基于欧拉角度内插法的五坐标刀轴光顺设计算法研究

相对于传统的三坐标加工,五坐标加工具备很多优点.在五坐标加工中,如果刀具轴向变化过于剧烈的话,将很容易伤到零件表面,因此在满足过切和碰撞侦测的条件下,生成光顺的刀具轴向则非常重要.在五坐标自由曲面加工中,为了得到更加高效和高质量的曲面,本文提出一种新的刀具轴向设计方法.针对刀具轴向变化剧烈的特点,本文提出通过使用欧拉角度内插法进行刀具轴向设计,使得刀具轴向沿着被加工刀具路径光顺变化,从而达到了提高加工精度和效率的目的.最后,通过具体的计算机仿真实例证明了本文所提出的算法,在改进自由曲面加工中的有效性.     

四元数法改善复杂曲面5轴加工精度研究

提出一种新的刀具轴向设计方法,通过使用四元数法进行刀具轴向规划,以解决曲面5轴数控加工中刀具轴向过度依赖曲面几何特征,造成刀轴剧烈变化所引起的切削恶化问题.在被加工曲面上可能发生过切的区域,指定刀具轴向,再由指定的轴向,直接计算出其他位置的轴向,并与其他刀具轴向设计方法进行对比.实际应用结果表明:采用该方法可以很好地提高复杂曲面切削精度、效率,避免过切.     

叶轮零件的五轴数控制造质量与关键技术研究

叶轮叶面的制造质量直接影响其运行的效率、性能、流体动力稳定性、工作可靠性和使用寿命等.从具体叶轮零件结构与工艺性分析人手,通过叶轮叶面的三维建模和加工程序调试、仿真分析与刀具轨迹验证,研究叶轮数控加工策略和加工关键技术.经过分析叶轮零件的加工质量,明确了控制插补弦长、插补周期和进给速度、刀轨残留误差,可以控制五轴数控加工的误差,保证制造质量.以叶面造型的轴向截线为加工依据,解决了刀具切削间隔的计算和刀路轨迹的求解,并进行了仿真分析.实践证明:采用五轴数控加工中心对叶面进行截面法加工,避免了加工干涉,容易实现曲面间的光滑走刀,提高了叶片的加工效率和质量,降低了加工成本.     

基于MasterCAM的数控加工零件尺寸精度控制研究

结合MasterCAM软件研究了刀具补正、XYZ方向预留量、XYZ平面多次加工等方法在零件加工质量控制中的作用,通过合理设置加工参数来控制零件尺寸的加工精度.主要介绍了MasterCAM刀具补正和XYZ预留量的综合应用,通过在半精加工、精加工中合理设置加工余量和补正量来保证零件的加工尺寸的精度.     

多特征轴类零件加工的刀具补偿技术研究

针对多特征轴类零件加工中的刀具补偿问题,采用局部补偿方式,避免刀具补偿时零件的连接特征加工精度相互影响。以实例分析该方法在FANUC-0iT数控系统中的应用,结果表明:加工多特征轴类零件时,连接特征的加工精度得到了保证,零件整体加工精度得到了提高。     

自由曲面数控加工智能选刀方法的研究与开发

由于自由曲面的几何复杂性,其数控加工的刀具干涉判别和刀具选取往往依靠数控机床编程工程师的经脸,致使加工的安全性、精度、效率及可靠性得不到有效保证.采用改进的遗传算法获取自由曲面的点云数据,在自主开发的系统中重构自由曲面.研究自由曲面加工刀位面生成的几何机理,根据刀具类型和几何尺寸,自动生成自由曲面数控加工的刀位面,可视化判别是否发生刀具干涉.将改进的快速排序算法应用到智能选刀模块,通过对常用类型和尺寸的刀具进行干涉排查,在避免干涉的前提下,智能选取最优化的加工刀具.对三种加工方案进行了测试,验证了智能选刀方法的正确性.     

