The effect of dietary oregano essential oil on microbial growth of rabbit carcasses during refrigerated storage

The effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on microbial growth of rabbit carcasses during refrigerated storage was investigated. A total of 45 weaned rabbits were separated into three equal groups with three subgroups each. One group was given the basal diet and served as control and the other two groups were administered diets supplemented with oregano essential oil at levels of 100 and 200 mg/kg diet, respectively (OR100 and OR200 groups). Total viable counts, Pseudomonas spp., lactic acid bacteria, Brochothrix thermosphacta, Enterobacteriaceae and yeast and mould counts, as well as off-odours and appearance of slime were all assessed on rabbit carcasses stored at 3 ± 1 °C for 12 days. The results showed that performance parameters were not affected (p > 0.05) whereas the dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil resulted in lower (p < 0.05) average microbial counts on the carcasses, compared to controls, throughout storage. Dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil at 200 mg/kg was more effective in inhibiting microbial growth compared with 100 mg/kg. Sensory evaluation scores indicated that the carcasses obtained from OR100 and OR200 groups gave a noticeable putrid odour after days 8 and 10, respectively, whereas the control carcasses developed off-odours after the 6th day of storage. Slime formation in the controls was observed after day 6, while the OR100 and OR200 groups were just beginning to show slime after days 8 and 10, respectively.     

Influence of frozen storage and packaging on oxidative stability and texture of bread produced by different processes

The influence of packaging barrier properties and frozen storage on phenolic and phytosterol content, oxidative stability and crumb texture of frozen dough, part-baked and fully baked frozen bread was investigated in comparison to conventionally produced bread. Samples were stored either in blue coloured high density polyethylene (PE-HD) or transparent polyester-polyethylene-ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (PET-PE/EVAL/PE) pouches for 22 days at −18 °C. Packaging materials were different in oxygen permeability: 3.67 cm³m⁻²day⁻¹ bar⁻¹ for PET-PE/EVAL/PE and 2080 cm³m⁻²day⁻¹ bar⁻¹ for PE-HD material, which did not significantly change during storage. Total phenolic content and oxidative stability of bread samples decreased during storage depending on the process. Frozen dough bread had the lowest phenolics decrease and the highest oxidative stability. Total phenolic content and oxidative stability of frozen breads during 8 days were similar to conventional bread. The phenolics reduction was higher for samples stored in PET-PE/EVAL/PE laminate than in PE-HD packaging. Total sterol content did not significantly change during bread storage in investigated packaging and did not contribute to the oxidation. Bread firmness was affected only by the process and not by the storage time and packaging material.     

Combined effects of inulin,pectin and guar gum on the quality and stability of partially baked frozen bread

Many attempts have been made to increase the nutritional value of bread by adding dietary fibre. However, fibre enrichment is usually associated with various technological problems. The aim of this study was to optimise the composition of a blend of inulin, pectin and guar gum to enrich the fibre content of partially baked frozen bread without impairing its technological quality. We prepared 20 formulations following a central composite design, together with 4 control breads. Bread enriched with inulin had higher crumb hardness, lower specific volume, shape, moisture content, and crumb cohesiveness than control bread, but improved flavour. Pectin and guar improved moisture content and crumb cohesiveness. There was no interaction between inulin and pectin for any of the bread attributes investigated, while interactions between inulin and guar were small. In contrast, guar and pectin significantly interacted to decrease volume and increase crumb hardness and chewiness. A desirability function method identified the optimised blend as containing 3% inulin, 0.9–1% pectin and 0.3–0.4% guar. Bread enriched with such blend had the following characteristics: specific volume, 4.06 cm³/g; shape, 0.63; crumb hardness, 189 g; resilience, 0.36; cohesiveness, 0.84; chewiness, 169 g; and flavour score, 4.6. Experimental values were close to the predicted ones, with prediction errors below 10% for all attributes tested. The specific volume, crumb hardness and chewiness of the enriched bread were superior to those of unenriched bread. However, undesirable textural changes occurred in the enriched bread during 12 weeks of frozen storage, and these changes strongly depended on the fibre blend composition.     

Oxidative stability of whole wheat bread during storage

The oxidative stability was examined in whole wheat bread packed in modified atmosphere (nitrogen) using vacuum grade plastic bags and stored for up to 5 weeks. Small, but significant, differences in oxidative stability developed with time for whole wheat bread crumb and crust. The samples were evaluated by direct electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy for detection of free radicals, peroxide value (POV), overall antioxidative capacity using Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays, and by the content of tocopherols as determined by HPLC. The overall antioxidative capacity was reduced during storage with an accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides peaking after 2-3 weeks of storage. Bread crust was generally found to be more oxidative stable when compared to crumb. Quality of bread with extended shelf life may accordingly be improved minimising oxidation.     

