water resources systems. Water quality modelling at a basin scale presents the
advantage of incorporating in a dynamic way the relationships between the different elements and water bodies. Currently,
there are few tools to deal with water modelling of water quality and management at the basin scale. This paper presents the
development of a water quantity model and a water quality model for a very complex water resources system: the Júcar River
Basin (Spain). The basin is characterized by a high degree of use of the water and by many water problems related to point
and diffuse pollution, on top of a complex water quantity management of the basin. To deal with this problem, SIMGES (water
allocation) and GESCAL (water quality) basin scale models have been used. Both are part of the Decision Support System AQUATOOL,
one of the main instruments used in Spain in order to analyze water quantity and quality aspects of water resources systems
for the compliance with WFD, as shown for the case of study. 相似文献
20.
T. S. Cuesta C. J. Álvarez J. J. Cancela D. Miranda X. X. Neira 《Water Resources Management》2006,20(6):817-828
The Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Commission considers water supply and sanitation on agricultural and forestry holdings as a part of water management policy. In this sense, this study analyses the current situation in Galicia, European Union, in terms of the management of wastes derived from dairying, and the attitudes of farmers toward this issue and government regulations. The study was carried out by conducting a field survey to 4384 farm owners. The farms were classified according to the income level (size) and the priority status of the farm, and the current situation was defined based on the results obtained from the survey. The most positive aspect revealed by the survey is the willingness of farmers to improve wastewater management, which is a meaningful data because 72% of the farmers declared to use some system for wastewater collection or treatment. 相似文献