改进的基于 QR 码的数字全息水印

目的提出改进的基于快速响应矩阵码(QR码)的数字全息水印。方法利用加密傅里叶全息技术对QR码进行加密并生成全息图,在标准颜色空间下,抽取彩色载体图像的L分量进行二级小波分解,将全息图嵌入到其分解后的低频系数中,以实现水印信息的隐藏。为提高QR码译码成功率,对提取后的水印进行十字型中值滤波处理。结论 QR码水印能够保存完整的水印信息,比普通图像水印鲁棒性强,且相比于其他基于QR码的数字全息水印算法具有更强的鲁棒性。     

Digital watermarking by a holographic technique

A holographic technique is applied for digital watermarking by a computer. A digital-watermark image to be hidden is phase modulated in a random fashion, and its Fourier-transformed hologram is superposed on a content image. The watermark is reconstructed by means of a holographic-reconstruction technique from the bit-map image that hides it. In the study the processes of constructing and reconstructing a digital hologram are described on the basis of the theory of Fourier optics. The conditions for superposing the hologram onto the content images are investigated in detail. The validity of the present method is verified by changing the weighting of the hologram relative to that of the content image. The effect of image size is also discussed with respect to reconstruction of the watermark, and it is shown that watermark information in a form of a diffuse-type Fourier-transform hologram cannot be removed by cutting it out of the host image.     

基于图像校正的抗几何变换全息水印算法

目的提出了一种基于图像校正的抗几何变换全息水印算法。方法在水印嵌入时,将原始二值水印图像,利用共轭对称延拓傅里叶计算全息方法生成全息水印,并嵌入在原始图像小波变换的对角线高频系数中,逆变换得到含水印图像。在含水印图像的DFT域中嵌入模版信息,在水印提取时,首先利用模版信息对图像进行校正,然后提取水印信息。结果该算法保留了全息水印的优良特性,结合了模版匹配校正技术,可以有效抵抗滤波、噪声、裁切、JPEG压缩、旋转、等比例缩放及其组合攻击。结论该算法在实际应用中能有效抵抗几何攻击,可以应用于数字图像的版权保护中。     

基于数字全息和离散余弦变换的数字水印技术

提出了一种基于数字菲涅耳全息和离散余弦变换的数字水印技术.利用全息技术得到原始水印图像的菲涅耳全息图,之后将其嵌入宿主图像离散余弦变换域的中频系数,将水印添加位置和光学系统的几何结构参数作为恢复水印信息的密钥,并且算法属"盲数字水印技术",从而该算法具有较好的安全性和实用性.对算法的测试结果也表明,该算法对噪声,滤波、剪切,旋转、有损压缩等常见的图像处理操作具有较高的稳健性.因此,该算法具有一定的实用价值.     

一种抗印刷-扫描倾斜失真的数字水印算法

设计了一种用于彩色印刷防伪图像的基于博奇编码的傅里叶计算全息数字水印方法。通过印刷-扫描实验,研究了扫描过程图像倾斜角度与提取的水印质量之间的关系。实验表明:该水印算法对印刷、扫描过程中的倾斜攻击等具有很好的鲁棒性,能满足彩色印刷图像的防伪要求;且倾斜角度越小( <15°),对水印质量的影响越小,倾斜角度为45°时提取的水印质量相对于其他倾斜角度下提取的水印质量略好。     

Three types of computer-generated hologram synthesized from multiple angular viewpoints of a three-dimensional scene

We describe various techniques to synthesize three types of computer-generated hologram (CGH): the Fresnel-Fourier CGH, the Fresnel CGH, and the image CGH. These holograms are synthesized by fusing multiple perspective views of a computer-generated scene. An initial hologram is generated in the computer as a Fourier hologram. Then it can be converted to either a Fresnel or an image hologram by computing the desired wave propagation and imitating an interference process of optical holography. By illuminating the CGH, a 3D image of the objects is constructed. Computer simulations and experimental results underline the performance of the suggested techniques.     

一种新的彩色图像变换域全息水印算法

提出了一种变换域中改善全息水印抗几何攻击和滤波攻击性能的彩色图像全息水印算法。 取彩色 RGB载体图像的蓝色通道,分块后做一级小波分解转换到变换域,取低频子带,然后进行奇异值分解嵌入数字全息水印。 实验结果表明:该算法水印隐蔽性好,重建的水印与原始水印相似度高;算法鲁棒性强,可以抵抗常见的各种攻击,尤其改善了全息水印的抗几何攻击和滤波攻击性能,满足了数字防伪、版权保护的需要。     

一种抗任意角度旋转的全息水印算法

目的针对目前数字水印在抗旋转攻击方面鲁棒性较差等问题,提出一种基于DWT变换和仿射变换的抗任意角度旋转的数字全息水印算法。方法首先对数字水印进行全息加密,保证水印的安全性;结合DWT变换,将水印信息嵌入载体图像;然后通过仿射变换实现图像的角度校正,进而实现抗任意角度旋转攻击及其他常见攻击。结果水印在受到各种攻击后,仍能被有效提取,尤其是抗任意角度旋转攻击,NC值均大于0.6。结论提出的算法对任意角度旋转攻击有较强的鲁棒性,可以有效地从含水印的图像中提取水印信息,保证了水印的安全性和有效性。     