Quality attributes and firming kinetics of partially baked frozen wholewheat bread with sourdough

Partially baked frozen (PBF) process prolongs bread shelf life, but diminishes its volume and crumb texture. Therefore, we investigated the possibility of using sourdough for the quality improvement in PBF wholewheat bread. Sourdough was fermented with either Lactobacillus plantarum, Lb. brevis or Leuconostoc mesenteroides mixed with yeast Candida humilis and added at 7.5, 15, 22.5 or 30% on bread dough basis. The choice of sourdough starter significantly affected bread acidity characteristics, flavour, specific volume, shape and crumb firmness. The sourdough amount and acetic acid content of bread inversely correlated to flavour score, specific volume, shape and crumb softness. The overall quality of PBF wholewheat bread was most efficiently improved after adding Lb. plantarum sourdough at 15–22.5%, resulting in retarded firming rate (74–94%) and improved specific volume (25–28%) in comparison with PBF bread without sourdough. Such sourdough has lactic to acetic acid higher than previously recommended for traditional sourbreads.     

馒头贮存过程中的微生物变化

通过测定馒头贮存过程中的微生物变化,得出细菌数量与pH值呈现高度显著负相关,温度较高湿度较大时,引起馒头变质的主要是细菌;在低温和水分活度较低时引起馒头变质的主要是霉菌。     

燕麦面包的品质及储存性质研究

在普通小麦粉中添加燕麦粉,研究了混合粉的性质和制作出的面包品质及储存稳定性.试验结果表明:随着燕麦粉添加比例的提高,混和粉的粉质特性发生显著变化.吸水率逐渐升高,稳定时间、形成时间及粉质指数与燕麦粉添加比例呈负相关;粉质指数和弱化度呈极显著负相关.添加燕麦粉的面包储存稳定性总体上好于普通面包,且在储存第2～3 d时品质最佳.     

Different approaches for increasing the shelf life of partially baked bread: Low temperatures and hydrocolloid addition

Partially baked bread is a product with short shelf life that requires sub-zero temperatures for extending it. The storage of par-baked bread at low temperatures and the addition of bread improvers with antistaling effects, such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), are very attractive alternatives for extending the shelf life of these products. In this study, staling during storage of partially baked bread (in the presence and absence of HPMC) at low temperatures (2 °C) is studied in terms of hardness increase and amylopectin retrogradation. Simultaneously, the staling of the derived full baked breads when stored at 25 °C is assessed. During the storage of par-baked bread at low temperatures, progressive crumb hardening and rapid crystallization of the amylopectin chains were produced. However, heat applied during full baking reversed those processes, and the extent of that improvement was dependent on the time of par-baked bread storage. Concerning the staling of the derived full baked bread, the time of par-baked bread storage did not significantly (P < 0.05) affect the staling process of the resulting full baked breads. The addition of HPMC decreased the crumb hardness in both par-baked and full baked breads, and also promoted a reduction of the amylopectin retrogradation. Overall results indicate that HPMC addition significantly retards the staling of par-baked bread during its storage at low temperatures and, moreover, the same effect is observed in the full baked bread.     

Microbial flora of technological interest in raw ovine milk during 6°C storage

Changes in the microbial flora of ovine milk of medium hygienic quality (initial mean total plate count 3.3  ×  10⁵ cfu/mL) were studied throughout refrigerated storage at 6°C. Total plate counts after 48 h of refrigerated storage (mean count 4.6  ×  10⁵ cfu/mL) were under the current standards in the European Union (EU) for raw ovine milk to be used for cheesemaking after heat treatment. However, after 96 h, mean total plate counts (1.6  ×  10⁷ cfu/mL) were above the standards. Lactococci were found at levels higher than Pseudomonas spp. in milk freshly drawn (54.5% and 3.5% of total plate count, respectively) and after 96 h at 6°C (47.9% and 33.9% of total plate count, respectively). Lactobacilli, enterococci, coliforms and thermodurics were found at values lower than lactococci and Pseudomonas spp., before and after refrigerated storage ( ≤  0.08% of the total plate count). A significant growth ( P  < 0.001) was detected for mesophiles, Pseudomonas spp. and lactococci after 96 h of refrigeration at 6°C; however, thermodurics, coliforms, lactobacilli and enterococci, showed no significant increase ( P  > 0.05). Presumptive Escherichia coli (β-glucuronidase-positive) underwent a decrease throughout storage at 6°C.     

