基于全融合网络的三维点云语义分割

为提高室内场景的点云语义分割精度,设计了一个全融合点云语义分割网络。网络由特征编码模块、渐进式特征解码模块、多尺度特征解码模块、特征融合模块和语义分割头部组成。特征编码模块采用逆密度加权卷积作为特征编码器对点云数据进行逐级特征编码,提取点云数据的多尺度特征;然后通过渐进式特征解码器对高层语义特征进行逐层解码,得到点云的渐进式解码特征。同时,多尺度特征解码器对提取的点云多尺度特征分别进行特征解码,得到点云多尺度解码特征。最后将渐进式解码特征与多尺度解码特征融合,输入语义分割头部实现点云的语义分割。全融合网络增强了网络特征提取能力的鲁棒性,实验结果也验证了该网络的有效性。     

基于卦限卷积神经网络的3D点云分析

基于深度学习的三维点云数据分析技术得到了越来越广泛的关注, 然而点云数据的不规则性使得高效提取点云中的局部结构信息仍然是一大研究难点. 本文提出了一种能够作用于局部空间邻域的卦限卷积神经网络(Octant convolutional neural network, Octant-CNN), 它由卦限卷积模块和下采样模块组成. 针对输入点云, 卦限卷积模块在每个点的近邻空间中定位8个卦限内的最近邻点, 接着通过多层卷积操作将8卦限中的几何特征抽象成语义特征, 并将低层几何特征与高层语义特征进行有效融合, 从而实现了利用卷积操作高效提取三维邻域内的局部结构信息; 下采样模块对原始点集进行分组及特征聚合, 从而提高特征的感受野范围, 并且降低网络的计算复杂度. Octant-CNN通过对卦限卷积模块和下采样模块的分层组合, 实现了对三维点云进行由底层到抽象、从局部到全局的特征表示. 实验结果表明, Octant-CNN在对象分类、部件分割、语义分割和目标检测四个场景中均取得了较好的性能.     

结合动态图卷积和空间注意力的点云分类与分割

目的 随着3维采集技术的飞速发展,点云在计算机视觉、自动驾驶和机器人等领域有着广泛的应用前景。深度学习作为人工智能领域的主流技术,在解决各种3维视觉问题上已表现出巨大潜力。现有基于深度学习的3维点云分类分割方法通常在聚合局部邻域特征的过程中选择邻域特征中的最大值特征,忽略了其他邻域特征中的有用信息。方法 本文提出一种结合动态图卷积和空间注意力的点云分类分割方法（dynamic graph convolution spatial attention neural networks,DGCSA）。通过将动态图卷积模块与空间注意力模块相结合,实现更精确的点云分类分割效果。使用动态图卷积对点云数据进行K近邻构图并提取其边特征。在此基础上,针对局部邻域聚合过程中容易产生信息丢失的问题,设计了一种基于点的空间注意力（spatial attention,SA）模块,通过使用注意力机制自动学习出比最大值特征更具有代表性的局部特征,从而提高模型的分类分割精度。结果 本文分别在ModelNet40、ShapeNetPart和S3DIS（Stanford Large-scale 3D Indoor Spaces Dataset）数据集上进行分类、实例分割和语义场景分割实验,验证模型的分类分割性能。实验结果表明,该方法在分类任务上整体分类精度达到93.4%;实例分割的平均交并比达到85.3%;在室内场景分割的6折交叉检验平均交并比达到59.1%,相比基准网络动态图卷积网络分别提高0.8%、0.2%和3.0%,有效改善了模型性能。结论 使用动态图卷积模块提取点云特征,在聚合局部邻域特征中引入空间注意力机制,相较于使用最大值特征池化,可以更好地聚合邻域特征,有效提高了模型在点云上的分类、实例分割与室内场景语义分割的精度。     

基于类别-实例分割的室内点云场景修复补全

三维室内场景修复补全是计算机图形学、数字几何处理、3D计算机视觉中的重要问题.针对室内场景修复补全中难以处理大规模点云数据的问题,本文提出了一种基于类别-实例分割的室内点云场景修复补全框架.该框架包括点云场景分割模块和点云形状补全模块,前者由基于PointNet的类别分割网络和基于聚类的实例分割模块完成,后者由基于编码器-解码器结构的点云补全网络实现.本文框架以缺失的室内场景点云数据为输入,首先根据"类别-实例"分割策略,采用PointNet对室内场景进行类别分割,并利用基于欧式距离的聚类方法进行实例分割得到室内各家具点云,然后借助点云补全网络将分割出的缺失家具点云逐一进行形状补全并融合进原始场景,最终实现室内点云场景的修复.其中,为了实现缺失家具点云形状的补全,本文提出了一种基于编码器-解码器结构的点云补全网络,首先通过输入变换和特征变换对齐缺失的家具点云数据采样点位置与特征信息;然后借助权共享多层感知器和PointSIFT特征提取模块对各采样点提取形状特征和近邻点特征信息,并利用最大池化层与多层感知器编码提取出采样点的特征码字;最后将采样点特征码字加上网格坐标数据作为解码器的输入,解码器使用两个连续的三层感知器折叠操作将网格数据转变成完整的点云补全数据.实验结果表明,本文提出的点云补全网络能够较好地补全室内场景中缺失的家具结构形状,同时基于该网络的场景修复补全框架能够有效修复大型室内点云场景.     

