大豆灰斑病菌生理小种PCR-RFLP分子检测

采用PCR-RFLP技术建立了大豆灰斑病菌生理小种分子检测体系。引物对ITS1和ITS4PCR扩增大豆灰斑病菌的16个生理小种的DNA,均得到600bp片段;继而用HinfⅠ、RsaⅠ和HaeⅢ三种限制性内切酶将扩增产物消化,得到15个多态性片段,可将16个生理小种区分开来。     

黑龙江省大豆灰斑病菌生理小种鉴定

2006～2007年在黑龙江省各主要大豆产区采集并分离大豆灰斑病菌菌株210个,采用一套鉴别寄主对采集的大豆灰斑病菌进行鉴定,结果表明：黑龙江省大豆灰斑病菌共有16个生理小种,除以往报道的1～4号、6～11号生理小种外,又增加了5号、12～16号等6个新的生理小种。从主要生理小种在黑龙江省内各地的出现频率来看,以1号小种出现频率最高,为41．43％,其次是7号小种,为13．33％,10号小种出现频率为6．67％,占第三位。黑龙江省内大豆种植区主要以1号小种占优势,各地小种的组成和比例均有所不同。     

大豆灰斑病抗性回交分析及抗病中间材料的选择

利用育种中常用的回交方法，对５个回交组合在人工接种大豆灰斑病菌１０个生理小种条件下，研究后代的抗病性。结果表明，双亲抗，感性差异大的组合，后代分离出的抗病材料略高于或接近于双亲抗病的组合；后代与抗病亲本回交一次的ＢＣ１２Ｆ２和与抗病亲本回交二次的后代所分离的抗病材料比例较高，约占总数的１／４。     

RAPD在灰平菇菌株亲缘关系研究中的应用

采用RAPD技术分析了5个不同来源的灰平菇栽培菌株的DNA多态性。筛选出的8条随机引物共扩增得到107条带,其中多态性片段为69条,多态性比率为64.4%,说明收集到的灰平菇菌株具有一定的遗传多样性,它们之间存在一定的遗传差异。进一步聚类分析结果显示,当相性达到0.470的水平时,5个菌株聚成2组,第1组为1号(PL-72)、2号(PL-2)、3号(烟平2106)、4号(PL-A2);第2组为5号(PL-AD28)。当相似性达到0.570的水平时,第1组又被分为两个亚组,1号和3号菌株聚为一个亚组,而2号和4号菌株聚为一个亚组。本研究为灰平菇优良品种选育和亲缘关系的研究提供分子生物学依据。     

西藏野生油菜遗传多样性分析

利用10对AFLP引物及13对SSR引物,分析了43份来自西藏地区部分野生类型油菜种质的遗传多样性。10对AFLP引物共得到276条清晰的谱带,其中多态性带214条,多态性位点比率为77．5％,平均每对AFLP引物得到21．4条多态性带。13对SSR引物共扩增出57条带,其中多态性带51条,多态性位点比率为89．5％,说明西藏野生油菜遗传多样性丰富。通过对西藏野生类型油菜资源的遗传距离以及聚类分析,可将西藏野生类油菜分为两大类群,分别为白菜型和芥菜型野生油菜种质资源;两种分子标记适合揭示西藏野生油菜的遗传多样性。     

烟草靶斑病菌（Rhizoctonia solani）SRAP-PCR 体系建立及优化

采用烟草靶斑病菌YC-9, LJT-8和QYS-7为DNA模板,初步筛选SRAP引物组合;采用L16(45)正交试验设计,对烟草靶斑病菌的SRAP-PCR反应体系中的Mg2+、dNTPs, Taq DNA聚合酶、引物和DNA模板浓度等5个因素进行优化试验。结果表明:共筛出13对扩增条带清晰且多态性好的引物组合;烟草靶斑病菌的最佳SRAP反应体系为Mg2+浓度2.0 mmol/L、dNTP浓度200μmol/L、Taq DNA聚合酶0.8U、引物浓度140 mmol/L、模板DNA 20 ng及1×PCR buffer,反应总体积为20 μL;各因素对SRAP-PCR扩增反应结果影响的差异较大,依次为Taq DNA聚合酶>引物> Mg2+> dNTPs=模板DNA。      

