Virtual spaces and virtual layers – governing the ungovernable?

Online multi-user platforms like World of Warcraft and Twitter have one common regulatory mechanism; the End-User License Agreement (EULA). This document forms the cornerstone of the regulatory system within each of these spaces. Yet it is regularly contravened by users and providers alike. These agreements are very often the only forms of control or regulation that are present in online environments and therefore control more than user behaviour. Yet these platforms also share another feature: virtual disputes, but these are no longer confined online. Threats of violence and other criminal offences arise too, with examples including the abuse issued to Criado-Perez, and more recently, Flipovic. Criado-Perez suffered Twitter abuse and Flipovic was victimised on online message boards. Cyberspace was once deemed to be free from governmental control but the increasing disputes suggest there is now a need to consider how users of spaces such as online games, virtual worlds and social media are protected. Is it fair and practical to leave regulation to EULAs? How do users achieve redress for wrongs – through online and in-site governance mechanisms or wider controls? This work will consider some of these issues, and will suggest that there is now a need for additional layers of regulation to fill the ‘responsibility gap’ left between EULAs and the offline legal mechanisms.     

Rwtt/ Mwtt中的枝点元素

该文证明了在 R_wtt/ M_wtt中除了最大元和最小元外 ,每个元 c是枝点元素 ,即为某两个大于 c的元素的最大下界 ,其中 R_wtt/ M_wtt是递归可枚举弱真值表归约度集 R_wtt模可盖递归可枚举弱真值表归约度集 M_wtt的商.     

Characteristic model-based H2/H∞ robust adaptive control during the re-entry of hypersonic cruise vehicles

This paper aims at introducing H2 and H∞robustness into the well-known characteristic modelbased golden-section adaptive control law, and applying the robust adaptive control scheme to the attitude control of hypersonic cruise vehicles that are subject to external disturbances and aerodynamic coefficients uncertainties. When maneuvering at ultra high speeds, the attitude system of the hypersonic cruise vehicle is extremely sensitive to external disturbances and aerodynamic coefficients variations, and therefore the adaptiveness and the robustness of the attitude system are crucial during the controller design. To enhance the robustness of the existing golden-section adaptive control law, a golden-section robust adaptive control law is proposed. Compared to the existing control law where the design of the parameter λ depends on experience and is carried out offline, linear matrix inequality-based synthesis of λ is proposed such that the closed-loop system is stable with guaranteed H2 and H∞performance. It is suitable for online computing and provides a time-varyingλ(k) that is adjusted towards the optimal H2 and H∞performance. When being applied to the attitude control of hypersonic vehicles during re-entry, the adaptive nature of the proposed control law provides the attitude system the capability to accommodate large flight conditions, and its H2 and H∞robustness brought by λ(k)guarantees satisfying tracking performance in the presence of disturbances including both external disturbance and absolute aerodynamic coefficients errors.     

Thermodynamic reassessment of the Y 2O3–Al2O3–SiO2 system and its subsystems

Phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties at 1 bar in the Y ₂O₃–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ ternary system and its constituent binaries Y ₂O₃–Al₂O₃ and Y ₂O₃–SiO₂ have been reevaluated using the CALPHAD approach. The liquid phase is described by the ionic two-sublattice model with the formula (Al⁺³,Y ⁺³)_P(AlO₂⁻¹,O⁻²,SiO₄⁻⁴,SiO₂⁰)_Q. The SiO₂ solubility in the YAM phase was described using a compound energy model. Two datasets of self-consistent model parameters are presented. However, the rather meagre and scattered experimental data imply that the present assessments should be regarded as provisional. Some critical experiments are suggested for this system.     

On the ?2 stability of time varying linear and nonlinear discrete time MIMO systems

New conditions are derived for the l2-stability of time-varying linear and nonlinear discrete-time multiple-input multipleoutput （MIMO） systems, having a linear time time-invariant block with the transfer function F（z）, in negative feedback with a matrix of periodic/aperiodic gains A（k）, k = 0,1, 2,... and a vector of certain classes of non-monotone/monotone nonlinearities φp（-）, without restrictions on their slopes and also not requiring path-independence of their line integrals. The stability conditions, which are derived in the frequency domain, have the following features： i） They involve the positive definiteness of the real part （as evaluated on ｜z｜ = 1） of the product of Г （z） and a matrix multiplier function of z. ii） For periodic A（k）, one class of multiplier functions can be chosen so as to impose no constraint on the rate of variations A（k）, but for aperiodic A（k）, which allows a more general multiplier function, constraints are imposed on certain global averages of the generalized eigenvalues of （A（k ＋ 1）,A（k））, k = 1, 2 iii） They are distinct from and less restrictive than recent results in the literature.     

