采用约束最小平方和法实现近场波束形成

本文研究了近场情况下的波束形成问题。对于任意结构阵列,提出了实现近场波束形成的一种约束最小平方和法,由近场信号模型来设计近场波束。该方法在对波束旁瓣施加约束的条件下,使波束主瓣的误差平方和最小,可借助于优化工具箱实现。该方法在主瓣区域和旁瓣区域都能得到满足设计要求的波束性能,不仅可以方便地控制期望响应,而且简单易行。基于32元均匀离散圆阵的仿真设计结果表明了本文方法的有效性。     

基于凸优化方法的期望主瓣幅度响应波束图设计

将发射阵的期望主瓣幅度响应波束设计转化为凸优化问题,并利用cvx工具箱求解最优加权。首先,根据期望波束的主瓣范围,将空间区域分为主瓣区域和旁瓣区域,再在主瓣区域内将设计波束和期望波束之差的2-范数最小化,并将设计波束图旁瓣级控制在期望值之下。最后,利用cvx工具箱对该凸优化问题进行求解,获得满足要求的设计波束图。通过计算机仿真对所提波束图设计方法的有效性进行了验证。     

旁瓣约束方向不变恒定束宽波束自适应综合

将自适应加权方法应用于波束图的主瓣控制研究,提出了方向不变恒定束宽波束形成算法。在波束图旁瓣区域引入若干虚拟干扰源,自适应调整干扰强度,改变波束形状。以主瓣某一指向的波束宽度为参考,以每次迭代后波束图最低旁瓣峰值与主瓣峰值的差作为下次迭代运算的预设主旁瓣比,在保持主瓣区域宽度不变的情况下,用自适应综合的方法获得不同主瓣指向上的最低均匀旁瓣。将该算法应用于均匀线阵和半球面阵,均在±60°的范围内得到了方向不变恒定束宽波束。研究表明,该算法不仅适用于均匀线列阵,也可用于任意结构阵列。     

球谐域二次Dolph-Chebyshev波束形成的设计

提出了一种球谐域二次Dolph-Chebyshev波束形成方法,该方法在常规波束形成方法和Dolph-Chebyshev波束形成方法的基础上通过平方Chebyshev多项式来计算波束形成的权值.在保持主瓣最大增益不变的情况下,通过平方Chebyshev多项式可以降低旁瓣的最大增益.因此,这种改进的波束形成在保证与前两者具有相同主瓣宽度的同时,能有效地限制旁瓣,提高声场分辨率.且在低频时具有更高的白噪声增益,从而提高球阵处理噪声的能力.仿真实验通过将这三种波束形成方法进行比较,验证了球谐域二次Dolph-Chebyshev波束形成方法的有效性.     

全设计频段束宽恒定的低旁瓣时域波束形成

为了在空域无失真地接收宽带信号和有效地抑制环境干扰,提出了全设计频段束宽恒定的低旁瓣时域波束形成方法。首先,把宽带信号分为几个子带,应用半定规划的优化方法设计这些子带中心频率上的加权,使所形成的波束主瓣与设计带宽中最低频率上的波束相同,同时约束其具有低旁瓣特征。然后,设计FIR滤波器拟合这些离散频率点上恒定束宽加权所表示的幅相加权。显然,设计得到的FIR滤波器的幅相响应给出了全设计频段上的幅相加权。最后应用该方法,针对阵元具有方向性的12元均匀离散圆弧阵,设计覆盖一个倍频程的低旁瓣时域恒定束宽波束形成器,并使用线性调频信号作为测试信号,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

成像声呐中聚焦波束形成技术研究及实现

介绍了聚焦波束形成的基本原理,分析了一种基于半圆阵的相位补偿方法。通过Matlab仿真得出聚焦波束形成的波束图,相比远场方法,波束宽度减小,旁瓣得到抑制。设计了一种基于FPGA的数字聚焦波束形成器的实时处理结构,使用8组加权系数即可完成成像声呐近场范围内分辨力的改进。通过乒乓操作和并行结构提高处理速度,实时产生72个波束。实验结果表明,所设计的聚焦波束形成器使某型成像声呐近场分辨力得到了提高。     