复杂曲面等残留高度螺旋刀具轨迹生成方法的研究

复杂曲面加工中,刀具轨迹规划是数控加工技术的关键,它的优劣性将直接影响曲面加工的精度和效率。在总结等残留高度法和螺旋走刀模式的特点基础上,对等残留高度法进行改进,提出了基于等残留高度法的螺旋加工模式刀具轨迹生成方法,给出了该方法的生成刀具轨迹的流程。该方法解决了等残留高度法轨迹线零散、轨迹不光滑、不利于高速加工的缺点,实现了加工轨迹光滑连续,在确保加工精度的前提下,提高了曲面加工效率。最后,利用此方法对叶片零件加工实例进行了刀具轨迹规划,在UG加工模块中完成了加工仿真,验证了方法的优越性。     

刀具摆角对复杂曲面轮廓精度的影响研究

目的通过优化五轴联动加工中刀具摆角参数,基于后置处理技术提高复杂零件表面加工的轮廓精度。方法针对回转轴非线性运动造成的刀具姿态误差过大会导致零件轮廓精度低,提出了一种摆角优化方法。首先,对回转轴线性插补产生的刀具姿态误差进行分析,控制回转角的摆动幅度大小和初始位置;其次,将线性插补后的刀轴矢量投射到理论上始末两点矢量构成的平面上获得新的插补矢量,通过线性插补刀轴矢量来优化刀具空间姿态;最后,以某叶轮试件通过仿真及实际加工实验进行了验证。结果通过摆角优化方法后,叶片轮廓与理论轮廓的轮廓误差由0.08 mm减小到0.04 mm,最大过切量也由0.03 mm减小到0.01 mm。刀具摆角优化后,能大大提高复杂曲面零件的轮廓精度。结论基于后置处理技术对五轴机床回转轴摆角进行优化,在通用算法基础上加载角度优化算法,开发专用的后置处理器处理G代码程序,是一种提高复杂曲面加工轮廓精度的可行措施。实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于工艺系统刚度的加工误差分析

在切削加工过程中,工件和刀具正确的相对位置是保证零件加工精度的必要条件.工艺系统刚度及精度是影响工件、刀具位置的关键因素.因此研究工艺系统刚度,对提高零件的加工精度具有十分重要的意义.文章基于切削加工中工件的准静态受力分析,运用经典Hertz接触理论和有限元的方法,提出计算工艺系统刚度的新方法.该方法避免了有限元计算中接触单元的使用,无需多次非线形迭代计算.给出了基于工艺系统刚度的工件加工误差预报模型.     

复杂自由曲面NC加工自适应刀具轨迹规划

为了提高复杂自由曲面NC加工的加工精度和效率,分析自由曲面的特征参数,提出基于主曲率和区域增长的自由曲面分片算法,把复杂自由曲面分成几何参数相似的曲面片族,对于几何参数相似的曲面片自适应规划适合的刀具轨迹,可有效避免自由曲面NC加工中的干涉问题,提高加工精度和加工效率.     

Five-axis tool orientation smoothing using quaternion interpolation algorithm

In five-axis machining, abrupt changes of tool axes may deteriorate the part surface, hence smoothing of tool orientations becomes an important issue. In the present tool path generation procedure, the tool orientation smoothing method (TOS method) is coupled with the cutting error improvement method (CEI method). TOS method is used to smooth tool orientations in order to reduce cutting errors and increase the machining efficiency. CEI method modifies existing cutter location data (CL data) so that final cutting errors are kept within the required tolerance. Experimental results show that the tool paths generated by the present procedure have better machining efficiency, better surface quality, and no interferences between the tool and part surfaces.     