混合H2/H∞参数辨识

研究了混合H₂/H_∞参数辨识问题.将混合H₂/H_∞估计方法应用到系统参数辨识中,给出了混合H₂/H_∞参数辨识算法.所得的算法不仅能满足规定的鲁棒性能,且为最小二乘(LS)参数估计误差判据提供了一个最优上界.结果表明:提高辨识的鲁棒性,需要牺牲辨识的精度作为代价.最后,仿真结果也验证了该方法的有效性.     

Robust Fault Detection and Isolation Based on Finite-frequency H?/H∞ Unknown Input Observers and Zonotopic Threshold Analysis

This work proposes a robust fault detection and isolation scheme for discrete-time systems subject to actuator faults, in which a bank of H_?/H_∞ fault detection unknown input observers (UIOs) and a zonotopic threshold analysis strategy are considered. In observer design, finite-frequency H_? index based on the generalized Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov lemma and H_∞ technique are utilized to evaluate worst-case fault sensitivity and disturbance attenuation performance, respectively. The proposed H_?/H_∞ fault detection observers are designed to be insensitive to the corresponding actuator fault only, but sensitive to others. Then, to overcome the weakness of predefining threshold for FDI decision-making, this work proposes a zonotopic threshold analysis method to evaluate the generated residuals. The FDI decision-making relies on the evaluation with a dynamical zonotopic threshold. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to show the feasibility of the proposed scheme.      

Formation of CaZrO3 at the interface between CaO–SiO2–MgO–CaF2(–ZrO2) slags and magnesia refractories: Computational and experimental study

The formation behaviour of calcium zirconate (CaZrO₃) at the interface between the CaO–SiO₂–MgO–CaF₂(–ZrO₂) slags (B$B$(=(mass% CaO) /(mass% SiO₂)) = 2.0) used in the AOD converter and the MgO refractories has been computed by employing a commercial thermodynamic software. The solubility of zirconia (ZrO₂) in the liquid CaO–SiO₂-7 mass% MgO slag phase is relatively small, viz. about 2–3 mass% and the CaZrO₃ phase is formed at about B>1.5$B>1.5$. The region of fully liquid phase extends to the composition saturated by dicalcium silicate (Ca₂SiO₄) and cubic ZrO₂ (B∼1.2$B\sim 1.2$). The effect of 7 mass% CaF₂ addition on the solubility of ZrO₂ in the liquid slag phase was computed to be negligible, while the liquid phase exists through the entire compositions. In addition, the region of fully liquid phase extends to the more basic composition range (B∼1.5$B\sim 1.5$), where the saturating phases are the Ca₂SiO₄ and CaZrO₃. The thermodynamic calculations indicate CaZrO₃ not to form at (mass% ZrO₂) /(mass% MgO) ((=Z/M))<0.6. In the “ Liquid+Ca₂SiO₄+MgO” region, the activity of SiO₂ in the liquid phase is nearly fixed because the activity of CaO in the liquid phase is unaffected by the activity of ZrO₂. However, with higher ZrO₂ activity from the increase in the Z/M ratio, the activity of CaO in the liquid phase is expected to decrease due to the formation of CaZrO₃. The formation behaviour of CaZrO₃ in the slags, computed based on the Gibbs energy minimization principles, could experimentally be confirmed by employing the XRD and SEM–EDS analysis.     

混合H2/H∞鲁棒控制器设计

在状态空间描述下,定义了混合H₂/H_∞控制的完整信息、完整控制、干扰顺馈、输出估计这4种典型情况.在二次稳定意义上,讨论了混合H₂/H_∞的性能指标,及这4种典型情况的混合H₂/H_∞线性反馈控制器设计,给出了充分必要条件.在典型情况分析的基础上,研究一般意义上的混合H₂/H_∞反馈控制器设计.H₂和H_∞的干扰输入阵及性能评价函数各不相同时的混合H₂/H_∞反馈控制器,与H₂和H_∞控制器设计相似,归结为解两个Riccati方程.但这两个Riccati方程含有参数,最优解要通过搜索这两个参数得到.结果包含了单纯的H₂和H_∞设计,可看作是H₂,H_∞和混合H₂/H_∞的统一设计方法.最后通过一个简单的例子,说明了控制器设计方法的可行性.     

主动悬架H2/ 广义H2输出反馈控制

本文提出了一种主动悬架控制的H₂ /广义H₂ 输出反馈控制方法. 依照国际标准ISO2631.3选择垂直和俯仰加速度的频率加权. 根据路面干扰谱特征, 选用H₂ 范数作为乘坐舒适性的指标, 广义H₂ 范数描述轮胎接地性等时域约束要求. 在多目标控制框架下, 将输出反馈控制器的设计转化为求解LMI优化问题. 基于半车模型, 给出了输出反馈主动悬架系统的频域分析和时域仿真.     