馒头在蒸制和蒸烤过程中理化及微生物指标的变化

高径比、酸度、还原糖、水分、重量、乳酸菌和酵母菌是馒头加工过程中主要的理化和微生物变化指标。本文主要对蒸制与蒸烤馒头的理化指标与微生物的变化进行了研究,得出两种加工方式馒头的相同与不同之处。     

Impact of minimal processing on orange bioactive compounds during refrigerated storage

The effect of minimal processing on the health-related attributes of orange fruit was investigated. Oranges were prepared as whole fruits, hand-peeled fruits and manually separated segments, packed under air atmosphere and stored at 4 °C for 12 days. The stability of main bioactive compounds (carotenoids, flavanones and vitamin C) and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The total carotenoid content showed a significant increase for the whole samples during refrigerated storage, whereas no significant changes were observed for segments or peeled samples. A similar trend was found for vitamin A. With regard to vitamin C, at the end of refrigerated storage, some losses were observed although no significant differences were found among the different processed samples. The flavanone content showed a significant increase throughout refrigerated storage as response to cold stress. In general, the antioxidant activity remained stable in relation to the initial values. Hence, the health-related characteristics of minimally processed oranges were retained during refrigerated storage.     

乳化剂及保藏温度对小米馒头贮藏过程老化的影响

以糊化度为评价指标,研究在37、20、4、-20℃下,1~30 d内小米馒头的老化程度及速率;分析不同保藏温度对其老化的影响。选择单硬脂酸甘油酯(GMS)、硬脂酰乳酸钙钠(CSL-SSL)和蔗糖脂肪酸酯(SE)3种食品乳化剂,以0.1%的添加量加入小米粉中,研究储藏过程中乳化剂对小米馒头老化的影响,评价其抗老化作用以及乳化剂与温度协同抗老化效果。结果表明:4℃的冷藏条件小米馒头老化剧烈,老化速率最大;高温虽能短期内表现出良好抗老化性,但-20℃冷冻储藏更适宜小米制品的长期储藏。3种乳化剂均能表现出良好抗老化特性;短期放置,20℃室温+GMS抗老化效果最佳;长货架期放置,-20℃冷冻条件+SE抗老化作用最显著。     

储藏过程中馒头理化指标的变化

研究了馒头在储藏过程中各理化指标的变化。测定了储藏过程中馒头微生物数量、馒头白度值及硬度值、馒头水分活度、糊化度及其微观结构的变化,结果显示,馒头在储藏过程中,馒头的水分活度保持较高水平,其霉菌数量先平缓上升,后急剧增加。馒头的白度值略有下降,但基本保持不变。馒头的硬度值逐渐增大,而馒头的糊化度则呈现逐渐下降的趋势。馒头储藏过程中,淀粉与面筋蛋白的结合逐渐松散,淀粉颗粒间的界限逐渐清晰,馒头淀粉颗粒表层出现纹状结构。     

馒头加工和贮藏过程中营养强化剂叶黄素酯的稳定性

为了探讨营养强化剂叶黄素酯在馒头加工和贮藏过程中的稳定性,通过叶黄素酯水溶性微囊粉添加于馒头中,分析馒头和面、压延、发酵、蒸制和储藏过程中总叶黄素酯、总叶黄素及其异构体的变化情况。结果表明:和面、压延和发酵对叶黄素酯的降解影响不显著,蒸制引起馒头中叶黄素酯含量下降明显;馒头加工过程对皂化测得的总叶黄素和全反式叶黄素保留率较高。叶黄素酯强化馒头在整个加工和储藏过程都伴随着叶黄素异构体的生成和含量变化,和面过程中生成了少量的13-顺式和13’-顺式叶黄素,压延、发酵过程13-顺式和13’-顺式叶黄素含量继续增加,蒸制引起13-顺式、13’-顺式叶黄素含量显著增加以及9-顺式叶黄素的生成。储藏过程中馒头中的叶黄素酯、皂化测得的总叶黄素和全反式叶黄素含量,及叶黄素顺式异构体含量均略有下降。      

Carotenoid content and antioxidant capacity of Mediterranean vegetable soup (gazpacho) treated by high-pressure/temperature during refrigerated storage

High-pressure (HP) technology is an alternative to heat preservation methods for foods; therefore, it is essential to assess the impact of this technology on bioactive compounds and their properties. Carotenoids and antioxidant activity were measured in Mediterranean vegetable soup, called gazpacho subjected to HP/temperature treatment. The stability of carotenoids and the effect on antioxidant activity was studied during 40 days of refrigerated storage at 4°C. Two treatments that combine HP with temperature were assayed: T0, freshly made vegetable soup (untreated), T1, 150 MPa/60°C/15 min, T2, 350 MPa/60°C/15 min. Fresh and treated samples were kept refrigerated (4°C) for 40 days. After application of HP and during the refrigeration period, the qualitative and quantitative determination of provitamin A carotenoids (β- and γ-carotene), lycopene and the xanthophyll lutein was achieved. In addition, the radical scavenging activity of vegetable soups was assessed. T1 HP treatment (T1, 150 MPa/60°C/15 min) preserved the carotenoid content in vegetable soups better than T2 HP treatment. Moreover, T1 HP treatment retained the antioxidant activity during storage better than T2 HP treatment.     

