基于瞬态卸荷动力效应控制的岩爆防治方法研究

针对深埋圆形隧洞全断面爆破开挖,分析了岩体开挖瞬态卸荷力学过程及引起的围岩应力和应变能瞬态调整机制,讨论了瞬态卸荷动力效应的影响因素。计算结果表明,开挖岩体应变能越大、应变能释放速率越快,岩体开挖瞬态卸荷动力扰动越强烈。基于此,提出了依据炮孔周围爆生裂纹分布判断掌子面上主应力方向,各圈炮孔按掌子面上应变能密度由高到低的顺序分段起爆的施工期岩爆防治方法。该方法通过改变炮孔起爆网络显著地降低了岩体开挖瞬态卸荷的动力效应,可广泛用于水电、矿山、交通等行业深埋洞室贯通爆破。     

碎裂块体围岩安全监测与仿真反演分析

针对某洞室碎裂块体围岩在各种施工支护措施作用下的变形特点与围岩的力学特性 ,提出了对此特殊围岩的仿真反演分析思路与方法 ,在反演分析基础上所进行的施工过程仿真分析为设计与施工提供了一种可行的较优化的方案。     

裂隙岩体表征单元体的确定及工程应用

以某水电站为工程背景,介绍了两种确定裂隙岩体REV的新方法:数字图像处理法和非连续变形DDARF法。依据水电站岩性差异、风化及卸荷程度,将围岩划分为若干工程地质区段并建立随机裂隙网络模型,研究尺寸效应对岩体力学参数的影响规律,获得了REV表征尺寸和等效力学参数;得到岩体的非线性强度准则,嵌入FLAC^3D对水电站开挖进行模拟,并监测关键点位移。结果表明:水电站围岩的抗压强度与围压成正相关;洞室开挖对厂房上下游中部和拐角处影响较大,应加强对这些部位的支护;关键点的位移数值结果与现场监测值基本吻合,误差小于5%。数字图像处理法和DDARF法为裂隙岩体REV的确定开拓了新思路,对复杂条件下地下洞室围岩的稳定性分析有广泛的应用前景。     

A generalized multi-field coupling approach and its application to stability and deformation control of a high slope

Human activities,such as blasting excavation,bolting,grouting and impounding of reservoirs,will lead to disturbances to rock masses and variations in their structural features and material properties.These engineering disturbances are important factors that would alter the natural evolutionary processes or change the multi-field interactions in the rock masses from their initial equilibrium states.The concept of generalized multi-field couplings was proposed by placing particular emphasis on the role of engineering disturbances in traditional multi-field couplings in rock masses.A mathematical model was then developed,in which the effects of engineering disturbances on the coupling-processes were described with changes in boundary conditions and evolutions in thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM) properties of the rocks.A parameter,d,which is similar to damage variables but has a broader physical meaning,was conceptually introduced to represent the degree of engineering disturbances and the couplings among the material properties.The effects of blasting excavation,bolting and grouting in rock engineering were illustrated with various field observations or theoretical results,on which the degree of disturbances and the variations in elastic moduli and permeabilities were particularly focused.The influences of excavation and groundwater drainage on the seepage flow and stability of the slopes were demonstrated with numerical simulations.The proposed approach was further employed to investigate the coupled hydro-mechanical responses of a high rock slope to excavation,bolting and impounding of the reservoir in the dam left abutment of Jinping I hydropower station.The impacts of engineering disturbances on the deformation and stability of the slope during construction and operation were demonstrated.     

三维数值模拟技术在深部大型发电站厂房信息化施工中的应用

提出一种可以综合考虑围岩节理分布特性、爆破施工损伤以及施工过程的新三维快速数值仿真模拟技术,并将其成功地应用于日本宫崎县120×10~4kW蓄能水力发电工程大型地下厂房的信息化施工中。依据多种测试手段,对开挖后围岩的稳定性和变形进行实时监测,并对数值模型进行三维反演分析和修正,比较准确地预测了围岩的动态变化过程,并对支护结构设计的可靠性和合理性进行了详细的论证。     

数值流形方法的阻尼、收敛准则以及开挖模拟

数值流形方法采用动态松弛法求解准静力学问题,能量耗散机制不清楚.通过引入黏性和自适应两种阻尼吸收系统产生的动能,基于最小势能原理建立了考虑阻尼力影响的总体平衡方程.提出了模拟岩体分期开挖的数值流形方法,将开挖面视为特殊的不连续面,根据开挖时序设置开挖面上接触点的状态,以达到模拟分步开挖的目的,给出了相应的迭代计算格式,并定义了位移和加速度收敛准则用以判断计算过程中系统是否达到新的平衡状态.数值算例结果表明,改进后的数值流形方法具有良好的收敛性能,其计算结果与解析解以及离散元是吻合的.     