A new generalised α scale spaces quadrature filters

The α   scale spaces is a recent theory that open new possibilities of phase-based image processing. It is a parameterised class (α∈]0,1])$(\alpha \in ]0,1\left]\right)$ of linear scale space representations, which allows a continuous connection beyond the well-known Gaussian scale space (α=1$\alpha =1$). In this paper, we make use of this unified representation to derive new families of band pass quadrature filters, built from derivatives and difference of the α scale space generating kernels. This construction leads to generalised α kernel filters including the commonly known families derived from the Gaussian and the Poisson kernels. The properties of each family are first studied and then experiments on one- and two-dimensional signals are shown to exemplify how the suggested filters can be used for edge detection. This work is complemented by an experimental evaluation, which demonstrates that the new proposed filters are a good alternative to the commonly used Log-Gabor filter.     

时延网络化控制系统的H2/H∞混合控制

针对存在多步随机传输时延的网络化控制系统模型 ,研究了其随机稳定性及H₂/H_∞混合控制问题 .在一定的系统通信控制模式下 ,网络传输时延可以建模为一个马尔可夫随机过程 ,通过增广系统状态的方法将原系统转化为一个具有随机跳变系数的离散系统 ,同时通过建立随机跳变Lyapunov函数 ,构建了满足系统随机稳定的H_∞次优和H₂/H_∞混合控制状态反馈控制器 .该控制器可通过求解一组耦合的矩阵不等式而得 .     

MIMO离散时间系统混合l1/H2控制

研究了MIMO(多输入多输出)离散时间系统的混合l₁/H₂优化问题,该问题可描述为最优化一个传递函数矩阵的l₁范数同时保证另一个传递函数矩阵的H₂范数满足预定的指标.研究了最优目标函数值关于H₂范数指标的连续性.证明了MIMO系统混合l₁/H₂控制问题最优解的存在性.由于基于标定-Q(scaled-Q)方法求解MIMO混合l₁/H₂问题,避免了进行零点插值运算的困难.通过求解有限维非线性规划问题可得到最优目标值的收敛的上下界.     

145 kV SF6/N2混合气体GIS的研制

为响应国家绿色低碳环保的号召,开展SF₆/N₂混合气体GIS的研制。介绍了SF₆/N₂混合气体的混合比、充气压力的选择及设计压力的计算方法。最后,145 kV SF₆/N₂混合气体GIS(断路器除外)通过了全部试验。     

Improving the efficiency of ?-dominance based grids

In this paper, we deal with the problem of handling solutions in an external archive with the use of a relaxed form of Pareto dominance called ?-dominance and a variation of it called pa?-dominance. These two relaxed forms of Pareto dominance have been used as archiving strategies in some multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs). The main objective of this work is to improve the ?-dominance based schemes to handle nondominated solutions, or to retain nondominated solutions in an external archive. Thus, our main contribution is to add an extra objective function only at the time of accepting a nondominated solution into the external archive, in order to preserve some solutions which are normally lost when using any of the aforementioned relaxed forms of Pareto dominance. Such a proposal is inexpensive (computationally speaking) and quite effective, since it is able to produce Pareto fronts of much better quality than the aforementioned archiving techniques.     

ε-approximations of k-label spaces

In a standard framework of learning a geometric concept from examples, examples are classified into two types: examples contained in the concept (positive examples) and those not contained in the concept (negative examples). However, there exist cases where examples are classified into k(⩾ 2) classes. For example, clustering a concept space by the Voronoi diagram generated by k points is a very common tool in image understanding and many other areas. We call such a space a k-label space. The typical case consisting of positive and negative examples corresponds to the 2-label space in this setting.In this paper, we first extend the ε-approximation for the 2-label space originally considered by Vapnik and Chervonenkis (1971) (see also Blumer et al., 1989; Haussler and Welzl, 1987) to that for the k-label space. Next, the sample complexity for the generalized ε-approximation is analyzed. The generalized ε-approximation is then applied to the randomized algorithm for the assignment problem by Tokuyama and Nakano (1991) to obtain tighter bounds. By combining the generalized ε-approximation with the capacity of a k-label space induced by Voronoi diagrams, bounds for learning noisy data for such a k-label space may be obtained.     

模态K4、D4系统的归结推理

本文将Ｐ．Ｅｎｊａｌｂｅｒｔ和Ｌ．ＦａｒｉｎａｓｄｅｌＣｅｒｒｏ提出的模态归结推理方法推广到命题模态逻辑K₄和D₄系统，建立了K₄逻辑的归结推理ＲK₄；D₄逻辑的归结推理R D₄，分别证明了ＲK₄和ＲD₄关于K相似文献   

具有域极点配置的混合H2 /H∞ 滤波

解决了具有域极点配置的连续时不变系统的混合H₂ /H_∞ 滤波问题. 通过采用线性矩阵不等式 (LMI)方法描述域稳定性限制、H₂ 和H_∞ 优化, 以建立求解这个问题的总框架. 这个问题的可解性的充分必要条件由一组LMI给出. 最后用一个数字例子来说明所给出的设计方法.