二维MUSIC近场被动定位方法

介绍了一种高精度的近场被动定位方法——二维MUSIC被动定位方法。它是一种在距离和方位上进行二维联合搜索的高精度被动定位方法。将MUSIC（多重信号分类）算法与近场聚焦波束形成方法相结合,能大大提高对近场目标的定位精度。先推导了基于均匀线列阵的二维MUSIC近场被动定位方法的定位原理,通过仿真比较了二维MUSIC被动定位方法与常规聚焦波束形成的定位性能,仿真表明,二维MUSIC被动定位方法的定位性能要明显高于常规的聚焦波束形成被动定位方法。并仿真了该方法在不同的阵元间距以及不同的目标距离时的定位性能,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

不等间距线列阵波束形成

介绍了不等间距波束形成的基本原理和分析方法,分别计算了10元、16元和32元线列阵阵元不等间距分布时的波束图。采用z变换的方法,将等间距幅度加权的波束形成的幅值分布转化为不等间距波束形成的距离分布。仿真结果表明该方法对于第一、第二旁瓣的抑制较好,并且主瓣并未明显展宽。     

矢量水听器阵列虚拟阵元波束形成

在信号频率一定的情况下,常规波束形成方法需要通过增大基阵孔径来提高目标方位的估计精度,但这会受到实际工程应用的限制。在研究矢量水听器波束形成的基础上,提出了基于Taylor级数展开的虚拟阵元波束形成方法。该方法针对有限尺度双十字阵型的矢量水听器基阵,根据已知阵元接收的数据,运用Taylor级数展开方法估计虚拟阵元上的接收数据,使基阵孔径在虚拟意义上得以扩大。从而改善了阵列的波束性能,窄化主瓣和抑制旁瓣,实现了空间分辨率的提高。仿真和试验数据结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于二阶锥规划的稳健低旁瓣自适应波束形成

针对水下成像时圆弧阵常规波束旁瓣级较高,当存在强干扰时容易带来较多虚警的缺点,提出一种基于二阶锥规划的稳健低旁瓣自适应波束形成方法。该方法通过对波束旁瓣进行优化设计,可以将波束旁瓣级进行严格控制,并进一步结合协方差矩阵重构法,使波束形成器的稳健性得到提高,最后将该波束优化问题转化为二阶锥规划问题进行求解。计算机仿真结果表明,相较于其他算法来说,文中算法在波束旁瓣级得到严格控制的同时,可以在存在各类失配的情况下获得更高的输出信干噪比,稳健性更高。水池实验进一步验证了该方法的有效性,该研究成果可以在声呐成像领域应用。     

Lateral Magnetic Near‐Field Imaging of Plasmonic Nanoantennas With Increasing Complexity

The design of many promising, newly emerging classes of photonic metamaterials and subwavelength confinement structures requires detailed knowledge and understanding of the electromagnetic near‐field interactions between their building blocks. While the electric field distributions and, respectively, the electric interactions of different nanostructures can be routinely measured, for example, by scattering near‐field microscopy, only recently experimental methods for imaging the magnetic field distributions became available. In this paper, we provide direct experimental maps of the lateral magnetic near‐field distributions of variously shaped plasmonic nanoantennas by using hollow‐pyramid aperture scanning near‐field optical microscopy (SNOM). We study both simple plasmonic nanoresonators, such as bars, disks, rings and more complex antennas. For the studied structures, the magnetic near‐field distributions of the complex resonators have been found to be a superposition of the magnetic near‐fields of the individual constituting elements. These experimental results, explained and validated by numerical simulations, open new possibilities for engineering and characterization of complex plasmonic antennas with increased functionality.     

机械传感器测量炸药近爆区爆炸破坏作用实验研究

通过机械传感器对炸药近爆区爆炸波破坏作用研究,引进爆炸波能量面密度的概念,结果表明,机械传感器可以有效地测量近爆区爆炸波破坏强度,爆炸波能量面密度可以作为近爆区爆炸波破坏作用评定标准;比较机械传感器与压电传感器测量结果,二者在距爆心较远区数值吻合较好.     