烟草赤星病抗性因素遗传的双列分析

对烟草赤星病两个抗性因素遗传的1／2＊7(7+1)双列杂交分析表明,病斑数量和病斑大小的遗传都符合加性-显性模型。病斑数量的遗传属部分显性类型,显性基因主要表现为减效;病斑大小的遗传属完全显性类型,显性基因为增效基因。1996、1997两年的田间试验结果和苗期离体叶片接种的结果基本一致。烟草对赤星病病菌侵入的抗性较抗病斑扩展的能力更容易通过品种间杂交传递给后代。配合力分析表明,一些组合具有较好的抗侵入特殊配合力,另一些组合具有良好的抗扩展特殊配合力。抗×感组合Beinhart1000-1×NC82两个抗性因素特殊配合力均较好,在抗病育种中有较高的利用价值。     

大豆EST—SSR标记开发及与Genomic—SSR的比较研究

对458220条大豆EST序列进行SSR搜索,共检测出EST—SSR序列39989条,经拼接得到无冗余EST—SSR序列8190条,包括357种重复基元。其中二、三核苷酸重复基元类型居多,分别占无冗余EST总数的11．13％和16％,统计得到二核苷酸重复类型12种,三核苷酸重复类型60种。以含有简单重复序列的元冗余EST序列设计200对引物,其中148对引物有清晰且单一条带扩增产物,以30份大豆品种资源进行引物筛选,获得多态性引物31对。以21份大豆不同基因型的基因组DNA为模板选取30对显示多态性的大豆EST—SSR引物和30对大豆基因组SSR引物进行扩增,带型统计结果显示：大豆EST—SSR与基因组SSR在供试基因型间多态性指数均值分别为0．55和0．44,二者揭示的多态性水平差异不大。从而说明利用生物信息学方法基于大豆EST开发SSR标记是切实可行的,大豆EST—SSR可以用于大豆遗传多样性分析,是大豆DNA分子标记体系的一个重要补充。     

23株酵母菌株遗传亲缘关系的SRAP分析

探讨酵母菌株间的遗传亲缘关系以及遗传多样性,为酵母菌株的分类和鉴定提供科学依据.利用44个SRAP(sequence-related amplified polymorphism)引物组合对23株酿酒酵母菌株进行聚类分析、主成分分析及遗传多样性的评价.结果表明,从160个SRAP引物组合中筛选得到44个多态性引物组合,共检测到529条DNA带,其中多态性条带有465个,多态性条带百分率为86.20％,平均每个引物组合产生多态性条带10.1个.各菌株遗传相似系数在0.531～0.813之间,平均遗传相似系数为0.671;根据UPGMA聚类分析,23株酵母菌种在遗传相似系数0.610处被分为两大类群,在遗传相似系数0.705处被进一步划分为6个亚类群.第Ⅰ大类又分为Ⅰ a(包括1、2、4、7、10、11、12、14和13号酵母菌株)、Ⅰ b(包括15、16、19、20和21号酵母菌株)、Ⅰ c(包括17和23号酵母菌株)及Ⅰ d(18号酵母菌株);第Ⅱ大类分为Ⅱa(包括3、8、9和6号酵母菌株)和Ⅱb(包括5和22号酵母菌株).主成分(PCA)分析结果与此一致.这也与形态及生理特性的分类基本相似.SRAP标记技术能很好地用于酿酒酵母遗传亲缘关系、菌种鉴定和分类的研究,是一种经济、有效和可靠的分子标记技术.     

中国葡萄酒产区酒酒球菌种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了解我国葡萄酒产区酒酒球菌种质资源遗传多样性,对22 株筛选自我国不同葡萄酒产区的乳酸细菌进行了种特异性聚合酶链式反应（species-specific polymerase chain reaction,PCR）分析、16S rRNA序列分析和扩增片段长度多态性分析（amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP）基因分型。种特异性PCR和16S rRNA序列分析表明22 株分离株为酒酒球菌（Oenococcus oeni）。建立了O. oeni基于HindⅢ和MseⅠ为内切酶的AFLP分析体系,对16 对引物组合进行了筛选,结果表明HT-MA、HT-MT、HT-MC、HG-MA、HG-MT、HC-MT为O. oeni AFLP分析的最佳引物组合,且实验重复性在98%以上。对O. oeni的AFLP分析结果显示：22 株O. oeni分为3 个簇群,且簇群间遗传相似性系数较小。所以,以HindⅢ和MseⅠ为内切酶的AFLP技术是研究O. oeni基因分型的有效方法,我国葡萄酒产区的O. oeni具有丰富的遗传多样性,O. oeni菌株间的遗传相似性系数不仅仅与其生态地理分布有关,可能还与其所处的微生态和其他因素有关。     

