不同还原剂对大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的钝化研究

研究了二巯基苏糖醇(DTT)、亚硫酸钠(Na2SO3)和半胱氨酸(Cys)对大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性的影响。实验在温度80℃,pH7.5条件下反应,并以BAPNA为底物,采用改进的方法测定DTT对大豆蛋白酶抑制剂的钝化作用,最后用SDS-PAGE方法和凝胶排阻色谱法研究其蛋白酶钝化敏感性。通过改进的BAPNA法得出还原剂钝化大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂由大到小顺序依次为:DTT>Na2SO3>Cys,并通过SDS-PAGE进一步证实了比色法得出的结论。而凝胶排阻色谱法说明了还原剂对大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂作用使得抑制剂中二硫键被打断,抑制剂结构发生改变,有新的物质生成。所以,得出大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的稳定性与二硫键的存在有关。     

不同酶切方式引发大豆蛋白构象变化及功能特性评价

本研究以枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶、枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶酶解大豆分离蛋白产物为研究对象,借助十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、紫外吸收光谱、荧光光谱、红外光谱解析不同酶切条件下蛋白产物构象变化,并对其乳化性及抗氧化活性等功能特性进行评价。结果表明：酶解促进蛋白解折叠,内部氨基酸暴露,并受到酶切方式的影响;菠萝蛋白酶酶解作用范围宽泛,疏水性氨基酸浓度达到最大值(27.10±0.08)%,氨基酸存在微环境发生改变,形成柔性结构单元,其乳化性及抗氧化性都得到明显改善,为具有最佳功能特性的酶解蛋白;酶特异性作用位点导致酶解作用程度较低的枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶、枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶及胰蛋白酶水解产物功能特性均高于未处理样品。值得注意的是,水解程度最低的胰蛋白酶水解产物呈现优异乳化稳定性,这是因为大豆中胰蛋白酶抑制剂抑制蛋白过度水解,提升蛋白溶解度同时,肽段长度适宜稳定包裹油滴。     

蛋白酶对大豆分离蛋白的降解模式研究

采用十二烷基酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）方法，分析了几种商品蛋白酶（包括枯草杆菌蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和细菌碱性蛋白酶）对大豆分离蛋白（SPI）的降解模式。结果表明，大豆球蛋白酸性亚基的Ax多肽链最容易被水解，所有的酶对其均有作用，而碱性亚基和大豆伴球蛋白的B亚基最难被水解。木瓜蛋白酶对大豆分离蛋白的水解最迅速、彻底，由于大豆蛋白中含有胰蛋白酶抑制因子，胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶对大豆蛋白水解能力较差。     

生物法失活大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的研究

对生物法失活大豆腋蛋白酶抑制剂进行了研究。测定了豆制品中胰蛋白酶抑制剂的活性;比较了外源蛋白酶失活胰蛋白酶抑制剂的能力,确定了碱性蛋白酶失活胰蛋白酶抑制剂的最优条件为pH值8.88～9.05、温度43.40～44.70℃、酶用量10.44～11.29μL/g、底物浓度6.51%～7.18%。以发芽12h的大豆加工的熟豆乳中胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性降低了83.2%。保加利亚乳杆菌(Lb)、米黑毛霉(M.M)和米根霉(R.O)发酵能有效失活豆乳中的胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂失活方法研究进展

胰蛋白酶抑制剂是大豆食品与饲料的主要抗营养因子,大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的失活能明显提高大豆食品与饲料的营养价值和食用安全性。大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的钝化方法有物理、化学、生物还原、酶解、发酵以及天然化合物络合法等,介绍了研究概况,大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂失活诸方面与技术,并对其发展前景作了初步探讨。     

大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂失活方法探讨

胰蛋白酶抑制剂是大豆食品与饲料的主要抗营养因子 ,大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的失活能明显提高大豆食品与饲料的营养价值和食用安全性。大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的钝化方法有物理、化学、生物还原、酶解、发酵以及天然化合物络合法等。文中介绍了大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂失活诸方法与技术 ,并对其发展前景作了初步探讨     

酶法钝化大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂研究

采用中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶,在其最适ｐＨ值和最适温度下水解低温脱脂豆粕１小时,分别检测水解前后胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性的变化。结果表明,四种酶都可在不同程度上降解大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂,但降解程度差异较大,碱性蛋白酶降解作用显著优于其它酶。按照四种酶水解胰蛋白酶抑制剂相对活力的大小排序为:碱性蛋白酶＞酸性蛋白酶＞中性蛋白酶＞木瓜蛋白酶。     