一种近场测量用水听器自动定位装置的研制

本文论述了一种近场测量用的水听器自动定位装置的构造方法和性能特点，该装置既可以实现８０３１单片机本控，也可以通过ＩＥＥＥ－４８８接口实现ＰＣ机远控。在大型换能器（或基阵）的近场法校准中和水下声学系统的近场研究中都具有实用价值     

Near field effect on the evaluation of site attenuation

Abstract

With little error, taking assumption of sinusoidal current distribution on the half‐wave dipole for exact (near and far) field and using the geometrical optics (GO) theory for ground reflection, a simplified yet improved method is derived for calculating site attenuation in terms of the antenna factors of transmitting and receiving antennas. The near field and mutual coupling problems that have caused errors between theoretical and measured data in the past can be easily solved. The deviation in the site attenuation curve due to equipment impedance mismatch and dissipative losses is also discussed. The results obtained by using this method show a good agreement with those obtained by Kawana using the moment method (MM) (for 3 meter site) and those measured by the National Bureau of Standards of U. S. A. (NBS) (for 3, 10 and 30 meter sites), while much more calculating time is saved. That is, this method provides a more effective solution for evaluating theoretical site attenuation of a standard open site.     

有源吸声结构近场声学特性

有源吸声结构是近年来提出的一种利用有源控制技术吸收低频反射声的智能结构,对其近场声学性能的分析将为系统优化设计、次级源和误差传感器布放及控制目标选取等关键问题提供理论支持。本文在最小反射声功率条件下,对控制前后吸声结构近场观察面声强及吸声系数的变化进行数值仿真。仿真结果从近场法向声强的幅值、辐射形式及空间分布等方面分析有源吸声结构的近场声学特性,并从结构表面吸声系数变化的角度进一步加以验证。     

Optimal apodization design for medical ultrasound using constrained least squares part II: simulation results

In the first part of this work, we introduced a novel general ultrasound apodization design method using constrained least squares (CLS). The technique allows for the design of system spatial impulse responses with narrow mainlobes and low sidelobes. In the linear constrained least squares (LCLS) formulation, the energy of the point spread function (PSF) outside a certain mainlobe boundary was minimized while maintaining a peak gain at the focus. In the quadratic constrained least squares (QCLS) formulation, the energy of the PSF outside a certain boundary was minimized, and the energy of the PSF inside the boundary was held constant. In this paper, we present simulation results that demonstrate the application of the CLS methods to obtain optimal system responses. We investigate the stability of the CLS apodization design methods with respect to errors in the assumed wave propagation speed. We also present simulation results that implement the CLS design techniques to improve cystic resolution. According to novel performance metrics, our apodization profiles improve cystic resolution by 3 dB to 10 dB over conventional apodizations such as the flat, Hamming, and Nuttall windows. We also show results using the CLS techniques to improve conventional depth of field (DOF).     

狭小空间的工况测试探讨

本文介绍一种狭小空间测试在不同工况下车辆发动机活塞及连杆的应力场、温度场及传动部分的转速和扭矩的技术—近场遥测技术。     

Plasmonic Nickel Nanoantennas

The fundamental optical properties of pure nickel nanostructures are studied by far‐field extinction spectroscopy and optical near‐field microscopy, providing direct experimental evidence of the existence of particle plasmon resonances predicted by theory. Experimental and calculated near‐field maps allow for unambiguous identification of dipolar plasmon modes. By comparing calculated near‐field and far‐field spectra, dramatic shifts are found between the near‐field and far‐field plasmon resonances, which are much stronger than in gold nanoantennas. Based on a simple damped harmonic oscillator model to describe plasmonic resonances, it is possible to explain these shifts as due to plasmon damping.     

基于HELS法的多源相干声场重建研究

针对Helmholtz方程最小二乘法(HELS)对多源相干声场进行重建无法得到满意的结果这一问题,提出一种改进的HELS方法.其基本思想是,辐射声场由多个相干声源产生的一系列声场叠加而成,每个声源产生的声压可以用球面波函数构成的正交函数的线性组合表达.组合系数可通过测点的声压来确定.采用预估基函数展开项数和循环迭代法相结合的优化方法确定基函数的最佳项数,提高了计算效率.在求解系数向量的过程中采用奇异值分解和正则化方法,减轻了逆问题求解过程中产生的不适定问题.数值仿真表明,改进的HELS方法能有效地重建多源相干声场,并可估计每个声源对声场的贡献,具有声场分离的作用.