河南省烟草黑胫病菌群体遗传结构的SSR分析

为明确河南省烟草黑胫病菌群体的遗传结构,本研究利用SSR分子标记对来自河南省12个地区的32株烟草黑胫病菌进行分析。结果显示,6对SSR引物共扩增出24个条带,其中多态性条带23个,多态性条带比率为95.83%;Nei’s基因多样性指数和Shannon信息指数分别为0.2132和0.3356;遗传相似系数在0.61~1.00之间,相似系数0.80水平下UPGMA聚类可将32个菌株划分为5个类群,其中类群I和类群II包括29个菌株,为优势类群;主成分分析结果与UPGMA聚类分析结果基本一致;遗传结构分析推测河南省烟草黑胫病菌群体来自于3个祖先亚群,亚群I、亚群II和亚群III在群体中所占比例分别为13.59%、46.61和39.80%;单个菌株遗传构成分析显示87.50%菌株的遗传组分几乎由单一亚群组成。以上研究结果表明河南省烟草黑胫病菌群体的遗传多样性水平较低,遗传结构也较为简单。      

云南省烟草镰刀菌根腐病菌遗传多样性分析

【背景和目的】尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）引起的根腐病是烟草主要的土传病害,在云南烟区普遍发生。为分析云南省不同地理来源尖孢镰刀菌的遗传差异性和亲缘关系。【方法】采用ISSR(inter-simple sequence repeat)和SRAP(sequencerelated amplified polymorphism)分子标记技术分析40株菌株遗传多样性。【结果】（1）采用ISSR技术,供试的7条引物共扩增出53条条带,其中多态性条带44条,平均多态性条带83.02%。菌株间的遗传相似系数为0.49～0.96,存在遗传背景差异。遗传相似系数为0.68时,40株菌株可分为3个类群。（2）采用SRAP技术,供试的7对引物共扩增出44条条带,其中多态性条带32条,平均多态性条带72.73%,菌株间的遗传相似系数为0.55～0.96。遗传相似系数为0.70时,40株菌株可分为3个类群,结果与ISSR一致。【结论】云南省烟草尖孢镰刀菌菌株间遗传差异大,ISSR和SRAP分子标记技术可用于烟草尖孢镰刀菌的遗传多样性分析。     

烤烟种质资源遗传多样性和群体结构及亚群特异性研究

筛选多态性丰富的16对SRAP引物,对不同地理来源的276份烤烟资源的遗传变异进行分析,结果表明:16对SRAP引物共检测出611个等位位点,平均每对引物对38.19个,多态性较高;国外烤烟品种遗传多样性高于国内品种,贵州烤烟品种遗传多样性水平较低;NJ法聚类、PCA分析和STRUCTURE群体结构分析结果相互吻合,证明烤烟是与地理来源和亲缘关系密切相关的资源群,贵州烤烟资源形成了独立的组群,其遗传背景独特;各烤烟群体拥有独立的特有和特缺等位位点,群体间互补等位位点丰富,利用国外品种来拓宽国内烤烟品种的遗传基础最具潜力。     

Genetic diversity, dynamics, and activity of Lactobacillus community involved in traditional processing of artisanal Manchego cheese

A total of 248 strains of predominant lactobacilli isolated during the manufacture and ripening of artisanal Manchego cheeses obtained from two dairies were obtained and the genetic diversity of 197 investigated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR). 51 isolates could not be lysed and were therefore not genotyped. Forty-two distinct RAPD patterns, grouped in six major clusters at a similarity level of 54%, were obtained. Phenotypic characterization of isolates enabled their assignment to the species L. plantarum, L. brevis, L. paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. fermentum, L. pentosus, L. acidophilus and L. curvatus. In samples from both dairies, the species L. plantarum, L. brevis and L. paracasei subsp. paracasei dominated during ripening. Three genotypes showed excellent physiological characteristics and were therefore proposed as adjunct cultures for Manchego cheese manufacture.     

Isolation and molecular characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from fresh, low-temperature preserved, dried, and salted seafood products in two coastal areas of eastern China

