阻燃剂乙二氧撑双硅酸二氯异丙酯的合成及应用研究

以乙二醇、四氯化硅与1,3-二氯-2-丙醇为原料,采用3步法合成了阻燃剂乙二氧撑双硅酸二氯异丙酯(EDSD),即四氯化硅先与1,3-二氯-2-丙醇在45℃下反应2 h,再加入乙二醇于70℃下反应5 h,最后滴加1,3-二氯-2-丙醇于80℃下反应7 h。确定了四氯化硅、第1步中添加的1,3-二氯-2-丙醇、乙二醇和第3步中添加的1,3-二氯-2-丙醇的物质的量比为2∶2∶1∶4.4;产物产率为95.8%。傅立叶变换红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱表明合成产物的结构与目标产物一致;热重及差热分析表明EDSD的分解温度为310℃,具有较好的热稳定性。将EDSD应用于聚氯乙烯和聚氨酯软质泡沫中,发现在较低的含量下即可使两者的极限氧指数达到27%,表明合成的EDSD阻燃效能高,适合用作聚氯乙烯或聚氨酯等材料的阻燃剂。     

甘油合成1,3-丙二醇

以甘油为原料,经过氯代、氧化、克莱门森还原、水解4步反应,最终合成1,3-丙二醇,并用红外光谱仪和质谱仪对目标产物进行结构确定。从反应物摩尔比、反应温度、反应溶剂等优化了反应条件。最优反应条件为:氯代反应:温度120℃;氧化反应:温度23～27℃,n(1,3-二氯-2-丙醇)∶n(重铬酸钠)=1.8∶1,反应溶剂用量:1 mL水溶解1.4 g 1,3-二氯-2-丙醇;克莱门森还原反应:n(1,3-二氯丙酮)∶n(锌)=1∶1.2,水作反应溶剂最佳,在该条件下,1,3-丙二醇总产率可达37.1%。     

中间体O-3-氯-2-丙烯基羟胺的合成研究

O-3-氯-2-丙烯基羟胺肟法合成的操作简单,反应安全,产品收率高,被广泛应用工业生产。不可避免生成的杂质影响了产品质量和收率,杂质前驱体在醚化反应中产生,对杂质前驱体形成机理进行了合理推测,中间产物N-乙酰基-O-(3-氯-2-丙烯基)羟胺与反式-1,3-二氯丙烯反应生成了三级胺。确定了醚化反应的最佳反应条件减少杂质前驱体生成,使用羟胺水溶液参与反应,在反应温度60℃、投料比n(羟胺)∶n(NaOH)∶n(反式-1,3二氯丙烯)=1∶2.1∶1.0时得最高产品收率87.6%。     

气相色谱同时测定环氧氯丙烷及其中间体

采用HP-INNOWax(30m×0.32mm,0.5μm)毛细管柱,建立气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器(GC-FID)外标法,同时测定由生物柴油副产物甘油制备环氧氯丙烷反应体系中环氧氯丙烷、1,3-二氯丙醇和2,3-二氯丙醇的含量。通过对环氧氯丙烷、1,3-二氯丙醇和2,3-二氯丙醇的线性关系、精密度和回收率试验,获得了满意的结果。线性相关系数分别为环氧氯丙烷0.9999、1,3-二氯丙醇0.9999、2,3-二氯丙醇0.9999;平均回收率:环氧氯丙烷99.86%、1,3-二氯丙醇98.24%、2,3-二氯丙醇102.26%。方法简便、快速、准确率高、重现性好。     

杂多酸催化制备1,3-二氯丙酮

制备了一种磷钨杂多酸催化剂,用于过氧化氢氧化1,3-二氯丙醇合成1,3-二氯丙酮,考察了影响反应的条件。实验结果表明:当每60 g1,3-二氯丙醇使用2.5 g催化剂,反应滴加6 h、保温2 h,反应温度为50℃时,1,3-二氯丙酮产率(基于1,3-二氯丙醇)可达56%;催化剂循环使用6次,1,3-二氯丙酮产率稳定。     

1,3-二乙酰氧基-2-乙酰氧基甲氧基丙烷的合成

以环氧氯丙烷为起始原料与浓盐酸反应制得1,3-二氯-2-丙醇,再在浓硫酸催化下与多聚甲醛缩合得1,3-二氯-2-丙醇的半缩甲醛,不经分离,直接用醋酐酰化得1,3-二氯-2-乙酰氧基甲氧基丙烷,后者与醋酸钠反应得标题化合物。以环氧氯丙烷计4步反应总收率为55.6%。     