超声滚压工艺研究

超声滚压工艺是一项复合超声冲击强化和滚压于一体的表面强化工艺,其优点是既能得到足够的压力层深度,又能得到较低的表面粗糙度值。研究了不同加工参数对弧高和表面粗糙度的影响,结果表明:步距、静压力和路径规划对弧高和表面粗糙度有着显著的影响,且发现残余压应力分布对于滚压方向敏感,滚压方向的残余压应力比其垂向的残余压应力小。Inconel 718材料经超声滚压强化后的表面粗糙度值可降低至Ra0.1μm,压力层深度可达0.5 mm,且具有较好的热稳定性。     

混凝土管片曲面自动抹平设备的设计

针对目前混凝土管片生产过程中主要靠人工实现圆弧曲面抹平的情况,设计一种三轴联动自动抹平设备。根据人工抹平混凝土曲面的方式,利用2个直线轴和1个旋转轴联动实现圆弧曲面的插补运动和刀具角度调节。电气控制系统以GSK25iMb数控系统为核心,运用时间分割插补法进行圆弧插补运算,实现对混凝土管片圆弧曲面的自动抹平。通过UG对圆弧曲面进行路径规划,保证刀轨覆盖整个圆弧表面。进行了现场实验,结果表明：抹平后的混凝土管片表面平滑无凹凸,可达到生产精度要求;该设备极大地提高了混凝土管片的生产效率。     

Tool path planning for five-axis machining using the principal axis method

A study of the effect of feed direction on five-axis tool paths generated using local surface properties for tool orientation and positioning is presented in this paper. The principal axis method for five-axis machining defines the placement of the cutting tool at a single point on the workpiece surface and assumes that a preferred feed direction will be maintained. This preferred direction may not represent a practical choice for tool path planning. In this work, numerical simulations are used to evaluate tool paths with different feed directions. Numerical simulations are then verified experimentally by machining two example surfaces. The results show that both gouging and the effective cutter profile will dictate the optimal choice of feed direction.     

B样条曲线拟合在数控内孔曲线磨床加工中的应用

为了改善定子曲线(列表曲线)的平滑性及使曲线曲率变化更加均匀,从而使定子曲线径向速度、加速度变化率无突变,不产生激振,使机床加工出的定子轮廓误差更小、表面粗糙度更小,提出采用B样条曲线拟合法对列表曲线进行拟合后再加工的方法。在用QMK003数控内孔曲线磨床加工定子时,应用了上述方法,并测试加工后的定子,结果表明:泵的噪声降低,效率提高。说明该方法是可行的,具有很强的推广价值。     

Tilt angle effects in surface grinding with mounted points

Modern 5-axis machining centers enable the development and use of new machining kinematics and grinding strategies to grind workpieces with superabrasives mounted points. One of these technologies is the oscillating surface grinding (OSG), which can improve the surface characteristics and the tribological properties of machined surfaces. In the current contribution could be observed that the resultant surface roughness values by OSG are not constant within a wavelength of oscillation of the grinding tool. This leads to further studies of the kinematics involved in this process, resulting in the development of a new grinding strategy: the tilt surface grinding (TSG). By using TSG, workpiece surfaces with similar characteristics as OSG could be obtained even without aid of oscillation. In this study, experimental tests are carried out to investigate the influence of parameters involved in these strategies. A significant parameter is the tilt angle α _t, which can be simplified as an angle between the directions of the feed rate in tangential direction v _ft and the feed rate in axial direction v _fa of the grinding tool. The tilt angle α _t is responsible for changes occurred on the OSG when compared to conventional surface grinding. Increasing the tilt angle α _t, a reduction up to 50 % of the roughness values could be achieved. This paper aims to complement and expand the knowledge of the OSG, explaining how the aid of the oscillation tool changes the grinding kinematic, in order to optimize the grinding process.     