一种面向散乱点云语义分割的深度残差?特征金字塔网络框架

针对当前基于深度学习的散乱点云语义特征提取方法通用性差以及特征提取不足导致的分割精度和可靠性差的难题, 提出了一种散乱点云语义分割深度残差?特征金字塔网络框架. 首先, 针对当前残差网络在卷积方式上的局限性, 定义一种立方体卷积运算, 不仅可以通过二维卷积运算实现三维表示点的高层特征的抽取, 还可以解决现有的参数化卷积设计通用性差的问题;其次, 将定义的立方体卷积计算与残差网络相结合, 构建面向散乱点云语义分割的深度残差特征学习网络框架; 进一步, 将深度残差网络与特征金字塔网络相结合, 实现三维表示点高层特征多尺度学习与散乱点云场景语义分割. 实验结果表明, 本文提出的立方体卷积运算具有良好的适用性, 且本文提出的深度残差?特征金字塔网络框架在分割精度方面优于现存同类方法.     

可学习动态分组卷积神经网络的大规模点云分割

针对现有大规模点云语义分割算法提取特征时冗余干扰信息过多,导致神经网络分割性能较差的问题,提出可学习动态分组卷积神经网络架构,高效准确地实现大规模点云分割。对输入点云以分组的方式进行局部几何特征提取,并通过动态筛选和修剪冗余特征通道来减少无用特征信息对神经网络特征识别的干扰,进一步提高网络模型语义分割精度。构建位置编码模块,将点云位置特征映射到高维频域空间,使神经网络充分挖掘点云频域特征信息,增强特征的丰富性。对提取到的局部几何特征和全局单点位置特征进行融合,并构建可学习动态分组卷积神经网络,完成解码得到最终分割结果。实验结果表明,该算法在大规模点云分割数据集S3DIS和SemanticKITTI上的mIoU分别为69.6%和58.3%。与现有点云语义分割方法相比,所提出的网络模型具有更高的分割准确率和较低的参数量。     

交叉特征融合和RASPP驱动的场景分割方法

本文针对场景中目标多样性和尺度不统一等现象造成的边缘分割错误、特征不连续问题, 提出了一种交叉特征融合和RASPP驱动的场景分割方法. 该方法以交叉特征融合的方式合并编码器输出的多尺度特征, 在融合高层语义信息时使用复合卷积注意力模块进行处理, 避免上采样操作造成的特征信息丢失以及引入噪声的影响, 细化目标边缘分割效果. 同时提出了深度可分离残差卷积, 在此基础上设计并实现了结合残差的金字塔池化模块——RASPP, 对交叉融合后的特征进行处理, 获得不同尺度的上下文信息, 增强特征语义表达. 最后, 将RASPP模块处理后的特征进行合并, 提升分割效果. 在Cityscapes和CamVid数据集上的实验结果表明, 本文提出方法相比现有方法具有更好的表现, 并且对场景中的目标边缘有更好的分割效果.     

基于局部特征聚合网络的三维语义分割

激光雷达采集的自动驾驶场景点云数据规模庞大且包含丰富的空间结构信息,一些方法将点云变换到体素化网格等稠密表示形式进行处理,但却忽略了点云变换引起的信息丢失问题,导致分割性能降低。为此,提出了一种基于局部特征聚合网络的三维语义分割方法。其中的局部特征融合模块,聚合中心点的K个最近点的特征,并通过强大的注意力机制,得到增强的点特征,从而弥补丢失的信息,提高网络的分割精度。此外,为了提高小物体的分类精度,提出了3D注意力特征融合块,通过摒弃常规的特征图拼接,使用注意力机制来决定不同层次语义特征的权重,得到更加丰富的语义特征,提高网络的性能。在SemanticKITTI和nuScenes数据集上的大量实验表明了该方法的优越性。     

融合图注意力的摄影测量点云语义分割研究

随着无人机倾斜摄影测量技术的发展,通过密集影像匹配可以快速获得类比激光扫描数据精度的大规模室外点云,但是这些点云存在着不规则、遮挡严重、数据量庞大的特点,同时因为缺乏对象信息无法深入进行语义分析.针对上述问题,本文提出一种融合图注意力的摄影测量点云语义分割方法.首先构建了一种新的图卷积模块,在网络的每一层动态的更新点云局部邻域图,将跨层点描述与上下文特征结合起来并逐层汇聚点云空间潜在语义信息;然后在每个网络层引入通道注意力机制使网络能够自适应学习通道间的权重,并由此建立基于一种新的图注意模块的点云语义分割网络,实现复杂点云的细粒度语义分割.通过在两个公开的室外点云基准数据集上的实验结果表明,该方法能够显著提升网络对局部拓扑特征信息的学习能力,且对复杂场景点云语义分割具有良好的泛化能力.     

融合稀疏注意力和实例增强的雷达点云分割

目的 雷达点云语义分割是3维环境感知的重要环节,准确分割雷达点云对象对无人驾驶汽车和自主移动机器人等应用具有重要意义。由于雷达点云数据具有非结构化特征,为提取有效的语义信息,通常将不规则的点云数据投影成结构化的2维图像,但会造成点云数据中几何信息丢失,不能得到高精度分割效果。此外,真实数据集中存在数据分布不均匀问题,导致小样本物体分割效果较差。为解决这些问题,本文提出一种基于稀疏注意力和实例增强的雷达点云分割方法,有效提高了激光雷达点云语义分割精度。方法 针对数据集中数据分布不平衡问题,采用实例注入方式增强点云数据。首先,通过提取数据集中的点云实例数据,并在训练中将实例数据注入到每一帧点云中,实现实例增强的效果。由于稀疏卷积网络不能获得较大的感受野,提出Transformer模块扩大网络的感受野。为了提取特征图的关键信息,使用基于稀疏卷积的空间注意力机制,显著提高了网络性能。另外,对不同类别点云对象的边缘,提出新的TVloss用于增强网络的监督能力。结果 本文提出的模型在SemanticKITTI和nuScenes数据集上进行测试。在SemanticKITTI数据集上,本文方法在线单帧...     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.