废油脂生物柴油副产甘油制备环氧氯丙烷的研究

为了延长生物柴油产业链,以废油脂生物柴油副产物粗甘油为原料,高值化利用生产衍生物环氧氯丙烷(ECH)。粗甘油原料被提纯成工业级甘油,经氯化反应和环化反应制备了环氧氯丙烷。以200 m L/min的氯化氢气体为氯化剂、己二酸为催化剂,在反应温度为105℃、己二酸质量分数为7. 5%的条件下,通过降温真空除水3次,制得二氯丙醇(DCP),氯化收率达93. 2%,甘油转化率达96. 7%。在氢氧化钠催化下二氯丙醇环化制得环氧氯丙烷。通过单因素实验得到环化反应的最佳工艺条件为:反应时间为30 min、氢氧化钠与二氯丙醇摩尔比为1. 2∶1、反应温度为90℃,在此条件下的环化收率为89. 5%。     

2,2-二氯甲基亚胺酯的合成工艺改进

提出了一种简便有效的2,2-二氯甲基亚胺酯的合成方法。在室温条件下,以碳酸钾为催化剂,2,2-二氯乙腈为原料制备了2,2-二氯甲基亚胺甲酯和2,2-二氯甲基亚胺乙酯;通过对碱的种类、碱的用量、反应温度和物料比的筛选,确定了反应优化工艺条件:以5%(n/n)的碳酸钾为催化剂,反应物料比为n(2,2-二氯乙腈)∶n(甲醇)=1∶5,在25℃时反应2.5 h。产品收率达95%,纯度95%。     

以生物甘油为原料制备环氧氯丙烷的研究

以生物甘油为原料,经氯化反应和环化反应制备了环氧氯丙烷。首先以生物甘油为原料、以氯化氢气体为氯化剂、以己二酸为催化剂,采用无水Na2SO4除水4次,制得二氯丙醇（DCP）,氯化收率达90.09%;再以二氯丙醇和氢氧化钠反应制得环氧氯丙烷,通过单因素实验,得到环化反应的最佳工艺条件为：反应时间30min、氢氧化钠与二氯丙醇摩尔比1.15∶1、反应温度95℃,在此条件下的环化收率为88.2%。     

甘油氯化合成二氯丙醇的研究

对甘油制环氧氯丙烷中间体二氯丙醇的催化剂进行了研究;考察了催化剂A、己二酸、丙酸、丙二酸、正己酸、正辛酸、醋酸锌、氯化亚锡e、γ-丁内酯等多种催化剂对目的产物二氯丙醇的收率、组成以及反应速率的影响。研究结果表明,以催化剂A为催化剂,用量为甘油质量的6.0%,反应温度为110℃,反应时间为5 h左右时达到平衡,二氯丙醇收率可达到84%,1,3-二氯丙醇选择性可达96%。并且,所用催化剂A可重复使用次数不少于5次,该工艺单位催化剂用量少,形成的工艺技术符合工业化生产的要求。     

Synthesis and antibacterial activities of some 2-amino-4-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-6-aryl-6H-1,3-thiazines

A series of new 2-amino-4-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)-6-aryl-6H-1,3-thiazines has been synthesized, characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, mass and elemental analyses and evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial data revealed that the compounds had better activity against tested organisms than the reference norfloxacin.     

Poly(1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane)‐diphenylsiloxane‐poly(dimethylsiloxane) block copolymers

The heterofunctional condensation of 1,3‐dichloro‐1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane with dihydroxydiphenylsilane at various ratios of initial compounds in the presence of amines was carried out, and α,ω‐dihydroxy(1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane)‐diphenylsiloxane oligomers with various degrees of condensation were obtained. Corresponding block copolymers were obtained by heterofunctional polycondensation of synthesized α,ω‐dihydroxy(1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane)‐diphenylsiloxane oligomers with α,ω‐dichlorodimethylsiloxanes in the presence of amines. Thermogravimetry, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide‐angle X‐ray analysis were carried out on the synthesized block coplymers. Differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray studies of these copolymers showed that their properties were determined by the ratio of the lengths of the flexible linear poly(dimethylsiloxane) and rigid poly(1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane)‐diphenylsiloxane fragments in the main macromolecular chain. Two‐phase systems were obtained with specific flexible and rigid fragment length values in synthesized block copolymers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3462–3467, 2006     

