非离子高分子表面活性剂及其应用

非离子高分子表面活性剂是高分子表面活性剂中研究和应用最多的一种新型表面活性剂，其可用加成聚合，缩合聚合及开环聚合等方法进行制备，非离子高分子表面活性剂具有优异的分莠性、乳化性及抗凝聚性，目前，在造纸工业，涂料，农药，橡胶及能源工业领域得到广泛的应用。     

耐温抗盐阴-非离子表面活性剂研究及应用

针对江汉油田高温高盐稀油油藏条件合成了SH系列阴-非离子表面活性剂C₁₂H₂₅O（CH₂CH₂O）_nCH₂CH（OH）CH₂SO₃Na,n值分别为5⁹时对应SH01^SH05。室内评价了该系列阴-非离子表面活性剂的界面活性和耐温抗盐性能,用物理模拟方法评价了阴-非离子表面活性剂的驱油性能。研究结果表明,所合成的阴-非离子表面活性剂具有较强的耐温抗盐能力,随温度的升高或矿化度的增加,油水界面张力更低;在高矿化度（300 g/L）、高温（84℃）下,0.3%的表面活性剂SH03溶液与钟市模拟油间的界面张力能降到10^-3mN/m超低数量级;物模驱油实验表明,在水驱基础上（采收率52%左右）,注入0.3 PV、质量分数0.3%的SH03溶液可提高采收率6%,注入0.3PV的0.3%SH03+0.3%SMG复合体系可提高采收率12.1%。在钟市油田钟10-5井区开展的表面活性剂矿场先导试验见到增油效果。图4表4参9     

低聚非离子表面活性剂的合成及柴油微乳液的研制

以脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO_9)与丙三醇缩水甘油醚为原料,在碱性条件下,合成了一种低聚非离子表面活性剂。用红外光谱以及电喷雾电离质谱对其结构进行表征,测定其临界胶束浓度为1.99×10~(-5)g/mL。将低聚非离子表面活性剂与十六烷基三甲基氯化铵复配成混合表面活性剂,制备了W/O柴油微乳液,并以油、水、助表面活性剂和混合表面活性剂为三组分做出拟三元相图。通过考察表面活性剂的复配比例及混合表面活性剂与助表面活性剂的比例对微乳区的影响,得到最佳组成为:m(低聚非离子表面活性剂):m(十六烷基三甲基氯化铵)=1:4,m(助表面活性剂):m(混合表面活性剂)=1.5:1。溶水量随着盐浓度的增加而减小。     

阴-非离子型Gemini表面活性剂的胶束化热力学性能

采用表面张力法研究了9种阴-非离子型Gemini表面活性剂在水溶液中胶束化的热力学性质,并考察了温度与分子结构对胶束化的影响。实验结果表明,阴-非离子型Gemini表面活性剂在水溶液中胶束化是一个自发过程,主要来自熵驱动,温度升高不利于胶束化,且标准熵变对标准吉布斯自由能变的贡献有下降趋势,标准焓变对标准吉布斯自由能变的贡献有增大趋势;阴-非离子型Gemini表面活性剂在水溶液中胶束化存在焓熵补偿现象,焓熵补偿温度均在(307±2)K范围内,基本不随阴-非离子型Gemini表面活性剂的分子结构的改变而变化,随联接链增长或氧乙烯结构单元数目的增加,形成胶束的能力与稳定性均提高,随温度的升高,形成胶束的能力与稳定性均下降;临界胶束浓度的对数与联接链长度呈线性关系。     

阴离子/非离子表面活性剂复配体系的稠油降粘性能研究

以多种阴离子、非离子表面活性剂和助剂为原料,通过复配和筛选,制得阴离子／非离子表面活性剂复配体系。考察了原油含水量、复配体系加量和温度对其降粘效果的影响,确定了最佳条件：原油含水量25％,阴离子／非离子表面活性剂复配体系加量0．3％。在此条件下,对东辛油田不同区块稠油的降粘率达95％以上,沉降脱水率达90％以上。     

