以白酒酒糟为原料发酵产丁二酸

以白酒酒糟为原料,经酶法糖化,由Actinobacillus succinogenes发酵生产丁二酸。纤维素酶或糖化酶分别水解白酒糟,在酶反应的最适温度和pH条件下,酒糟中的纤维素和淀粉的水解率分别为44.04%和92.26%,相应还原糖对酒糟的得率分别为110 mg/g和126 mg/g酒糟;但2种酶以分步或同步方式水解白酒糟时,酶水解反应受到产物抑制作用,总还原糖得率仅约为150 mg/g酒糟。采用分步糖化发酵工艺,400 g/L白酒糟经两种酶水解后,得到还原糖58.4 g/L,该水解液发酵产丁二酸28.8 g/L,丁二酸产率72 mg/g酒糟;而采用先用纤维素酶水解白酒糟,再用糖化酶和A.succinogenes同步糖化发酵的工艺,240 g/L白酒糟产丁二酸浓度为32 g/L,产率133 mg/g酒糟。以白酒酒糟为原料发酵生产丁二酸,利用了废弃物,无需外源添加氮源,无需对原料进行酸碱预处理,具有一定的应用前景。     

高浓玉米秸秆碱法预处理及半同步糖化发酵生产乙醇的工艺研究

为实现玉米秸秆高效转化可发酵糖,提升玉米秸秆生产纤维素乙醇竞争力,对碱过氧化氢法预处理后高浓玉米秸秆半同步糖化发酵生产燃料乙醇的工艺进行了研究。建立底物浓度与酶解糖得率关系模型,以确定适宜的底物浓度。向预处理后的玉米秸秆中添加吐温20,考察其酶解过程特性,确定吐温20最适添加量。结果表明,酶解最适条件为:底物质量浓度200 g/L,吐温20添加量8%(ω)。在该条件基础上,对酵母种龄、吐温20对酵母发酵影响、半同步糖化发酵预酶解时间、半同步糖化发酵的时间、发酵温度进行了研究,确定了半同步糖化发酵的工艺条件为:种龄16 h,吐温20添加量5%(ω),预酶解时间9 h,半同步糖化发酵时间7 d,温度34℃。在最佳条件下,发酵7 d后,乙醇浓度达到23. 64 g/L,乙醇转化率达到76. 54%,较对照组(不添加吐温20)转化率提升3. 41%。该工艺条件下能实现高浓玉米秸秆高效转化可发酵糖及乙醇的目的。     

菊芋原料同步糖化发酵生产丁二酸

对菊芋原料发酵生产丁二酸进行了研究,用 Actinobacillus succinogenes 和 Aspergillus niger 同步糖化发酵,发现同步糖化发酵效果优于糖化后再发酵,在同步糖化发酵过程中还原糖质量浓度始终保持在10～40 g/L,可以避免高浓度的还原糖对 A.succinogenes 的抑制.5 L搅拌罐中同步糖化补料分批发酵96 h产丁二酸98.2 g/L,对消耗糖产率95.4%,生产强度1.02 g/(L·h) .     

利用木薯淀粉为原料发酵生产丁二酸的研究

利用木薯粉为原料发酵生产丁二酸,将先糖化后发酵(SHF)和同步糖化发酵(SSF)2种发酵模式进行比较,发现SSF发酵模式在工艺上、产量上均优于SHF,进而对SSF的一些工艺条件进行摇瓶优化,得到SSF的最适发酵温度为37℃,糖化酶添加量为1000U/g,最适底物浓度60g/L.在7L发酵罐中进行放大实验,用木薯粉同步糖化发酵45h,最终丁二酸浓度为61.2g/L,乙酸浓度为4.66g/L,生产强度达到1.36g/(L·h),丁二酸转化率为89%.     