地下洞室围岩稳定流变分析的数值计算法

本文把岩体作为粘弹性介质,用伯格斯模型描述岩体的流变特性,对均质、连续、各向同性的岩体在围岩稳定分析中如何考虑岩体的流变特性,提出了一种数值计算方法,并对较坚硬的正长岩和较软弱的砂岩进行了流变计算。算例表明:岩体的流变特性对岩体,特别是软弱岩体的围岩稳定影响是不容忽视的,在围岩稳定分析中,粘弹性方法比弹性方法具有更好的近似性,它能更好地为我们预示洞室围岩塑性区的发展和洞周位移的变化情况,并为寻求有利的支护时间和支护形式提供依据。     

基于统计岩体力学的隧道围岩分级方法

国标《工程岩体分级标准》(GB50218—94)在隧道设计阶段应用广泛,但是由于地质条件的复杂性及岩体各向异性的影响,不能精准预测施工阶段隧道围岩等级。本文基于统计岩体力学提出了针对隧道施工阶段的围岩分级方法,即通过现场岩体结构面统计和岩石力学试验,获取结构面参数和岩石力学参数,应用统计岩体力学强度理论及本构理论,获得具有各向异性特征的岩体弹性模量参数E_m,进而应用经验公式换算得到BQ值,从而确定隧道围岩基本分级。在实例中,小盘岭2号隧道GDK347+360里程处围岩设计分级为Ⅲ级;应用此方法重新分级的结果为Ⅳ级,低于设计分级,这与现场观察和监测的围岩性状吻合,说明本方法在隧道施工阶段能较为客观地反映围岩性质。以上研究结果表明,在含碳泥质板岩隧道围岩施工阶段岩体分级过程中,本方法具有良好地适用性。     

Modeling the effect of water, excavation sequence and rock reinforcement with discontinuous deformation analysis

A powerful numerical method that can be used for modeling rock-structure interaction is the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method developed by Shi in 1988. In this method, rock masses are treated as systems of finite and deformable blocks. Large rock mass deformations and block movements are allowed. Although various extensions of the DDA method have been proposed in the literature, the method is not capable of modeling water-block interaction, sequential loading or unloading and rock reinforcement; three features that are needed when modeling surface or underground excavation in fractured rock. This paper presents three new extensions to the DDA method. The extensions consist of hydro-mechanical coupling between rock blocks and steady water flow in fractures, sequential loading or unloading, and rock reinforcement by rockbolts, shotcrete or concrete lining. Examples of application of the DDA method with the new extensions are presented. Simulations of the underground excavation of the ‘Unju Tunnel’ in Korea were carried out to evaluate the influence of fracture flow, excavation sequence and reinforcement on the tunnel stability. The results of the present study indicate that fracture flow and improper selection of excavation sequence could have a destabilizing effect on the tunnel stability. On the other hand, reinforcement by rockbolts and shotcrete can stabilize the tunnel. It is found that, in general, the DDA program with the three new extensions can now be used as a practical tool in the design of underground structures. In particular, phases of construction (excavation, reinforcement) can now be simulated more realistically. However, the method is limited to solving two-dimensional problems.     

隧道开挖的围岩损伤扰动带分析

在给出隧道开挖损伤扰动带的概念、主要影响因素基础上,提出了隧道开挖损伤扰动带的力学、渗流特征及表征方法。在现场实测基础上,利用数值法研究了隧道开挖后的不同开挖方法的变形、渗流场变化规律。结果表明:开挖损伤主要决定于隧道开挖方法;隧道开挖引起的渗流影响边界大于力学影响边界。研究结果有助于合理地建立隧道开挖问题的流固耦合模型。     