Alcalase蛋白酶降解大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的研究

研究了不同酶解条件下 (pH值、温度、时间、加酶量和添加巯基还原剂 ) ,碱性内切蛋白酶Alcalase对大豆蛋白和大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的降解作用。研究结果表明 ,Alcalase可同时降解大豆蛋白和胰蛋白酶抑制剂。该酶解反应的最适条件为 :pH 8 0、温度 6 0℃、最适加酶量 10 μL/g蛋白 (约 0 0 2 832AU/ g蛋白 ) ,添加Na2 SO3为ω(Na2 SO3) =0 3% ,水解时间 4h。在此条件下 ,残留胰蛋白酶抑制活性为对照的 2 0 % ,可溶性蛋白含量可达 2 7mg/mL ,游离氨基酸含量为 7 1mg/mL ,大豆蛋白的水解度为 8 9%。还讨论了Alcalase蛋白酶降解大豆蛋白生成小肽的最佳反应条件     

酶法钝化大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂的研究

采用中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶，在其最适pH值和最适温度下水解低温脱脂豆粕1h，分别检测水解前后胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性的变化。结果表明，4种酶都可在不同程度上降解大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂，但降解程度差异较大，碱性蛋白酶降解作用显著优于其它酶。按照四种酶水解胰蛋白酶抑制剂相对活力的大小排序为：碱性蛋白酶＞酸性蛋白酶＞中性蛋白酶＞木瓜蛋白酶。     

大豆蛋白酶解肽的分子量分布及抑制ACE活性关系研究

研究不同蛋白酶作用的酶解肽表现在血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)活性抑制差异,酶解产物的水解度、分子量分布与ACE抑制率的相互关系。用胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶等五种蛋白酶对大豆分离蛋白酶解,进行了多肽增量、水解度、超滤膜分离及其ACE抑制率对比等实验。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶的多肽增量最大,胃蛋白酶次之,依次为木瓜蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶,胰蛋白酶则出现反常;水解度随着酶解的时间而增加,碱性蛋白酶的最大水解度可达到21%,依次为胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶,最低为胰蛋白酶仅为9%左右;与此对应的碱性蛋白酶的酶解物的ACE活性抑制率为最高(44.9%),胃蛋白酶次之(43.5%)。分子量范围在1000Da以下组分对ACE的抑制效果最高,碱性蛋白酶作用获得的小分子肽组成为71.25%,胃蛋白酶的为69.35%,但其对应的ACE抑制率却为64.57%和78.49%。中性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶作用获得的小分子肽的ACE抑制率分别为45.7%、47.3%和29.6%。胃蛋白酶的降压肽制备效果为最好,其次为碱性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶。     

The soluble recombinant N-terminal domain of HMW 1Dx5 and its aggregation behavior

This study seeks to clarify and determine the fundamental properties of N-terminal domain of high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) 1Dx5 (1Dx5-N). 1Dx5-N was expressed in E. coli and its solubility was measured by spectrophotometry. Effects of edible salts (NaCl, Na₂CO₃), disulfide bond reductant dithiothreitol (DTT) and hydrophobic interactions of denaturant sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) on 1Dx5-N polymer were investigated by native polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis (PAGE), nonreducing/reducing SDS-PAGE, intrinsic fluorescence, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and circular dichroism (CD). Results showed that 1Dx5-N formed a soluble aggregate in aqueous solutions by native-PAGE, clarifying the role of N-terminal of HMW-GS in the insolubility of the whole subunits. Meanwhile, the hydrophobic interaction was more potent in promoting the aggregation of 1Dx5-N in aqueous solutions from the results of SEC, DLS and CD. Edible salts, NaCl and Na₂CO₃, could improve the polymer formation of 1Dx5-N through disulfide bonds. Moreover, Na₂CO₃ at high concentrations (> 200 mM) greatly favored polymer formation by disulfide bonds, and it induced other types of cross-links between amino acids in 1Dx5-N according to nonreducing/reducing SDS-PAGE and fluorescence spectrum. Moreover, the formation of covalent bonds was reinforced by hydrophobic interactions between 1Dx5-N. Therefore, these results provide much novel information on the N-terminal domain of HMW-GS to facilitate the understanding of its functional properties in wheat flour.     