取代1,3-二苯基-1,3-丙二酮的合成与抗氧化性能

以取代芳酮和取代芳酯为原料,经克莱森反应合成了5个取代1,3-二苯基-1,3-丙二酮。采用正交实验优化1,3-二(4-甲氧基苯基)-1,3-丙二酮较佳的工艺条件:以甲苯为溶剂,NaNH2作催化剂,n(对甲氧基苯乙酮)∶n(对甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯)∶n(氨基钠)=1∶4∶5,微波辐射功率320 W,反应时间45 min,收率为72.1%。合成的产物结构经IR与1HNMR光谱进行了结构表征,用HPLC测定其含量。对UV光谱有良好的吸收及对猪油有较好的抗氧化作用。     

Selective,Green Synthesis of Six‐Membered Cyclic Carbonates by Lipase‐Catalyzed Chemospecific Transesterification of Diols with Dimethyl Carbonate

A facile and green synthesis of six‐membered cyclic carbonates, the potential monomers for isocyanate‐free polyurethanes and polycarbonates, was achieved by transesterification of diols with dimethyl carbonate catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B, Novozym®435, followed by thermal cyclization in a solvent‐free medium. The difference in the chemospecificity of the lipase for the primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols as acyl acceptors was utilized to obtain a highly chemoselective synthesis of the cyclic carbonate in high yield. In the lipase‐catalyzed reaction with diols, the product contained almost equal proportions of mono‐ and di‐carbonates with 1,3‐propanediol having two primary alcohols, a higher proportion of mono‐carbonate with 1,3‐butanediol having a primary and a secondary alcohol, and mainly mono‐carbonate with 3‐methyl‐1,3‐butanediol having a primary and a tertiary alcohol. The chemospecificity of cyclic carbonates formed by thermal treatment at 90 °C was closely related to the proportion of mono‐carbonate. The yield of cyclic carbonate was 99.3% with 3‐methyl‐1,3‐butanediol, 85.5% with 1,3‐butanediol, and 43.2% with 1,3‐propanediol.     

Hydrolysis Kinetics of 2-Propyl-1,3-Dioxane for Downstream Separation of 1,3-Propanediol

In this work, the hydrolysis reaction of 2-propyl-1,3-dioxane (2PD) prepared by the reactive extraction of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) in dilute fermentation broth with butyraldehyde was studied experimentally. The equilibrium and reaction kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction were established catalyzed by cation exchange resin HD-8. After eliminating the influence of internal and external diffusion, the rate constants of positive and reverse reaction were obtained by fitting the experimental data to a macro-kinetics model. The results indicated that the reaction was an endothermal reaction. The results can help to design the hydrolysis reactor of 2PD.     

Poly(1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane)– poly(dimethylsiloxane) block copolymers

The hydrolytic condensation of 1,3‐dichloro‐1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane under neutral conditions produced α'ω‐dihydroxy‐1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane (polymerization degree ≈ 4). The homofunctional condensation of α'ω‐dihydroxy‐1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane in a toluene solution and in the presence of activated carbon was performed, and dihydroxy‐containing oligomers with various degrees of condensation were obtained. Through the heterofunctional condensation of dihydroxy‐containing oligomers with α'ω‐dichlorodimethylsiloxanes in the presence of amines, corresponding block copolymers were obtained. Gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermomechanical analysis, thermogravimetry, and wide‐angle roentgenography investigations were carried out. Differential scanning calorimetry and roentgenography studies of the block copolymers showed that their properties were determined by the ratio of the lengths of the flexible and linear poly(dimethylsiloxane) and rigid poly(1,3‐disila‐1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐oxaindane) fragments in the macromolecular chain. At definite values of the lengths of the flexible and rigid fragments, a microheterogeneous structure was observed in the synthesized block copolymers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1409–1417, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10335     

