臭氧水降解苹果表面有机磷农药的研究

有机磷农药残留超标是制约我国浓缩苹果汁出口的一大瓶颈。文中建立了苹果表面有机磷农药降解模拟体系,比较了在不同清洗方式和起始浓度下,臭氧水对苹果中常见的甲胺磷、甲拌磷、乐果、二螓磷、马拉硫磷、毒死蜱等6种有机磷农药的降解效果。结果表明,臭氧水能有效降解苹果表面的有机磷农药残留。臭氧浓度越高,有机磷农药的降解效果越好；苹果表面有机磷农药起始浓度越低,农药残留的降解率越高。当苹果表面有机磷农药起始浓度为1～2 mg/kg 时,用浓度为14 mg/L 的臭氧水溶液动态清洗20 min,6种有机磷农药的降解效果可达35%～64%。     

不同清洗方法对韭菜中有机磷类农药去除 效果的研究

目的研究不同清洗方法对韭菜中有机磷农药残留的去除效果。方法将二嗪磷、毒死蜱、乐果、杀扑磷和亚胺硫磷农药污染的韭菜分别以家庭中易于实现的洗涤方法(清水、面粉水、碱水、醋水、淘米水、盐水)浸泡清洗,采用气相色谱法测定不同清洗方法对韭菜中5种有机磷农药的去除效果。结果 6种清洗方法均能去除韭菜中的二嗪磷、毒死蜱、乐果、杀扑磷和亚胺硫磷农药,其中淘米水和碱水的去除效果最好。亚胺硫磷在5种有机磷农药中最容易被清洗去除。同时随着淘米水放置时间的增加,淘米水去除有机磷农药的效果也会增加。结论日常生活中使用的清洗方式,均能降低韭菜中5中有机磷农药的残留,但去除效果存在差异,淘米水清洗对韭菜中有机磷农药的去除效果最好。     

绿叶菜农药残留去除的清洗方法

以毒死蜱及克百威复合农药污染的绿叶菜(生菜、菠菜)为研究对象,模拟其在流通环节中采用清水、NaHCO3碱性溶液清洗方法,检测不同清洗时间、温度、溶剂浓度等条件下农药残留去除情况,通过响应面方法确定其最佳的清洗方式。结果表明:NaHCO3碱性溶液清洗效果优于清水,在清洗时间28 min,温度42℃,质量分数1.8%NaHCO3的清洗条件下,绿叶菜混合农药残留去除率达73.88%。     

洗涤方法对有机磷农药残留的影响

目的 比较不同洗涤方法对果蔬表面有机磷农药去除效果的影响。方法 利用可食用的无毒物质洗米水、面粉水、小苏打和食用碱4种洗涤溶液, 对残留有机磷类农药(以氧化乐果为例)的蔬菜样品(白菜)进行清洗, 经萃取、浓缩后, 用磷钼蓝比色法进行测定。结果 面粉水的清洗效果最好, 通过对面粉水清洗效果进行单因素实验和正交实验, 得出最佳清洗效果条件为面粉水浓度为3.5 g /500 mL、浸泡时间为17 min、浸泡温度为32 ℃, 农药去除率达到83%。氧化乐果在为0.8~32.0 μg/mL范围内线性范围良好, 线性方程为Y =0.011X?0.005, 相关系数为0.9955, 检出限为0.8 μg/mL。结论 用面粉水对果蔬进行清洗, 能够有效减少农药残留, 此法简单、便捷、价廉, 适合在日常生活中使用。     

培养基中3株乳酸菌对7种有机磷农药的降解作用

利用含有7种有机磷农药的脱脂乳培养基培养3株乳酸菌,然后利用丙酮-乙腈(体积比为1:4)提取液萃取脱脂乳培养基中的7种有机磷农药,气相色谱法测定这些有机磷的含量,并以此计算有机磷的降解动力学常数.结果表明,3株乳酸菌对有机磷农药均有一定的降解效果,可不同程度减少了7种有机磷农药的半衰期,其中植物乳杆菌1.0343的作用...     

酸性电生功能水联合超声波去除马铃薯净菜中4种农药残留效果分析

为研究电生功能水联合超声波清洗对马铃薯净菜中农药残留的去除效果,对采用不同切割方式的马铃薯净菜进行腐霉利、甲拌磷、百菌清和毒死蜱混合模拟污染,通过QuEChERS前处理方法结合气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)进行检测,得到酸性电生功能水(AcEW)-超声波清洗处理对马铃薯净菜中4种农药残留的去除率,探讨不同清洗液、样...     