玉米秸秆酶解液发酵产γ-聚谷氨酸

以玉米秸秆为原料,经酸碱蒸煮处理后,再经纤维素复合酶酶解,利用酶解液发酵产γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)。通过单因素和正交试验,研究了用1.0%H2SO4、10.0%NH3OH、水三种预处理方法处理玉米秸秆,以含糖量为指标考察各因素对酶解效果的影响。结果表明,3种预处理方法酶解玉米秸秆的最佳条件基本一致:加酶量为35FPIU/g,底物浓度1∶15,酶解时间96 h。玉米秸秆酶解液与玉米糖化液混合发酵生产γ-PGA的最佳配比为7∶3,与玉米秸秆酶解液单独发酵相比,混合发酵产γ-PGA产量提高了95.12%。     

玉米秸秆糖醇发酵产丁二酸及表征

以玉米秸秆糖醇液为原料,考察产琥珀酸放线杆菌（Actinobacillus succinogenes）X-1对不同单一碳源的同化能力,并验证产琥珀酸放线杆菌可同化利用玉米秸秆糖醇液。利用Box-Behnken中心组合设计试验,通过响应面分析法优化发酵工艺参数为：玉米秸秆糖醇液初始还原糖质量浓度42.81 g/L、酵母膏质量浓度12.53 g/L、缓冲剂MgCO3质量浓度15.90 g/L,经5 L发酵规模实验,发酵周期48 h,丁二酸产率为85.1%,还原糖利用率为85.4%。经红外光谱和核磁共振表征其发酵产物为生物基丁二酸。     

多酶组合水解甘蔗渣及利用甘蔗渣水解液发酵丁二酸

以甘蔗渣为原料,研究了甘蔗渣水解液的制备与利用琥珀酸放线杆菌发酵生产丁二酸的主要工艺参数。甘蔗渣经过1%NaOH预处理后,用纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶和果胶酶共同水解,在底物质量浓度为75 g/L时,水解液的还原糖质量浓度为65.6 g/L,甘蔗渣中总纤维素水解率达到90%。以还原糖质量浓度为55g/L的甘蔗渣水解液为碳源,在3 L发酵罐中分批发酵29 h产39.9 g/L丁二酸,丁二酸对甘蔗渣水解液中还原糖的得率为0.82 g/g,对甘蔗渣的得率为0.46 g/g。反映了以甘蔗渣为原料发酵生产丁二酸的可行性。     

小麦秸秆同步糖化发酵制取燃料乙醇

利用酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742对小麦秸秆同步糖化发酵(simultaneously saccharification and fermentation,SSF)生产燃料乙醇的条件进行了研究,系统考察和研究了温度、固体含量、纤维素酶投加量、酵母菌浓度对SSF过程中乙醇浓度和产率的影响,并对以上参数做了初步优化,以提高最终乙醇浓度和产率。结果表明,小麦秸秆同步糖化发酵乙醇的最优条件为:温度38℃,固体含量16.0%(m/V),纤维素酶投加量35FPU/g底物,酵母菌浓度8 g/L。在此条件下,NaOH预处理后的小麦经过120 h同步糖化发酵,乙醇浓度达到最大值,为38.32 g/L,产率达理论产率的71.71%,木糖浓度为12.94 g/L。     

秸秆两步发酵法制备丁二酸研究

目的：以秸秆为原料进行生物转化制备有机酸。方法：在秸秆汽爆法预处理的基础上,以绿色木霉为菌种进行秸秆降解发酵,对降解单糖接种放线杆菌进行二次发酵制备丁二酸。结果：第一步绿色木霉发酵时,通气量0.3L/L·min,30℃发酵36h,后将发酵扩增8倍进行55℃酶解24h,五、六碳糖累积浓度达到49.4g/L。第二步产丁二酸放线杆菌发酵时,控制温度37℃、罐内CO2 压力0.11MPa、转速250r/min,发酵40h,最终产丁二酸累积浓度为67g/L。结论：秸秆制备丁二酸的两步发酵法工艺具有工业推广价值。     