7075-O铝合金板料的摩擦搅拌渐进成形：成形零件性能的实验研究

本文中,用不同的主轴转速来成形两种典型零件,研究了摩擦搅拌渐进成形零件的综合性能：成形性,表面质量,拉伸性能,显微硬度和壁厚分布。试验结果表明,板料的成形性随着转速增加而呈现增强趋势;接触面的表面粗糙度在水平和竖直方向表现出不同的变化趋势;非接触面的表面质量几乎不受转速影响;相比原板料,成形零件的拉伸性能和显微硬度明显增强,但转转速超过3000 rpm后,硬度值开始逐步下降;在高转速下成形零件的壁厚分布略微优于低转速下的成形零件。总体上,除了力学性能,高转速下成形零件的综合性能比低转速下的成形零件好。     

Corner rounding of linear five-axis tool path by dual PH curves blending

The widespread linear five-axis tool path (G01 blocks) is usually described by two trajectories. One trajectory describes the position of the tool tip point, and the other one describes the position of the second point on the tool axis. The inherent disadvantages of linear tool path are tangential and curvature discontinuities at the corners in five-axis tool path, which will result in feedrate fluctuation and decrease due to the kinematic constraints of the machine tools. In this paper, by using a pair of quintic PH curves, a smoothing method is proposed to round the corners. There are two steps involved in our method. Firstly, according to the accuracy requirements of the tool tip contour and tool orientation tolerances, the corner is rounded with a pair of PH curves directly. Then, the control polygon lengths of PH curves are adjusted simply to guarantee the continuous variation of the tool orientation at the junctions between the transition curves and the remainder linear segments. Because the PH curves for corner rounding can be constructed without any iteration, and those two rounded trajectories are synchronized linearly in interpolation, which makes this smoothing method can be applied in a high efficiency way. Its high computational efficiency allows it to be implemented in real-time applications. This method has been integrated into a CNC system with an open architecture to implement on-line linear five-axis tool path smoothing. Simulations and experiments validate its practicability and reliability.     

An investigation of the effects of the tool path on the removal of material in polishing

Uniformity of removal affects the finishing, and in some cases, the form accuracy of the polished surface. Tool paths are required for the automation of surface polishing. How the tool path may affect the removal of material in polishing is investigated in this paper. An analysis of how removal at a location due to polishing along adjacent path lines is presented. Four tool paths reportedly used in polishing are covered: scanning, bi-scanning, Hilbert and Peano paths. Removal in the inner surface as well as near the edges of surfaces is examined through simulations and analysis. The results show that, for the same path pitch, the peak-to-valley height (h_pv) in the inner part of the removal map is the same for scanning, bi-scanning and Peano, while the texture of the removal maps can be quite different. The h_pv values of Hilbert are more than double those of Peano, although both are fractal paths. Removal near the edges is particularly severe for scanning-type tool paths. The ratio of the edge peak height to the inner peak height is about 1.6 on average for scanning. The uniformity of removal further deteriorates as the ellipticity of the tool contact increases. When the contact direction is closely aligned with the path line direction, that ratio goes up to about 2.9 for contact ellipticity of 2. Polishing experiments have also been conducted. Both experiments and simulations point to the presence of edge effects in scanning paths and its absence in Peano paths. It is further proposed that, for more uniform removal of material: (1) changes in the tool path direction should be well distributed and (2) the direction of the path lines should be well balanced over the entire surface.     

Detection of internal defects using phase shifting holographic interferometry

Phase shifting holographic interferometry is shown to be a useful tool for detection of internal defects in materials by observing strain anomalies in a stressed object. The pos-t recording signal processing includes smoothing of the measured deformation by means of data polynomial fitting, a derivation process taken from computer vision edge detection algorithms, which makes use of a Gaussian derivative and a cubic spline interpolation, a second smoothing, a regular numeric derivative and final smoothing. Defects, ie weak areas of the sample, are detected in the second derivative of the sample deformation, which is proportional to the stress map of the sample surface. The second derivative provides information about the defect dimensions and its severity and location. A theoretical model forthe loading of a sample containing a defect is presented as well as results based on it. Good correlation between experiment and theory was found.