紫外光照射降解水中吡虫啉和啶虫脒的研究

本文研究了紫外光照射技术对水模拟体系中吡虫啉和啶虫脒的降解作用,探讨了照射时间、紫外光强度、水模拟体系pH值和农药初始浓度等因素对降解效果的影响。结果表明,紫外光照射可有效降解水模拟体系中的吡虫啉和啶虫脒,且吡虫啉的降解效果优于啶虫脒。在本实验研究条件下,照射时间越长,紫外光强度越大,吡虫啉和啶虫脒的降解率越高;农药初始浓度越低,在相同照射时间下,吡虫啉和啶虫脒的降解率越高;中性和碱性的水模拟体系更利于啶虫脒的降解。采用紫外光强度为650μW/cm2的短波紫外光照射水体系30 min(pH 6,吡虫啉和啶虫脒初始浓度均为0.2μg/mL),吡虫啉和啶虫脒的降解率达到最大,分别为100%和46.30%。动力学研究表明,水模拟体系中吡虫啉和啶虫脒紫外光降解过程符合一级动力学模型(R2≥0.95)。     

电解水对鲜切生菜抑菌效果的研究

以接种大肠杆菌的鲜切生菜为实验材料,评价电解水清洗鲜切生菜对抑菌效果的影响。研究以鲜切生菜表面菌落总数为指标,确定电解水最佳的清洗条件为在菜水比为1:20(kg/L)比例下,清洗20 min。在最佳清洗条件下,每批电解水可以连续清洗5批次鲜切生菜,此时鲜切生菜的抑菌率高于99.5%,而相同清洗条件下的次氯酸钠溶液(100 mg/g)仅可以清洗3批次鲜切生菜。由此计算电解水的耗水量为4 L/kg,比次氯酸钠耗水量减少2.7 L/kg。因此,电解水抑菌效果更好、更节水,适宜作为鲜切生菜的清洗方式。     

介质阻挡放电低温等离子体降解水中吡虫啉、啶虫脒和三唑磷的研究

为探究介质阻挡放电低温等离子体对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和三唑磷的降解作用,本研究构建水模拟体系,研究放电电压、时间、农药初始浓度和pH等因素对三种农药降解效果的影响,分析降解动力学,并在鉴定降解产物的基础上分析农药的降解途径。结果表明:低温等离子体能够有效降解水模拟体系中的三种农药残留;相同条件下,三种农药的降解率依次为:三唑磷>吡虫啉>啶虫脒;在本研究条件下,提高放电电压、延长放电时间、降低农药初始浓度有利于提高三种农药的降解率;碱性条件更有利于吡虫啉和啶虫脒的降解,而酸性条件更有利于三唑磷的降解;当放电电压为13.6 kV、时间5 min、农药浓度为1.9 mg/L时,吡虫啉、啶虫脒和三唑磷的降解率达到最大值,分别为62.5%（pH9.0）、42.4%（pH9.0）和94.5%（pH3.0）;低温等离子体作用下三种农药的降解符合一级动力学模型（R2≥0.90）;分别鉴定出吡虫啉和啶虫脒的降解产物各7种、5种;吡虫啉和啶虫脒降解产物的形成主要经历了分子中C-H、C-N等键的断裂和羟基自由基氧化取代的过程。     

臭氧对3种有机磷农药残留降解效果的研究

农药残留超标是目前影响我国果蔬质量和食品安全性的一大问题.以甲胺磷、敌敌畏[0,0-二甲基-0-(2,2-二氯乙烯基)磷酸酯]、久效磷这3种有机磷农药为研究对象,利用不同质量浓度的臭氧,采用不同作用时间,进行了有机磷农药的降解试验.试验中发现,臭氧与上述有机磷混合后适当的振荡,有利于农药降解.试验结果表明,初始浓度为1.17 mg/L的臭氧水可以较好的降解水中和苹果上的这3种有机磷农药.     

Color and Gel-forming Properties of Horse Mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) as Related to Washing Conditions

A beneficial decoloration effect resulted for horse mackerel mince washed with ozonized water within 10–20 min, but a longer washing time was required to improve the color properties when cold water or alkaline solution was used. Increase in pH as well as improvements in gel-forming ability occurred for mince washed with alkaline solution. The maximal gel strength of surimi was found when washed for 90 min. A marked decrease in pH and an undesirable gel strength of mince, as well as oxidation of the fish oil occurred during ozone treatment. Since the salt-soluble protein concentration increased for all minces washed with the three methods, improvement in gel-forming ability of washed mince was attributed to the increase in pH rather than to oil removal.     