双护盾TBM开挖膨胀岩洞段施工应用技术研究

某膨胀岩洞段,围岩强度低,抗风化能力弱,水理性质不良,易发生吸水膨胀失水收缩现象。基岩洞段褶皱、褶曲发育,地层产状变化大,围岩呈层状～碎裂结构。双护盾TBM开挖后,隧洞发生不同程度的坍塌与塌方。现采取“三低一连续”（低推力、低转速、低贯人度;快速连续掘进）快速封闭围岩,严格控制施工用水;使用化学材料灌浆固结围岩等施工应用技术,成功通过了泥质软岩类隧洞长地段,为今后双护盾掘进机施工提供了宝贵经验,社会和经济效益巨大。     

龙滩水电站左岸地下厂房区三维地应力场反演分析

在龙滩地下厂房区工程地质和试验洞变形监测结果综合分析的基础上，建立地质概化和试验洞施工开挖模型；采用地应力场随埋深变化呈线性分布的假设，并根据地应力测试成果，确定地应力场的分布区间。在此基础上，采用均匀设计方法和三维显式有限差分法，通过模拟试验洞的开挖变形，对龙滩水电站厂房区岩体地应力场进行了三维变形反演分析。对比计算位移和监测位移，计算各方案的位移目标函数，获得了岩体地应力场沿深度的分布规律。比较监测与计算位移，两者在量值上相当，在变形趋势上也基本相同，而且实测与计算所得的地应力值较吻合，表明所获得的岩体地应力场是基本合理的，同时说明此反演方法简便、有效。     

田湾核电厂人工高边坡的三维数值模拟

在对岩体工程进行数值模拟分析时,岩体力学参数的确定是影响分析结果可靠性的关键步骤。由于岩体受结构面的控制,其变形和强度性质由岩块和结构面的性质共同决定。将岩块视为各向同性介质,其参数可由室内试验测得;将岩体中的结构面视为一种初始损伤,岩体变形参数通过岩块参数的损伤折减来确定。同时,利用Hoek-Brown岩体强度参数预测方程,结合RMR分类,通过弱化处理确定岩体的强度参数。将折减后的岩体变形参数和弱化处理后的强度参数用于田湾核电厂人工高边坡的三维数值模拟,对几种开挖方案进行分析对比,为最终设计提供了合理的挖坡角。     

Influence of geometrical distribution of rock joints on deformational behavior of underground opening

Mechanisms of deformation and failure of underground opening in jointed rock masses are governed by the characteristics of the geometrical distribution of discontinuities. In this paper, the extracting method of geometrical distribution of discontinuities in rock masses by image processing is presented and used to make networks of rock joints from the construction field. Next, using those networks, fractal characteristics of the discontinuities are described by using the box-counting method for quantitatively evaluating the state of the discontinuous distribution. Finally, numerical analysis based a case of the excavation of underground power plant is carried out to find the relation between geometrical distribution of rock joints and deformational behavior of underground opening by using distinct element method.     

块体理论赤平解析法在龙滩水电站地下厂房洞室群稳定分析中的应用

龙滩水电站地下厂房开挖区域岩体不连续面发育，确定厂房开挖面是否可能产生可动块体并判断其稳定性具有重要实际意义。块体理论是适用于分析断层、节理发育破碎刚性岩体稳定性的有效方法，在对场区工程岩体勘察资料的详细研究基础上，运用块体理论赤平解析法分析龙滩水电站地下厂房洞室群的稳定性，对各开挖面构成可能移动块体的不连续面分布情况进行较系统的评价，得出厂房各部分可动块体分布的直观统计结果，为设计有效的加固方案提供了依据。     

三峡工程船闸边坡的反馈分析

建立了岩石高边坡力学参数的联合位移反分析模型,该模型可以预测复杂区域材料的弹粘塑性力学参数,且可考虑施工爆破及卸荷的影响。依据反分析得出的力学参数,对三峡工程船闸边坡进行施工过程追踪预报分析,结果表明：边坡整体是稳定的,但存在局部失稳的可能性;边坡直立墙的最大变位可控制在50mm以内,风化层的最大变位可控制在80mm以内;开挖完成后最大为2．63mm的时效位移增长,发生于中隔墩直立墙的顶部,该变形在7－8个月内完成。     

A displacement-based back-analysis method for rock mass modulus and horizontal in situ stress in tunneling – Illustrated with a case study