蒜头果蛋白的纯化鉴定及分析

采用粉碎、磷酸盐缓冲溶液浸提、硫酸铵沉淀、疏水色谱层析等分离手段,从蒜头果种仁中分离纯化蒜头果蛋白,并对其相对分子质量、氨基酸组成、等电点、中性糖含量、自由巯基含量、细胞活性等进行分析。结果表明:蒜头果蛋白是一种糖蛋白,含有18种氨基酸,等电点为4. 6,相对分子质量为61 875 Da,由A、B 2条链通过二硫键连接而成,蒜头果蛋白对Hela和Vero细胞具有强烈的细胞毒性。蒜头果蛋白作为一种新的蛋白质,有较好的药用价值。     

二硫键影响GH11木聚糖酶稳定性研究进展

低聚木糖具有改善肠道微生态的益生作用,在降血糖、降血压、防止便秘等方面表现出良好的保健效果。近年来,利用生物酶技术制备功能性低聚木糖的相关研究受到广泛关注。糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolase, GH)11家族木聚糖酶具有底物特异性强和催化效率高的特点,在低聚木糖生产应用中表现出显著优势;然而,大多数天然GH11木聚糖酶存在稳定性较差的问题,无法满足工业生产中高温、酸、碱等极端条件的要求。利用酶工程技术对天然木聚糖酶进行分子改造,以适应高温、酸、碱等生产条件,使底物特异性强、催化效率高的酶相对稳定地发挥作用,对于制备功能性低聚木糖的工业生产具有重要的实际意义。根据GH11木聚糖酶的分子结构及其特点,通过比较其分子内相互作用力对酶热稳定性的影响,发现二硫键在改善酶的稳定性方面具有十分显著的优势。基于对GH11木聚糖酶结构的分析,总结了引入二硫键的常规策略,比较了酶在不同区域引入不同数量二硫键对GH11木聚糖酶稳定性的改善效果,对引入二硫键后酶稳定性显著变化的几个区域进行定位,并指出多个二硫键对改善酶稳定性的作用方式,希望为提高酶稳定性的酶分子改造研究提供基础数据,为拓宽GH...     

羊毛角蛋白的还原法溶解及其交联

介绍了羊毛的结构、分子量构成及其溶解方法,还原法是目前溶解羊毛角蛋白的主要方法,只切断二硫键完整地保留角蛋白的一级结构是目前角蛋白还原水解的主要方向.探讨了还原法溶解羊毛中遇到的问题,提出了见解和主张;介绍了几种新型的羊毛溶解剂和蛋白交联的方法,鉴于目前制得的角蛋白溶液分子量较小的问题,在蛋白溶液里加入交联剂,增大角蛋白分子量是目前提高蛋白液应用性能的主要方法.     

胃蛋白酶水解大豆分离蛋白的研究

采用胃蛋白酶对大豆分离蛋白进行酶法水解,随着酶解时间的延长,蛋白质的水解度逐渐增大,水解6h,DH为7.90%。采用分子筛凝胶过滤色谱(SE-HPLC)和十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)对不同的酶解时间下大豆分离蛋白酶解物的分子结构进行表征,结果表明,胃蛋白酶选择性地酶解大豆11 S球蛋白。大豆分离蛋白经胃蛋白酶水解6 h后,分子量大于10 ku的部分占21.34%,其中主要是7 S球蛋白;分子量小于5 ku的部分所占比例为68.30%。对酶解物中的游离巯基和二硫键含量测定结果表明,随着酶解的进行,游离巯基的含量呈现先增大后减小的趋势,二硫键的含量总体变化不大。该研究旨在更好地了解胃蛋白酶水解大豆分离蛋白的机理,并为开发大豆分离蛋白酶解物产品提供理论依据。     

Soy-Derived Immunoglobulin Production Stimulating Factor Enhances IgM Production of Mouse Spleen Lymphocytes

ABSTRACT:  We have reported previously that some proteins such as lactoferrin and lysozyme control the immune system via immunoglobulin (Ig) production. In the course of the study about the function of dietary proteins and peptides, Ig production-stimulating activity of an unknown protein contained in soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) preparation was found. Thus, we examined the activity of the unknown activator and the mechanism of the activity. The factor significantly elevated IgM production by mouse spleen lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the unknown activator up-regulated the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 mRNA. And IgM production enhancing activity of STI was significantly suppressed by neutralization of IL-6. Then, to clarify whether STI itself is the active compound or not, STI was fractionized by gel filtration chromatography. We found that the activity the content of STI did not correlate with and the active fractions contained some proteins whose molecular weight is more than 20 kDa. These suggest that an unknown activator exists in STI preparation.     

Effects of glutaminase deamidation on the structure and solubility of rice glutelin

The effects of glutaminase on deamidation of rice glutelin were investigated. Water-insoluble rice glutelin was deamidated to the extent of deamidation degree 52.29% in 200 mmol/L sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at 37 °C for 48 h. Zeta potential analysis indicated that the glutamines of rice glutelin were deamidated into glutamic residues. Size exclusion chromatography results demonstrated that glutaminase deamidation broke the hydrophobic, hydrogen and some intermolecular disulfide bonds in rice glutelin and thereby rearranged the molecular weight distributions without serious cleavage of the peptide bonds. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed the transformation of α-helix to random coil and β-turn by deamidation and suggested that deamidated rice glutelin maintained more flexible or extended forms. Solubility properties of rice glutelin in mildly acid (pH 5) and neutral buffers (pH 7) were remarkably improved by glutaminase deamidation. These new features of deamidated rice glutelin suggested that glutaminase could be a potential tool for enhancing the usability of rice protein in the food industry.     