Effect of washing treatments on pesticide residues and antioxidant compounds in Yuja (Citrus junos Sieb ex Tanaka)

This study investigated the removal efficiency of pesticide residues and microorganisms, and changes of the amount of antioxidant compounds on yuja (Citrus junos Sieb ex Tanaka) by various washing methods. The washing methods were mechanical washing (MW), mechanical washing after soaking in SAcEW, strong acidic electrolyzed water (SAcEW+MW), and soaking detergent solution (DW), with a tap water washing (TW) as the control. After treatment of MW and SAcEW+MW, the microbial count were 3.71 and 2.66 log CFU/g, respectively. Compared with the TW treatment (5.77 log CFU /g), MW and SAcEW+MW treatments showed a higher reduction. As a result of pesticide residue, the SAcEW+MW removed 70.5–98.1% and was the most effective, regardless of the pesticides. Antioxdant activities, as measured by DPPH radical, ranged from 20.36 to 21.27% and there was no significant difference from the washing methods. The results of this study demonstrated that the SAcEW+MW was the most effective method for removing residual pesticides without affecting the quality of the yuja.     

Reduction of methomyl and acetamiprid residues from tomatoes after various household washing solutions

The removal of pesticide residues is essential in order to control and reduce the harmful effects of pesticides commonly used in agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of 18 different household washing solutions for the reduction of methomyl and acetamiprid residues from tomatoes. These basic household solutions were used to prepare washing solution to remove pesticides. During this study, tomatoes were divided into two groups: in the first group, tomatoes were treated with the pesticides and the second group was washed with household solutions (distilled water, acetic acid, sodium chloride, ethanol, sodium bicarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and liquid soap, lemon juice, mineral water, zam-zam water, whey, milk, and their combinations) after treating with pesticides. The pesticides residues in all samples were extracted by the QuEChERS technique, analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The results showed significant reduction in residues of all washed groups compared with the control (p < 0.01). Acetic acid, sodium chloride+sodium bicarbonate, zam-zam water, acetic acid+sodium chloride, sodium hypochlorite, milk, acetic acid+sodium chloride+sodium bicarbonate, liquid whey, liquid soap, lemon juice, ethanol, and sodium bicarbonate were found to remove more than 50% of both pesticide residues. The effectiveness of washing solutions was different for every type of pesticide. In the same way, blend of washing solutions has shown a synergetic effect on the removal of pesticides and was more effective compared to one solution. This research has raised the potential use of household solutions easily found at home that could be used to remove pesticide residues.     

餐前加工对辣椒中5种常见农药残留去除的影响

通过研究清洗及烹饪过程对辣椒中百菌清、哒螨灵、腐霉利、氯氟氰菊酯及氰戊菊酯残留的影响,了解农药在加工过程中的变化规律,为膳食暴露评估提供依据。方法 采用实验室浸泡法模拟农药污染试验,并模拟家庭日常加工对辣椒进行清洗、烹饪等处理,通过气相色谱法(ECD)检测加工前后辣椒中农药残留变化。结果 清洗及烹饪对农药残留均有明显影响,以上5种农药在辣椒中经清洗和烹饪后总去除率分别为54.12%～99.47%、58.78%～95.95%、55.74%～93.68%、41.37%～95.67%和44.71%～95.09%;不同烹饪方法对农药的去除作用由强到弱为:油炸>炒制>焯水,且烹饪时间越长,去除作用越大,当烹饪时间超过2 min后,去除作用则不发生明显变化。结论 烹饪对辣椒中农药残留的去除作用比清洗时好,加工对农药的影响受农药的水解、高温分解特性、熔沸点及饱和蒸汽压等性质的共同作用决定。     

Efficacy of alkaline washing for the decontamination of orange fruit surfaces inoculated with Escherichia coli

The effectiveness of washing treatments to decontaminate orange fruit surfaces inoculated with Escherichia coli was evaluated. Washing on roller brushes with fruit cleaners or sanitizers followed by potable water rinse reduced E. coli by 1.9 to 3.5 log cycles. Prewetting fruit for 30 s before washing provided no significant benefit in most cases. Additional sanitizing treatments either with chlorine or acid sanitizers did not enhance the results of alkaline washing. In general, high pH washing solutions (pH 11.8) applied with an adequate spray volume effectively reduced the surface contamination of fruit that lowered the microbial load of fresh juice as well.     

不同漂洗方法对鲢鱼肉保水性及蛋白质含量的影响

漂洗工艺是制作鱼糜制品过程中的一项特殊工艺要求.本试验采用三种漂洗方法,即清水漂洗、盐水漂洗和碱水漂洗,研究不同漂洗条件对鲢鱼pH值、保水性和蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明,不同漂洗方法对鱼肉保水性和蛋白质含量影响均很大,采用二次清水漂洗和一次盐水漂洗,测得的产品保水性较高,而且蛋白质损失也较少.     