Improvement in the quality of ground chevon during refrigerated storage by tocopherol acetate preblending

A study was conducted on -tocopherol acetate (TA) preblending at 0, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 ppm levels with ground chevon (GC) obtained from adult male Beetal×Black Bengal goat carcasses, to identify the optimum level of TA required for improving the quality of the meat during refrigerated storage. It was observed that the GC samples preblended with 10 ppm TA had significantly (P<0.05) higher WHC%, colour score, odour score and lower metmyoglobin (MMb) per cent, TBARS number, peroxide value, free fatty acids per cent and psychrotrophic plate count as compared to other TA levels. All the quality parameters studied showed a highly significant (P<0.01) correlation (r-value) between each other. A strong relationship was observed between TBARS number and MMb% during refrigerated storage. A regression equation (Y=0.2800+0.0055X, where Y=TBARS number, X=MMb%) was established. It was concluded that 10 ppm TA was the optimum level for preblending with ground chevon, which extends the shelf life of the meat up to 7 days as compared to 3 days in the control samples during refrigerated storage.     

绿茶馒头储藏期活性成分变化研究

在绿茶馒头的储藏过程中,定时取样进行活性成分测定,研究绿茶馒头活性成分变化规律。结果表明,储藏过程各活性成分含量变化显著。其中多糖变化幅度较大,储藏中期多糖含量显著增大,后期下降较快,但储藏前后的含量大致持平。游离氨基酸和叶绿素的变化较平缓。茶多酚呈直线下降趋势。     

4种海产品冷藏期间挥发性盐基氮和生物胺含量变化

目的 研究4种海产品[大管鞭虾(Solenocera melantho)、鮸鱼(Miichthvs miiuy)、鲭鱼(Pneumatophorus japonicus)和海鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicas)]在4℃冷藏过程中的品质变化,并对其新鲜度和安全性进行评估。方法 以4种海捕水产品为研究对象,测定4℃贮藏过程中海产品的主要新鲜度指标[挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitroge, TVB-N)]和9种生物胺(苯乙胺、酪胺、组胺、色胺、尸胺、腐胺、章鱼胺、精胺和亚精胺)含量,分析贮藏时间对含量变化的影响,并在此基础上对海产品的新鲜度和安全性进行评估。结果 4种海产品在4℃贮藏条件下, TVB-N含量和生物胺含量均存在一定差异。4种海产品TVB-N含量随着贮藏时间的延长而逐渐增加且与时间存在明显的相关性,大管鞭虾的增长速度在2 d后显著高于其余3种海产品(P<0.05);在相同条件下,生物胺的含量和变化在不同海产品中差异显著,其中鲭鱼可产生种类较多且高含量的生物胺,尤其在短时间内可产生对人体健康存在危害的组胺和酪胺,且有随贮藏时间延长...     

Quality of wheat bread enriched with onion extract and polyphenols content and antioxidant activity changes during bread storage

We determined the effect of onion skin extract (OE) on the quality of wheat bread: contents of total polyphenols and flavonols, antioxidative activity and their changes during storage. With increasing doses of OE to bread, contents of total polyphenols and flavonols and the antioxidative activity were observed to increase. A higher total flavonol content was found in bread with 1% OE stored at 24 °C than in bread stored at 4 °C. There was no such relationship in the bread with 0.5% OE. Changes in flavonols content during storage for 72 h were insignificant. No clear trends of change in the antioxidant activity could be found at storage of breads. The addition of OE caused no changes in the yield and volume of bread and contributed to a decreasing value of L* parameter and to increasing values of ΔE, a* and b* parameters of bread crumb colour. Consumers accepted the smell and taste of bread with the addition of OE to a lesser extent than the control bread. Bread with 1% OE the taste was rated very low. Consumers rated the taste of bread with 1% OE low because it was bitter. Breads enriched with OE had a proper external appearance as well as crumb and crust features. Roasted onion aroma and taste were perceptible in the obtained breads. A bitterness was perceptible in breads baked with the addition of 1% of OE.     

微冻和冷藏对牙鲆贮藏品质的影响

以感官、理化和微生物为指标,研究了微冻（-2℃）和冷藏（4℃）对牙鲆品质变化及货架期的影响。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,牙鲆鱼的感官品质显著下降（p<0.01）,菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）值和K值均呈显著上升趋势（p<0.01）,且微冻贮藏时各指标的变化速率都低于冷藏;质构特性中的硬度、弹性、咀嚼度和粘聚性随贮藏时间的延长而显著下降（p<0.05）,p H与贮藏时间及其他理化指标（TBA除外）相关性不显著。综合感官评分、TVB-N值及菌落总数等指标得出牙鲆在4℃和-2℃贮藏条件下的货架期分别为9 d和12 d。与冷藏相比,微冻能更有效地抑制微生物的生长,延长其货架期。