豌豆蛋白对猪肉盐溶蛋白理化性质的影响

以猪背最长肌为原料提取盐溶蛋白,研究添加2%、4%、6%、8%、10%的豌豆蛋白对猪肉盐溶蛋白的SDS-PAGE、溶解度、表面疏水性、巯基、二硫键含量以及乳化性等的影响。结果表明,随豌豆蛋白添加量的增加,盐溶蛋白中肌球蛋白重链、C-蛋白、α-肌动素、肌球蛋白轻链条带逐渐变窄且颜色变浅;盐溶蛋白中的肌动蛋白与豌豆球蛋白(vicilin 7S)亚基,盐溶蛋白中的肌钙蛋白T与豌豆蛋白中酸性多肽(legA),分子量相近,其条带逐渐变粗且颜色加深。与未添加豌豆蛋白的盐溶蛋白相比,当豌豆蛋白添加量为2%~6%时,盐溶蛋白的表面疏水性和乳化性显著上升(p<0.05),豌豆蛋白添加量为8%~10%时,差异不显著(p>0.05);随豌豆蛋白添加量的增加,浊度、二硫键含量均呈上升趋势,且二硫键在添加量为10%时最高,为2.196 mol/105 g;总巯基和自由巯基含量下降;溶解度则先升高后下降,在豌豆蛋白添加量为4%时达到最大值,为42.88%。可见,添加适量的豌豆蛋白对猪肉盐溶蛋白的理化性质有显著影响。     

Granulomorphometry: a suitable tool for identifying hydrophobic and disulfide bonds in β-lactoglobulin aggregates. Application to the study of β-lactoglobulin aggregation mechanism between 70 and 95°C

This work deals with the investigation of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) aggregation by granulomorphometry. In the first part of this study, we showed that the binding interactions involved in aggregate structure could be identified by their appearance in granulomorphometric pictures. The reliability of this analytical approach was demonstrated by comparing the appearance of β-LG aggregates in the presence and absence of a thiol-blocking agent (N-ethylmaleimide). The translucency of the aggregates was associated with hydrophobic interactions and their opacity was associated with disulfide bonds. We state, based on the morphology of the aggregates, along with the color of protein aggregates and insoluble materials, that hydrophobic interactions had a better water-holding capacity than disulfide bonds. Additionally, our results suggest that disulfide and hydrophobic bonds compete for β-LG aggregate shaping. In the second part of this work, interesting features of granulomorphometry useful for identifying aggregate binding interactions were highlighted to clarify the effect of temperature on the aggregation mechanisms occurring in a β-LG concentrate with a moderate calcium content (6.6mmol·L(-1)). Heat treatment experiments were performed between 70 and 95°C, and granulomorphometric measurements (aggregate size, aggregate number, and gray level of the picture) were conducted at different sampling times up to 4h. Results, which were interpreted in light of calculated β-LG denaturation levels, revealed that the aggregation mechanism could be split into 2 steps. Initially, β-LG denatured quickly, leading to fast β-LG aggregation by disulfide bonds. The denaturation rate then declined, which drastically slowed the disulfide aggregation mechanism. From that point on, a second aggregation path became preponderant. It consisted of the agglomeration of small aggregates by hydrophobic interactions and resulted in the formation of large aggregates containing both interaction types. This second aggregation mechanism was clearly favored at high temperatures because it was not detected in our experiments at temperatures below 85°C.     

Soybean protein aggregation induced by lipoxygenase catalyzed linoleic acid oxidation

Aggregation of lipid-reduced soybean proteins (LRSP) was investigated by chemical analysis, spectroscopy, electrophoresis, SEC-HPLC and light scattering. Soybean proteins obtained from the model systems consisting of LRSP and different levels of linoleic acid and lipoxygenase (RSP 4 and 5) showed increased turbidity, protein oxidation, surface hydrophobicity but decreased sulfhydryl and disulfide contents. SDS-PAGE of RSP 4 and 5 revealed remarkable difference of electrophoretic bands for 7S subunits, comparing with those samples without linoleic acid and lipoxygenase. Fluorescence spectroscopy suggested other covalent linkages than disulfide bonds formed during the formation of aggregates. SEC-HPLC and laser light scattering indicated that aggregates with high molecular weight and large particle size existed in samples of RSP 4 and 5. The experimental evidences suggest that the aggregates were formed via non-covalent interactions, but covalent bonds were also involved.