添加剂对非离子表面活性剂AEO9浊点的影响

研究了不同添加剂如无机盐、有机醇、有机酸和离子型表面活性剂对非离子表面活性剂AEO9浊点的影响。结果表明，通过盐析性的无机盐与胶束争夺水分子，使非离子表面活性剂分子从水中析出，从而降低了非离子表面活性剂的浊点；而如NaI这样的盐溶性无机盐则相反，由于其可使自由水分子增加，从而导致AEO9的浊点升高。极性有机物对AEO9浊点的影响表明，与水无限混溶的极性有机物升高了浊点，而在水中部分溶解的极性有机物降低了浊点。这是因为前一类有机物通过改变溶剂水的结构，降低了介质的极性，同时部分有机物吸附在胶束-水界面，通过其溶剂化作用使AEO9的胶团化作用受到了限制，浊点升高；而后一类有机物分子由于增溶于胶束栅栏层中，导致胶束体积膨胀，从而降低了AEO9的浊点。在非离子表面活性剂溶液中加入离子型表面活性剂，如十二烷基硫酸钠SDS、十二烷基苯磺酸钠SDBS和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵CTAB，由于离子型表面活性剂能与非离子表面活性剂形成混合胶束，胶束表面电荷密度增大，胶束间电荷斥力增大，使体系稳定，从而其浊点显著升高。加入极少量的离子表面活性剂即可使浊点显著上升，当加入的离子表面活性剂达到其临界胶束浓度（cmc）时，浊点将发生突跃。     

高活性阴离子—非离子双子表面活性剂合成及性能

以烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚为原料,合成了高活性阴离子—非离子双子表面活性剂.考察了合成条件对表面活性剂产品收率的影响.结果表明,在二元醇化合物与氢氧化钠及氯乙酸摩尔比1∶4∶4,反应温度95℃,反应时间5h条件下,阴离子—非离子双子表面活性剂产品收率达80％以上.考察了阴离子—非离子双子表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度、油水界面性能、...     

非离子表面活性剂对阴/阳离子复配表面活性剂性能的影响

以十六烷基三甲基氯化铵、烷基磺酸钠、非离子表面活性剂等为原料,制备了阴/阳离子复配表面活性剂(记为CAN),以TX-10和MOA-15为非离子表面活性剂时分别记为TCAN和MCAN。采用界面张力测试、乳化性能测试和室内岩心驱替等方法,研究了非离子表面活性剂对CAN性能的影响。实验结果表明,TX-10和MOA-15均可提高CAN的溶解性。MCAN在地层水中的溶解性更佳,浊度较低。随非离子表面活性剂含量的增大,CAN的油水界面张力呈先减小后增大的趋势。随CAN含量的增大,油水界面张力呈急剧减小后趋于平缓的趋势。TCAN降低油水界面张力的性能较MCAN好。CAN的耐盐性为70 g/L,耐Ca2+达5 g/L,抗油砂吸附性能基本满足要求。TCAN的乳化性能和驱油效率均好于MCAN,且随岩心渗透率的增大,TCAN驱油效率的增幅比MCAN大。     

高盐度下非离子表面活性剂溶液的雾点测试

鉴于非离子表面活性剂的雾点是直接反映影响活性剂作用发挥的亲水亲油性质的尺度，测试了Ｏπ系列、Ｔｗｅｅｎ系列及Ｔｘ－１００等非离子表面活性剂在高矿化度下的雾点，探讨了ＮａＣｌ、ＣａＣｌ２，ＭｇＣｌ２及ＦｅＣｌ３等４种无机物对上述非离子表面活性剂雾点的影响规律；并考察了阳离子表面活性剂对非离子表面活性剂雾点的影响规律。结果表明，ＮａＣｌ，ＣａＣｌ２，ＭｇＣｌ２及ＦｅＣｌ３都能明显降低非离子表面活性剂的     