乙酸预浸渍用于小麦秸秆蒸汽预处理生产纤维素乙醇

通过改进传统蒸汽爆破预处理方法,利用两步法对小麦秸秆进行预处理.在蒸汽爆破前加入乙酸溶液预浸渍,有效的提高了后续同步糖化发酵的水平.采用乙酸预浸渍气爆预处理后的整个草浆和固形物同步糖化发酵乙醇浓度分别达到25.Sg/L、30.6g/L,分别达到葡萄糖乙醇理论产率的77％、90％;相比传统气爆,草浆和固形物同步糖化发酵乙醇浓度分别仅为17.5g/L、29.2g/L,葡萄糖转化为乙醇仅分别达到理论产率的63％、85％.通过提高固形物浓度到20％,乙酸预浸渍气爆处理后的固形物同步糖化发酵乙醇浓度可达67.3g/L,达到葡萄糖乙醇理论产率的96％.乙酸预浸渍气爆预处理能有效的减少抑制物的生成,提高木质纤维素结构破坏程度以及糖的回收率.     

Strain Improvement Through UV and Chemical Mutagenesis for Enhanced Citric Acid Production in Molasses-Based Solid State Fermentation

Aspergillus niger was subjected to UV radiation and chemical mutagenesis to develop its hyper-producing mutants for enhanced citric acid production. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and Ethidium bromide (EB) were used for chemical mutagenesis of Aspergillus niger. UV, and chemically treated mutants of Aspergillus niger were identified by using 2-deoxy, D-glucose as selective marker. The selected mutants were cultured in solid state fermentation (SSF) of sugarcane molasses medium (10%) using corn cobs, banana stalk, sugarcane bagasse, wheat straw, and wheat bran as carrier substrates. After pH adjustment and sterilization, the triplicate flasks were inoculated with 5 mLof homogenous spore suspensions of selected mutants of A. niger and the flasks were subjected to SSF under still culture conditions. The mutant EB-3 (treated with 1 mg/mL ethidium bromide for 120 min) giving highest citric acid yield (64.2 mg/mL) in 72 h was selected as hyper-producing mutant. Citric acid production process using EB-3 mutant was then optimized to enhance citric acid production by the mutant in SSF. Aspergillus niger EB-3 mutant could produce 67.72 mg/mL citric acid in 72 h using banana stalks as support material under optimum conditions of pH (pH 6), incubation temperature (35°C) and inoculum size (5 mL) in SSF.     

利用一株凝结芽孢杆菌发酵酸解玉米秸秆生产乳酸

该研究拟考察凝结芽孢杆菌（Bacillus coagulans）利用玉米秸秆生物炼制乳酸的效果。以凝结芽孢杆菌CGMCC No.7635为菌种,利用2%硫酸预处理后的玉米秸秆为碳源、20 g/L酵母粉为氮源,添加20 FPU/g纤维素酶后开展糖化发酵生产乳酸实验。结果表明,发酵65 h后可获得乳酸含量为（38.38±1.03） g/L,其中L-乳酸光学纯度为（99.23±0.22）%。进一步使用补料发酵工艺,添加经预处理的玉米秸秆,可最终获得乳酸含量为（82.56±1.28） g/L。建立的玉米秸秆生物炼制乳酸工艺操作简单、产物浓度高,具有工业应用潜力。     

Steam pretreatment and fermentation of the straw material "Paja Brava" using simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation

Pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of the South American straw material Paja Brava were investigated. Suitable process conditions for an SO₂-catalyzed steam pretreatment of the material were determined and assessed by enzymatic digestibility of obtained fiber slurries for 72 h at a water insoluble solids (WIS) content of 2%. The best pretreatment conditions obtained (200°C, 5 min holding time and 2.5% SO₂) gave an overall glucose yield following enzymatic hydrolysis of more than 90%, and a xylose yield of about 70%. Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation of glucose and xylose (SSCF) of the pretreated material using the xylose-fermenting strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae TMB3400 was examined at WIS contents between 5% and 10%. In agreement with previous studies on other materials, the overall ethanol yield and also the xylose conversion decreased somewhat with increasing WIS content in the SSCF. In batch SSCF, the xylose conversion obtained was almost 100% at 5% WIS content, but decreased to 69% at 10% WIS. The highest ethanol concentration obtained for a WIS content of 10% was about 40 g/L, corresponding to a yield of 0.41 g/g in a fed-batch SSCF. The Paja Brava material has previously been found difficult to hydrolyze in a dilute-acid process. However, the SSCF results obtained here show that similar sugar yields and fermentation performance can be expected from Paja Brava as from materials such as wheat straw, corn stover or sugarcane bagasse.     

