Noise reduction in recursive digital filters using high-order errorfeedback

The problem of solving the optimal (minimum-noise) error feedback coefficients for recursive digital filters is addressed in the general high-order case. It is shown that when minimum noise variance at the filter output is required, the optimization problem leads to set of familiar Wiener-Hopf or Yule-Walker equations, demonstrating that the optimal error feedback can be interpreted as a special case of Wiener filtering. As an alternative to the optimal solution, the formulas for suboptimal error feedback with symmetric or antisymmetric coefficients are derived. In addition, the design of error feedback using power-of-two coefficients is discussed. The efficiency of high order error feedback is examined by test implementations of the set of standard filters. It is concluded that error feedback is a very powerful and versatile method for cutting down the quantization noise in any classical infinite impulse response (IIR) filter implemented as a cascade of second-order direct form sections. The high-order schemes are attractive for use with high-order direct form sections     

Noise reduction of VQ encoded images through anti-gray coding

Noise reduction of VQ encoded images is achieved through the proposed anti-gray coding (AGC) and noise detection and correction scheme. In AGC, binary indices are assigned to the codevector in such a way that the 1-b neighbors of a code vector are as far apart as possible. To detect the channel errors, we first classify an image into uniform and edge regions. Then we propose a mask to detect the channel errors based on the image classification (uniform or edge region) and the characteristics of AGC. We also mathematically derive a criterion for error detection based on the image classification. Once error indices are detected, the recovered indices can be easily chosen from a “candidate set” by minimizing the gray-level transition across the block boundaries in a VQ encoded image. Simulation results show that the proposed technique provides detection results with smaller than 0.1% probability of error and more than 86.3% probability of detection at a random bit error rate of 0.1%, while the undetected errors are invisible. In addition, the proposed detection and correction techniques improve the image quality (compared with that encoded by AGC) by 3.9 dB     

Noise performance of low-sensitivity active filters

The noise limitations of some important low-sensitivity RC-active filter realizations are derived; the inherent rms noise (noise from essential network resistors) that exists at the output terminals of a bandpass active filter is determined for two-integrator loop and positive impedance converter filter realizations. Output noise spectral density and total rms output noise are determined for the two-integrator loop section. The noise contributed by the essential circuit resistors and the operational amplifiers is taken into account and it is shown that exact calculation of output noise may be obtained in terms of Q factor and impedance level. The results are used to obtain the theoretical noise limitations of these low-sensitivity active filters. It is found that the deterioration in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), due to the internal filter noise, is independent of Q factor for high Q realizations.     

Noise reduction in electron beams

Direct measurements were made of the electron-beam noise parameters using a modified Currie-type gun. The noise parameters were measured as a function of the electric field in the vicinity of the cathode. The S parameter was found to be strongly influenced by this field in the Currie-type gun, but the parameterpi/sis relatively unaffected.     

Noise characteristics of spectrum sliced microwave photonic filters

An analysis of the noise properties of spectrum sliced microwave photonic filters is presented. It reveals that the excess intensity noise in spectrum sliced filters is around 46 dB higher than the shot noise. This is verified by experimental noise measurements, which are presented for the first time. This extremely high excess noise poses the dominant limitation to the filter performance, and requires effective suppression techniques.     

Noise characteristics of cascaded 2nd-order active filters

The absolute noise level at the output of single-amplifier, 2nd-order active filters, suitable for cascade connection, is derived in terms of the sensitivity of the filter response to the amplifier gain. A very simple expression is obtained, which is shown to be valid under practical conditions. A similar expression is obtained for cascaded 2nd-order sections, and a 4th-order example shows that the position of the sections in the cascade has a significant effect on the output noise level. The cascade positions giving lowest noise level are the opposite of those normally used to give maximum dynamic range.     

Noise sources and calculation techniques for switched capacitor filters

The noise response of switched capacitor networks (SCNs) is reviewed with emphasis on simplifying approximations suitable for SPICE noise simulation. The techniques developed cover all op-amp noise sources, as well as capacitor switching noise. The close agreement between predicted and measured noise responses for several monolithic SCNs bears out the validity of these simulation techniques.     

混沌测量中的噪声抑制

利用混沌系统的初值敏感性进行小信号测量是一种很好的有应用潜力的方法,可混沌系统也同样对干扰敏感,某一初值对应的混沌轨道会由于电路中的噪声产生偏离,从而造成测量误差.本文提出了一种减少测量噪声的方法.通过混沌电路的耦合使耦合轨道相互靠近,从而抑制噪声.实验研究表明该方法对混沌测量抑制噪声是有效的.     

Noise reduction in bulk negative-resistance amplifiers

The letter presents noise calculations for Gunn amplifiers with both uniform and nonuniform field distributions. The results indicate that amplifiers with an injection-limited cathode contact, and hence a uniform field distribution, exhibit significantly lower noise figures than those having an ohmic cathode contact, which yields a nonuniform field distribution. A further reduction of noise could be obtained by using materials with high negative mobility.     