阴—非离子混合表面活性剂溶液的性质

本文研究了阴-非离子混合表面活性剂体系的溶液性质,计算了混合胶团的组成及其影响因素,考察了 Ca~(2 )的存在对混合溶液性质和混合胶团的影响。     

驱油用耐温抗盐表面活性剂的研究进展

综述了国内外表面活性剂复配体系、阴离子-非离子两性表面活性剂和双子型(Gemini)表面活性剂3类驱油用耐温抗盐表面活性剂的研究进展情况,指出阴离子-非离子两性表面活性剂和新型Gemini表面活性剂是具有良好应有前景的高温、高盐油藏用表面活性剂,而且通过与石油磺酸盐和羧酸盐等廉价的表面活性剂进行复配使用,可以降低驱油成本。     

Pour Point Depressant of Fuel Oil Using Non-ionic Surfactants

Paraffin wax deposition from fuel oil at low temperature is one of the serious and long-standing problems in petroleum industry. The addition of pour point depressants (PPD) has been proved to be an efficient way to inhibit wax deposition. The influence of PPD on wax precipitation at low temperature was investigated. A different ethoxylated nonionic surfactants were prepared by reacting natural fatty acids (myristic acid and palmitic acid) with polyethylene glycol of different molecular weight. The synthesized nonionic surfactants were confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The surface properties of the synthesized surfactants, including the critical micelle concentration, effectiveness (π_CMC), maximum surface excess (Г_max), and minimum surface area (A_min) were determined. The efficiency of ethoxylated nonionic surfactants was evaluated as cloud and pour point depressant for fuel oil was discussed. The results indicate that C₁₆E₇ surfactant posse's good cloud and pour point depressing performance. The effect of additive type and compatibility additive with natural wax dispersant on the wax crystallization behavior at low (0°C) was evaluated. Photomicrographs showed that wax morphology was greatly modified to fine dispersant crystal of compact size. Correlation between wax modification and pour point depression appear to be merely qualitative in such heterogeneous fuel systems.     

VES自转向酸体系研究进展

黏弹性表面活性剂(VES)基自转向酸酸化技术是近年来兴起的一项针对非均质储层改造的新方法。本文总结了目前自转向酸酸化所用黏弹性表活剂的种类及类型,系统分析了阳离子型、两性离子型、非离子型以及孪连黏弹性表面活性剂自转向酸酸液体系之间的性能差异,确定了不同类型自转向酸体系的适用范围,指出了当前自转向酸应用中存在的问题,并据此展望了自转向酸体系的研究方向及发展前景。     

Influence of surfactants used in surfactant-polymer flooding on the stability of Gudong crude oil emulsion

The influences of an anionic-nonionic composite surfactant and petroleum sulfonate, used in surfactant-polymer flooding in Shengli Gudong oilfield, East China, on the interfacial properties of Gudong crude model oil and synthetic formation water was studied by measuring interfacial tension, interfacial viscoelasticity and Zeta potential. The influence of the surfactants on the stability of Gudong water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions was evaluated by separating water from the W/O emulsion and residual oil in the aqueous phase of the O/W emulsion respectively. The results showed that the two kinds of surfactants, namely anionic-nonionic composite surfactant and petroleum sulfonate, are both able to decrease the interfacial tension between the oil phase and the aqueous phase and increase the surface potential of the oil droplets dispersed in the O/W emulsion, which can enhance the stability of the W/O and O/W crude oil emulsions. Compared with petroleum sulfonate, the anionic-nonionic composite surfactant is more interfacially active and able to enhance the strength of the interfacial film between oil and water, hence enhance the stability of the W/O and O/W emulsions more effectively.     

阳离子钻井液用膨润土的改性研究

用非离子表面活性剂与膨润土在一定的反应条件下发生物理、化学反应,对膨润土进行化学改性反应后的膨润土其表面电性发生改变,即膨润土胶体的ZETA负电位变至接近于零电位,改性后的膨润土能很好地适用于阳离子钻井液体系.在阳离子钻井液体系中,使用改性膨润土配浆不用加入两性离子或阴离子型护胶剂,改性膨润土能很好地与大分子量阳离子聚合物和小分子量阳离子化合物配伍,这样从根本上解决了阳离子钻井液体系中阴、阳离子聚合物不配伍的问题,使阳离子钻井液体系变得更加简单,也更便于现场维护,使阳离子钻井液体系得到了进一步的完善.     