Amylase production in solid state fermentation by the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus

The production of extracellular amylase by the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus was studied in solid state fermentation (SSF). Solid substrates such as wheat bran, molasses bran, rice bran, maize meal, millet cereal, wheat flakes, barley bran, crushed maize, corncobs and crushed wheat were studied for enzyme production. Growth on wheat bran gave the highest amylase activity. The maximum enzyme activity obtained was 534 U/g of wheat bran under optimum conditions of an incubation period of 120 h, an incubation temperature of 50 degrees C, an initial moisture content of 90%, a pH of 6.0, an inoculum level of 10% (v/w), a salt solution concentration of 1.5:10 (v/w) and a ratio of substrate weight to flask volume of 1:100 with soluble starch (1% w/w) and peptone (1% w/w) as supplements.     

纤维素酶和乳酸菌同时糖化发酵麦麸制乳酸

以麦麸为原料经机械粉碎、稀酸预处理后,用纤维素酶和干酪乳酸菌进行同时糖化发酵生产乳酸。结果表明:酶添加量0.25%,接种量10%,温度50℃,pH4.5,反应48 h,得到发酵液乳酸含量为40.5 g/L。     

利用SSF制取纤维乙醇的工艺研究

利用同步糖化发酵（SSF）技术,以汽爆玉米秸秆为主要原料,对纤维乙醇的发酵工艺进行研究。玉米秸秆经蒸汽爆破预处理后,酶解得率增大到85.0%。进一步利用Box-Behnken实验设计方法,选取酶用量、发酵温度和发酵时间为影响乙醇产率的主要因素,通过响应面分析得到了较优的工艺条件：底物浓度15%（w/v）,酶用量35FPU/g（底物）,发酵温度37℃,发酵时间90h。在优化的工艺条件下,乙醇浓度为42.2g/L,达到理论产量的82.6%。和分步糖化发酵（SHF）工艺结果比较,SSF具有更高的生产效率。     

KINETICS OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM WHEAT MILLING BY-PRODUCTS

An overview of the potential application of wheat milling by‐products as substrate for bioethanol production is presented. In order to select a suitable microorganism, model fermentations were conducted using glucose and dry baker's yeast. The overall ethanol yield was nearly stable (ca. 0.35 g/g), independent of mash glucose concentration; mashes with 100 g glucose/L resulted in an overall ethanol productivity of 3.48 g/L·h. Slurries containing low‐grade wheat flour (LG) (100, 200 or 300 g/L) were used for simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with Zymomonas mobilis. Fermentation performance was evaluated based on ethanol concentration (P), productivity (Q_v), yield (Y_P/S), production rate (Q_p) and glucose consumption rate (Q_s). Mashes containing 200 g LG/L produced about 52 g ethanol/L, with Q_vof 2.17 g/L·h. Based on the relatively high fermentation rate of LG, reaching peak ethanol productivity within ca. 9 h of SSF, considerable savings on fermentation time was achieved. Using Z. mobilis for LG fermentation, P was about 30% higher than that obtained with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

利用热带假丝酵母发酵处理玉米秸秆碱法制浆废液的研究

以玉米秸秆碱法制浆废液为原料,对热带假丝酵母的培养条件进行了研究。菌种经过培养、驯化和优化,最终得出了处理废液的最佳发酵条件为发酵温度28 ℃、pH值5.5、发酵时间48 h、磷酸氢二钾1.5 g/L、硫酸镁1.0 g/L、接种量10%、摇床转速160 r/min、摇瓶装液量50 mL/250 mL,菌体生物量能达到8.583 g/L,化学需氧量（CODCr）去除率达到62.8%,生物需氧量（BOD5）去除率达到53.7%,为玉米秸秆碱法制浆废液资源化利用和降低废水排放量提供了新的途径。