1,3-二元脂肪醇萃取硼酸的平衡特性

基于1,3-二元脂肪醇的溶剂萃取法在盐湖卤水提硼方面有广阔的应用前景,系统研究了两种1,3-二元脂肪醇萃取剂:2-乙基-1,3-己二醇(EHD)和2-丁基-2-乙基-1,3-丙二醇(BEPD)对硼酸的萃取性能,分别考察了萃取剂浓度、原料液pH、硼酸浓度、氯化镁浓度以及温度等因素对硼酸分配系数的影响。实验结果表明,温度为303.15 K,原料液中硼酸浓度为0.0185 mol·L^-1,EHD和BEPD甲苯溶液中浓度均为0.4 mol·L^-1时,硼酸的分配系数分别达到9.43和8.25。高浓度的萃取剂和较低的原料液pH条件对提高分配系数有利;分配系数随原料中硼酸浓度和反应温度的升高而降低,1,3-二元脂肪醇萃取硼酸的过程为放热过程;氯化镁存在下的盐析效应也有利于硼酸的萃取分配。     

2-苯基-1,3-丙二醇二氨基甲酸酯合成研究

以苯乙酸甲酯为起始原料 ,二甲亚砜作溶剂 ,在 4 5℃和甲醛进行缩合反应 ,生成α 羟甲基苯乙酸甲酯。用硼氢化钠作为还原剂 ,在有机溶剂中还原α 羟甲基苯乙酸甲酯 ,得到 2 苯基 1,3 丙二醇 (PPD) ,产率大于 75 %。以钛酸四丁酯作催化剂 ,使PPD和氨基甲酸正丁酯在 180℃进行酯交换反应 ,蒸馏除去正丁醇后 ,用甲醇重结晶 ,得到 2 苯基 1,3 丙二醇二氨基甲酸酯 ,产率大于 85 %。通过元素分析、IR和HNMR ,对中间体和目标化合物进行了表征。     

1,2,4,5-四氨基苯及其盐酸盐的合成

基于目前1,2,4,5-四氨基苯（TAB）及其盐酸盐（TAB·4HCl）在国外被开发应用于新材料的发展趋势和国内尚未涉及的现状,研究了聚合级单体TAB·4HCl的合成新方法,并对其合成工艺进行了系统的分析和优化,明确了氨解选择性与压力、温度的关系。结果表明：以4,6-二硝基间二氯苯（DCDNB）为原料,氨水为氨解剂在1.0 MPa的压力下,于1,4-二氧六环溶剂中进行双氨解反应,先制得4,6-二硝基间苯二胺（DADNB）,然后在甲醇溶剂中进行催化加氢还原,最后经活性炭吸附脱色制得TAB的溶液后加入盐酸进行成盐,再减压浓缩制得99.3%纯度的TAB·4HCl,总收率79.7%。并在99%的合成可信度和良好实用价值的前提下,最后提出了TAB·4HCl制备过程中溶剂回收和循环使用的产业化方案。     

Syndiotactically enriched 1,2-selective polymerization of 1,3-butadiene initiated by iron catalysts based on a new class of donors

A series of phosphoryl (PO) contained compounds: triethylphosphate (a), diethylphenylphosphate (b), ethyldiphenylphosphate (c) triarylphosphates (d and h-m), triphenylphosphine oxide (e), phenyl diphenylphosphinate (f) and diphenyl phenylphosphonate (g) have been prepared. Iron catalysts, which are generated in situ by mixing the compounds with Fe(2-EHA)₃ and AlⁱBu₃ in hexane, are tested for butadiene polymerization at 50 °C. Phosphates donated catalysts have been, unprecedently, found to conduct extremely high syndiotactically (pentad, rrrr = 46.1-94.5%) enriched 1,2-selective (1,2-structure content = 56.2-94.3%) polymerization of butadiene. Introduction of electron withdrawing substituents on phenyl rings oftriphenylphosphate (k-m) remarkably promotes catalytic activity, while bulky substituent isopropyl at 2-position (h) has beneficial influence on regioselectivity. Employment of e, f or g as donor, results in a suppressed monomer conversion, accompanied by deteriorated 1,2-regioselectivity. The effects of polymerization conditions such as reaction temperature, types of cocatalysts and polymerization medium are also investigated by using catalyst system with tri(2,4-difluorophenyl)phosphate (m) as donor. Highly tolerance to polymerization temperature up to 80 °C is observed for the first time in the iron-based catalyst.