Gemini表面活性剂的研究进展

Gemini表面活性剂是一类新型的表面活性剂，被称为第三代表面活性剂。Gemini表面活性剂含有两个亲水基和两个疏水基。结合国内外的最新研究，对Gemini表面活性剂的结构、合成、性能和应用作了较全面的评述。     

斯潘类非离子表面活性剂的生产与应用

综述了斯潘类非离子表面活性剂的性质、生产方法和用途。重点介绍了先成酐后酯化两步法生产斯潘类非离子表面活性剂的工艺，醚化反应中使用具有抗氧化作用的复合型催化剂，酯化反应中选用碳酸氢钠为酯化催化剂。系统介绍了斯潘类产品的用途，尤其是斯潘与吐温的复配，使用效果更佳，可作为乳化剂、分散剂、增溶剂、润湿剂、起泡剂、消泡剂、防静电剂、防锈剂等主要成分，广泛用于食品行业、医药、化妆品、油田化学品、农药、化纤纺织印染、有机合成、微量无素检测增敏剂、纳米颗粒制备等领域。     

RHEOLOGY, PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, AND ASPHALTENE DEPOSITION OF VISCOUS ASPHALTIC CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS FOR PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

The rheology of an asphaltic heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by an anionic (RN) and a nonionic (TEP) surfactants individually or in a mixture has been studied. The investigated crude oil has a non-Newtonian, time dependent, shear thickening, rheopectic behavior with a relatively high yield stress. The relatively high yield stress of this crude oil is attributed to the presence of a relatively high asphaltene and resins content. The viscosity ofhe crude oil decreases when it is emulsified with synthetic formation water in the form of an oil-in-water type of emulsion using a nonionic or an anionic surfactant. It has been found that, the maximum oil content required for forming an oil-in-water emulsion of acceptable viscosity is the 60% oil-containing emulsion. However, the 70% oil-containing emulsion is not an oil-in-water type of emulsion but it is rather a complicated mixture of oil-in-water-in-oil type of emulsion. The presence of the anionic and the nonionic surfactants together has a synergistic effect in decreasing the total surfactant concentration required to stabilize the emulsion and to form low viscosity emulsion. It has been emphasized that the nonionic surfactant has a positive contribution in forming emulsions with low viscosity. Meanwhile, the anionic surfactant contributes in stabilizing the emulsion at lower concentrations. Flocculation point measurements showed that the added surfactants caused no sign of asphaltene deposition. This implies that it is safe to use the investigated surfactants in forming oil-in-water emulsion for viscous asphaltic crude oils without any fear of asphaltene deposition.     

RHEOLOGY,PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION,AND ASPHALTENE DEPOSITION OF VISCOUS ASPHALTIC CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS FOR PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

The rheology of an asphaltic heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by an anionic (RN) and a nonionic (TEP) surfactants individually or in a mixture has been studied. The investigated crude oil has a non-Newtonian, time dependent, shear thickening, rheopectic behavior with a relatively high yield stress. The relatively high yield stress of this crude oil is attributed to the presence of a relatively high asphaltene and resins content. The viscosity ofhe crude oil decreases when it is emulsified with synthetic formation water in the form of an oil-in-water type of emulsion using a nonionic or an anionic surfactant. It has been found that, the maximum oil content required for forming an oil-in-water emulsion of acceptable viscosity is the 60% oil-containing emulsion. However, the 70% oil-containing emulsion is not an oil-in-water type of emulsion but it is rather a complicated mixture of oil-in-water-in-oil type of emulsion. The presence of the anionic and the nonionic surfactants together has a synergistic effect in decreasing the total surfactant concentration required to stabilize the emulsion and to form low viscosity emulsion. It has been emphasized that the nonionic surfactant has a positive contribution in forming emulsions with low viscosity. Meanwhile, the anionic surfactant contributes in stabilizing the emulsion at lower concentrations. Flocculation point measurements showed that the added surfactants caused no sign of asphaltene deposition. This implies that it is safe to use the investigated surfactants in forming oil-in-water emulsion for viscous asphaltic crude oils without any fear of asphaltene deposition.