Evolutionary-programming-based optimization of reduced-rank adaptive filters for reference generation in active power filters

We introduce an evolutionary-programming-based method for designing robust and computationally efficient adaptive bandpass filters. These predictive filters are optimized for generating current references in active power filters (APFs). The accuracy (phase/amplitude) of the reference current is crucial in current-injection-type systems, because it directly affects the harmonics reduction ability of the APF. Our digital filtering approach has the following advantages: selective bandpass response, efficient attenuation of specific harmonic components, capability to handle typical frequency alteration, small number of multiplications, and structural simplicity. In addition, practically no prior knowledge of the electricity distribution network and its loading characteristics is needed for designing the current reference generator. In an illustrative example, the total harmonic distortion of an artificial current waveform was reduced from 36.7% to less than 3.7% within the line frequency range 49-51 Hz. The proposed scheme is a combination of the hard-computing (HC)-type multiplicative general parameter method and evolutionary programming that, on the other hand, is a constituent of soft computing (SC). Such open-minded fusion thinking is emerging among researchers and engineers, and it can potentially lead to efficient combinations of HC and SC methodologies*both on the algorithm level and on the system level.     

Peak-to-average power reduction in space division multiplexing based OFDM systems through spatial shifting

A new method to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in space division multiplexing systems applying orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is proposed. The method applies spatial shifting to partial transmit sequences to achieve a decreased PAPR on all transmit branches.     

Applications of rank-based median filters in power electronics

A class of robust, rank-based signal processing filters is considered, particularly with regard to its usefulness in the power electronics field. This class of nonlinear filters is characterized by the inclusion of a sorting element in the signal path. The sorting operation allows these filters to suppress impulsive noise while preserving edges and monotonic sections of signals. This introductory work concentrates primarily on the median filter, it being the most accessible filter of the class. A working knowledge of issues arising in design and implementation is developed     

PSD测距电路降噪方法

针对激光三角法测距技术使用的位置敏感探测器(position sensitive detector,PSD)转换电路,在阐述测量电路原理的基础上,建立了位移转换电路的噪声模型,对各环节进行了敏感性分析,对不同性能参数元器件交叉组合形成的电路进行了多方案计算,得出了元器件性能参数对电路噪声的影响规律,并进行了部分实验验证。结果表明:本研究为实际测量电路设计时应采用的降噪措施提供了参考依据,可望有效地提高整个测量系统的分辨率。     

Noise reduction in long-haul lightwave all-amplifier systems

The overall gain of a chain of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers in a long-haul all-amplifier system would be automatically stabilized if each amplifier were operated slightly into saturation. However, with the required low level of amplifier output power which is imposed by nonlinearity in the transmission fiber, the resulting pump power becomes too low to effectively invert the gain medium of the amplifiers. Consequently, the amplifier output noise level becomes too high for proper system operation. This problem is solved by pumping the amplifiers harder so that a higher gain and higher output power are achieved. The excess gain is then counteracted by an appropriate value of post-amplifier loss. Because of the higher pump power in this case, the amplifier noise is reduced significantly. This technique is investigated theoretically, and experimental work that verifies it is reported     

Noise performance of negative-resistance compensated microwavebandpass filters. Theory and experiments

This paper examines both theoretically and experimentally the dependency of in-band noise performance upon circuit and device parameters of microwave filters employing negative-resistance compensation. By neglecting the influence of the induced gate noise source, a general expression for evaluating the noise figure of a second-order active filter is derived as a function of design parameters such as the transistor's noise figure, inductor's quality factor, and filter's bandwidth. In addition, factors affecting the optimization of the overall noise figure of these filters are discussed. For verification, the measured performance of two 900-MHz experimental MESFET filters are included     

Noise reduction in high dynamic range images

Multiple images with different exposures are used to produce a high dynamic range (HDR) image. Sometimes high-sensitivity setting is needed for capturing images in low light condition as in an indoor room. However, current digital cameras do not produce a high-quality HDR image when noise occurs in low light condition or high-sensitivity setting. In this paper, we propose a noise reduction method in generating HDR images using a set of low dynamic range (LDR) images with different exposures, where ghost artifacts are effectively removed by image registration and local motion information. In high-sensitivity setting, motion information is used in generating a HDR image. We analyze the characteristics of the proposed method and compare the performance of the proposed and existing HDR image generation methods, in which Reinhard et al.’s global tone mapping method is used for displaying the final HDR images. Experiments with several sets of test LDR images with different exposures show that the proposed method gives better performance than existing methods in terms of visual quality and computation time.     

Noise reduction in transferred electron oscillator modules

The FM noise performance of oscillator modules based on GaAs transferred electron devices characterized by carrier notches close to the cathode contact is presented. The notches have been incorporated into completed and encapsulated devices by ion-implantation techniques, the notches proving stable up to 400°C. Useful improvements in the FM noise performance close to the carrier are available using this technique.     

新一代开关电源EMI滤波器的走势

问题的提出90年代以来,随着电子设备小型化和表面组装技术的发展,电子元器件向小型化、片式化、复合化、多功能和高性能化发展,各种表面组装元件已逐渐成为电子元件的主流产品。以上半导体大规模集成造成的负面影响,特别是网络化的迅速发展,直接导致了抗电磁干扰能力的迅速下降。据IBM公司的常规观察统计表明：严重威胁电子、电气设备安全可靠工作的起因中,88石％是来自电源中的电压瞬变和电磁脉冲。当前EMI（电磁干扰）滤波器仍然是抑制电磁干扰的有效手段之一。因此,目前摆在传统EMI滤波器面前的一个不可回避的问题是如何适应…