Parameters affecting the isolation of collagen from squid (Illex argentinus) skins

The solubility of collagen from squid (Illex argentinus) skin in salt solutions and the efficiency of removal of skin chromatophores were determined. Homogenization of minced squid skin in 5–15% NaCl solution at 0°C solubilized 35–24% of total amount of crude protein and caused 2–5% loss of collagen but was not effective in removing pigments from the skin. The treatment of whole squid skins in 5–15% NaCl solutions at room temperature led to separation of the chromatophores, but the loss of soluble collagen was 57–16%. Collagen, soluble in dilute acid solutions was isolated from squid skins by 24 h soaking in 10% NaCl solution at room temperature, washing with water and bleaching for 48 h in 1% H₂O₂ in 0.01 M NaOH. The yield of collagen was 53%. It could be increased to 90% by using NaOH solution at pH 11.5 instead of 10% NaCl but the isolate was less soluble in dilute acid and the viscosity of 0.5% dispersion of collagen was four times lower. The rancid off-odour could be prevented by adding 0.5% of a non-ionic detergent to all solution used in the procedure. ©     

Physicochemical properties, gel-forming ability and myoglobin content of sardine (Sardinella gibbosa) and mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) surimi produced by conventional method and alkaline solubilisation process

Characteristics and gel properties of sardine and mackerel surimi produced by conventional washing process and alkaline solubilising process were investigated. The decrease in Ca²⁺-ATPase activity with the changes in the surface hydrophobicity was found in surimi produced by alkaline solubilising process (p<0.05), suggesting the denaturation of protein induced by this process. The alkal-ine solubilising process with prewashing could remove myoglobin most effectively from sardine muscle, whereas the process without prewashing resulted in the greatest myoglobin removal in mackerel muscle (p<0.05). Surimi conventionally prepared by water or NaCl washing showed the gel with greater breaking force and deformation than that from alkaline solubilising process (p<0.05). The hig-her expressible moisture was found in the gels of surimi pre-pared by alkaline process, indicating the poor water holding capacity of the gel matrix. The highest whiteness was found in the gel of sardine surimi produced by alkaline process with prewashing but the highest whiteness was obtained in the gel of mackerel surimi washed with distilled water.     

剁辣椒家常加工对5种农药残留的影响

为研究剁辣椒家常加工过程对农药残留的影响,在实验室模拟沉积农药条件下,通过优化分散固相萃取方法建立了剁辣椒中5种农药的QuEChERS结合液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法,研究了经水洗、晾干、切碎、加盐腌制4道家常加工工序后,吡虫啉、啶虫脒、精甲霜灵、嘧菌酯和苯醚甲环唑5种农药在剁辣椒加工过程中的残留量变化情况。结果表明:剁辣椒中5种农药的残留量随着加工工序的增加而呈下降的趋势,全过程加工因子分别为0.2、0.32、0.23、0.21和0.14。经过剁辣椒家常腌制21 d后5种农药的农药残留的膳食暴露量大大降低,膳食风险指数分别较未加工降低了80.6%、68.7%、76.3%、78.4%、85.9%。而在不同加工工序中不同农药的加工因子变化有差异,这与农药本身的理化特性密不可分,log Kow（辛醇水分配系数）值小的农药（吡虫啉和啶虫脒）,在水洗处理下的残留量少,且冲洗处理较浸泡处理去除农药效果好;而log Kow值大的农药（嘧菌酯和苯醚甲环唑）,在加盐腌制处理下的残留量少,且在剁辣椒腌制的无氧环境中农药降解速率逐渐变缓。因此剁辣椒家常加工过程可以减少农药残留量,提高剁辣椒食用安全性。     

Effect of washing on pesticide residues in olives

ABSTRACT:  The present work aims at contributing to the knowledge of the fate of 5 pesticides in olives in order to evaluate how washing may affect the presence of these residues in this fruit (and consequently in olive oil). For this purpose, olives were sprayed with commercial formulations containing the active ingredients and a series of analyses were performed for 64 d by using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Selected pesticides, ranked by their importance, were diuron, terbuthylazine, simazine, α-endosulfan, and β-endosulfan. The pesticide fraction, which was not removable from olives by washing, increased with time after treatment until their degradation started at week 6. Washing performed 1 d after treatment was the most effective in reducing residues, especially for simazine. Consequently, the washing step performed in olive mills could be effective in removing those herbicide residues present in olives as a consequence of contact with contaminated soil for a short time. This happens when olives are dropped and harvested off the ground by means of brushes or suction equipment.