This paper presents a displacement based back-analysis method for the determination of rock mass modulus (E) and the horizontal in situ stress (P) perpendicular to the axis line of the tunnel excavation in hard and intact rock masses. The rock mass is assumed to respond in an isotropic and linear elastic manner. Essentially, the method is a best-fit solution of back-analysis by comparing the measured displacements near a tunnel face during excavation with those calculated using a three-dimensional finite element method. The method can be applied efficiently and effectively by iterative algorithms such as direct search technique and damping least square technique. In particular, a three-dimensional finite element pattern technique (3-D FEPT) is used to compute the theoretical displacements for saving computation time. The method is further illustrated with a case study. The case study deals with a test adit at Zhanghewan Pumped Storage Power Station in Hebei Province, North China. It is shown that the back-analyzed results of E and P are reliable and representative for the actual rock masses.     

复杂岩石块体识别的单元重构–聚合方法

 为解决工程岩体开挖中含有复杂开挖边界时的块体识别问题,提出岩石块体识别的单元重构–聚合方法。首先,引入成熟的网格划分技术,通过建立网格模型(如有限元模型),实现对复杂开挖边界的精确模拟;其次,采用基于单元重构技术的结构面建模方法,将分布于岩体内的结构面建入网格模型;然后,提出基于单元聚合技术的块体构建方法和考虑有限性结构面时的单元组处理方法;最终可实现基于网格模型的复杂岩石块体识别。该方法识别所得的块体系统基于网格模型,块体的所有特征信息均可通过模型的单元和节点提取,块体的可视化也可在既有网格模型图形显示平台上实现。算例验证表明,当将结构面分别考虑为无限延伸和有限延展时,该方法的块体识别和稳定分析成果均与通用块体分析软件的结果一致。进一步将该方法应用于水电站大型地下洞室群的块体识别,可证明其应用于复杂岩石块体识别的有效性和优越性。因此,该方法是一种能够考虑复杂工程岩体开挖边界的岩石块体识别的新方法,其实现过程独立于基于拓扑原理的传统块体识别思路,为块体稳定分析提供了新的实现途径。     

Simulation of cracking near a large underground cavern in a discontinuous rock mass using the expanded distinct element method

The rock masses in a construction site of underground cavern are generally not continuous, due to the presence of discontinuities, such as bedding, joints, faults and fractures. The performance of an underground cavern is principally ruled by the mechanical behaviors of the discontinuities in the vicinity of the cavern. A number of experimental and numerical investigations have demonstrated the significant influences of discontinuities on the mechanical, thermal and hydraulic behaviors of discontinuous rock masses, indicating that the deformation mechanism and stability of rock structures in the discontinuous rock masses depend not only on the existing discontinuities but also on the new cracks generated and thereafter keep propagating due mainly to the stress redistribution induced by excavation.In this study, an expanded distinct element method (EDEM) was developed for simulating the crack generation and propagation due to the shear and tension failures in the matrix rock blocks. Using this method, excavation simulations of deep underground caverns have been carried out on the models with differing depths of cavern and differing geometrical distributions of the existing discontinuities. Model experiments by using the base friction test apparatus were conducted to verify the proposed numerical approach. Furthermore, the support effects of rock bolts on controlling the deformations of the rock mass surrounding a cavern and movements of key blocks were evaluated by means of the EDEM approach.     

基于各向异性模型的引水隧洞围岩稳定性研究

以丹巴引水隧洞石英云母片岩为对象,研究了岩体各向异性特性及开挖卸荷作用对围岩稳定性影响。针对石英云母片岩横观各向同性特性,将Adina中Hill48各向异性模型转化为用Lankford系数描述的横观各向同性模型,从而用泊松比描述各向异性系数,并根据试验结果对模型进行修正,使计算结果更为准确。为考虑岩体各向异性特性下的高埋深高地应力隧洞开挖卸荷作用,提出了一种针对层状岩体变形参数的卸荷弱化方法,应用该方法可得到各自方向的卸荷参数,减少按参数折减法的人为主观性对结果的影响。建立地应力场中3个主应力方向与模型边界垂直模型,并利用在垂直边界施加与3个主应力等值面力的建模方法,极大简化了传统构造地应力场的工作量。将数值模拟结果与实际监测结果进行对比,得出塑性区、应力区与试验洞下游侧边墙位置的岩层鼓胀断裂现象有较好的吻合,说明计算模型的准确性。