A total of 1293 seafood samples from fishing farm, retail markets, restaurants and cooking rooms of hotels in Jiangsu province and Shanghai city of China were collected and analyzed for the prevalence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus during July to October in 2007. Two hundred and fifty one isolates of V. parahaemolyticus were identified, of which 8 isolates were positive for tdh and 2 were positive for trh gene. Three tdh positive isolates were identified from low-temperature preserved seafood samples and 5 isolates from fresh seafood samples, of these tdh positive isolates, 3 were positive in ORF8-PCR test. The genetic diversity among V. parahaemolyticus isolates was assessed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR and the results showed that there were 33 different genetic patterns that were clustered into nine groups (groups A to I) at 82% similarity level. About 31.9% of the isolates belong to type III9d that were widely distributed in fresh, iced, frozen, dried and salted seafood samples. Seven tdh positive isolates belonged to group A and one belonged to group C, 2 trh positive isolates were type I10d belonging to group F, which was identical to that of reference strains isolated from patients. This study demonstrated genetic variability within V. parahaemolyticus isolates from seafood in Chinese markets and confirmed the presence of toxigenic V. parahaemolyticus not only in fresh but also in iced and frozen seafood products indicating that low-temperature preserved seafood might be also a vehicle for transmitting pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus.     

Genotyping of broiler-originated Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates using fla typing and random amplified polymorphic DNA methods

Liver and intestine samples taken from 200 broilers at 20 flocks were inoculated onto Preston Enrichment broth and agar for selective isolation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. The isolates were identified by both conventional and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Campylobacter spp. were identified in 102 of 400 samples (200 liver and 200 intestine), 57 (14.25%) of which were identified as C. jejuni and 45 (11.25%) as C. coli. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the flagellin gene (flaA) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing were used to describe the heterogeneity among amplified DNA products of C. jejuni and C. coli isolates. Flagellin gene analysis by RFLP of the isolates produced seven different band profiles. On the other hand, five distinct band profiles were obtained in the examination of the isolates with RAPD assay using a random primer (OPA-11). The results of this study demonstrated that a relatively low heterogeneity existed among C. jejuni and C. coli strains isolated from the commercial broiler flocks in eastern Turkey. In the comparison of both typing methods, fla typing provided more discrimination than the RAPD assay used.     

Random amplification of polymorphic DNA typing of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from meat

To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from imported or domestic meats, L. monocytogenes was isolated and identified through biochemical and serological tests, and epidemiological analysis of the isolates was carried out through the random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. Fifty-four isolates were identified as L. monocytogenes through biochemical tests, of which 36 (67%) were confirmed as serotype 1, and 18 (33%) were serotype 4, through the microagglutination test. In the molecular epidemiological analysis using RAPD method, the isolates could be classified into 10, 6 and 6 types using three random primers, PB1, PB4, and HLWL74, respectively. Forty composite profiles were identified by a combination of the three primers. RAPD analysis demonstrated the relationships between the isolates from beef from Korea and the USA, pork from Korea and Denmark. These results suggested that RAPD could be a useful typing tool for the epidemiological study of L. monocytogenes and other bacteria.     

利用微卫星标记分析酿酒酵母的遗传多样性

为研究本土酿酒酵母的种内多态性,以及本土野生酵母与商业酵母之间的差异性,本实验采用4个微卫星标记（ScAAT1、YOR267C、C11、YPL009C）分析18株商业酵母和28株陕西泾阳分离的野生酿酒酵母的遗传多样性,利用PopGen32进行遗传参数的分析。结果表明：4个位点共检测出66个等位基因,每个位点等位基因数为16～18个;平均多态信息含量0.862 3,均为高多态位点;46株菌表现出39种基因型,分辨率为98.94%;观测杂合度0.478 3～0.658 5。野生酵母和商业酵母均具有丰富的遗传多样性,两个群体各具有自己独特的等位基因,且两者在聚类图中有较清晰的界线。     

SSR荧光标记技术分析东四省典型绿豆品种的遗传多样性

东北是我国绿豆主产区之一,品种资源相对丰富。分析不同绿豆品种间遗传背景差异,明确其群体遗传结构,有助于提高品种资源在育种中的利用效率。本研究利用8对SSR引物对东四省40份绿豆品种进行荧光标记毛细管检测分析,共检测出43个等位变异,平均为5.4个,多态信息含量(PIC)变幅介于0.40~0.75之间,平均为0.55。比较分析发现,平均等位变异数目的分布为:黑龙江省(3.63)=辽宁省(3.63)>内蒙古自治区(3.50)>吉林省(2.88);多态信息含量(PIC)的分布为:黑龙江省(0.530)>辽宁省(0.527)>内蒙古自治区(0.469)>吉林省(0.382),即黑龙江省遗传变异水平最高,吉林省最低。聚类分析表明,黑龙江和辽宁的绿豆种质为组群Ⅰ,内蒙古和吉林为组群Ⅱ。本研究初步明确了东北各省(区)绿豆品种的遗传多样性水平,为资源的再收集及育种利用提供了参考,并为绿豆资源的深入利用奠定了基础。