同轴压缩全息再现多层样本

为了研究3层物体的压缩全息分层再现效果,进行了层析再现多层样本的实验,并且将压缩全息再现与传统反衍射重建方法进行了对比分析。采用了频域减采样的方法来实现全息图的稀疏化,将数据压缩到原始全息图的25%。通过仿真实验,发现采用压缩全息再现的物像和模拟样本的相关系数达到0.64。基于4f光学系统建立了实验系统,实现了3层物体的压缩全息再现,可以使所重建的物像更加清晰以及有效去除背景噪声信号。     

傅里叶变换全息加密数字水印解密实验研究

在理论分析傅里叶变换加密全息水印技术的基础上,通过MATLAB软件对加密全息水印的生成和提取进行了模拟仿真,验证了加密全息水印技术的安全性。通过搭建的光学解密再现系统,对经过计算机滤波处理后的含水印载体图像进行了光学解密再现,结果表明,无需原始载体图像的参与,通过正确的密匙就可以提取出原始水印图像,验证了加密全息水印技术的抗攻击性。对不同嵌入强度、位压缩、剪切、嵌入白噪声的载体图像进行了解密实验,计算其PSNR,得到了PSNR>20,即加密全息水印具有较强的抗低通滤波、噪声、剪切性能,具有较强的鲁棒性。傅里叶变换加密全息水印解密光学系统相对于计算机仿真系统,具有高并行性、高处理速度、高信息维度、便捷性等优点,可用于进行版权保护。     

Quantization noise and its reduction in lensless Fourier digital holography

Digital holography is an imaging technique that enables recovery of topographic 3D information about an object under investigation. In digital holography, an interference pattern is recorded on a digital camera. Therefore, quantization of the recorded hologram is an integral part of the imaging process. We study the influence of quantization error in the recorded holograms on the fidelity of both the intensity and phase of the reconstructed image. We limit our analysis to the case of lensless Fourier off-axis digital holograms. We derive a theoretical model to predict the effect of quantization noise and we validate this model using experimental results. Based on this, we also show how the resultant noise in the reconstructed image, as well as the speckle that is inherent in digital holography, can be conveniently suppressed by standard speckle reduction techniques. We show that high-quality images can be obtained from binary holograms when speckle reduction is performed.     

一种抗旋转的彩色图像全息水印防伪方案

基于一种用于彩色印刷防伪图像博奇编码的傅里叶计算全息数字水印方法,设计了一种抗旋转的全息水印防伪方案。通过模拟印刷—图像采集—旋转校正—提取水印的仿真实验,研究了采集过程中图像旋转一定角度后提取的水印质量问题。实验表明：该防伪方案对图像采集中的旋转攻击具有较好的鲁棒性,能满足彩色印刷的防伪要求,且旋转角度∈（-90°,0°）∪（0°,90°）时,提取的水印质量较好,能保证识别。另外,该防伪方案对图像采集中的裁剪、磨损、缩放、平移和翻转攻击,也有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于四元数离散傅里叶变换的全息数字水印算法

目的结合四元数和全息技术的优势,将数字水印技术应用在彩色图像中,以提高水印算法的抗攻击能力。方法将四元数离散傅里叶变换和加密傅里叶全息技术应用到数字水印算法。首先对一幅彩色图像进行数据类型的转换,表示成四元数矩阵,然后对其进行四元数离散傅里叶变换,最后基于人眼视觉特性将水印信息加密后利用重复计算选取合适的嵌入强度后嵌入变换得到的频域矩阵中,实现信息隐藏。结果算法能够将彩色图像作为一个整体进行处理,有较好的不可见性。与此同时,提高了四元数域水印对于裁切攻击的抵抗能力。结论该算法在保证水印不可见性的同时能够抵抗一定程度的攻击,满足数字防伪以及版权保护的需要。     

基于Hough变换旋转校正的QR码全息水印算法

目的为了解决QR码图像不易隐藏水印的难题,提出一种针对QR码载体图像的强鲁棒性频率域数字水印算法。方法利用经双随机相位调制的傅里叶全息技术对水印进行加密,同时对QR码载体图像进行包含高斯模糊以及去除视觉敏感区域的预处理,将全息加密水印的奇异值矩阵加权嵌入到经过二级小波分解的QR码的中频系数后进行还原。Hough变换通过坐标系转换检测QR码图像同方向边缘的直线,后进行旋转校正,以提取水印。结果在合适的嵌入强度下,水印保持了良好的不可见性(PSNR=32.3)。经过二值化攻击、信号处理(滤波、噪声、压缩)、几何变换(平移、旋转、缩放)以及打印扫描处理等一系列攻击,提取出的水印依旧清晰可见。结论提出的算法针对各类攻击有较强的鲁棒性,可抵御任意角度旋转攻击,同时兼顾水印的不可见性,针对QR码的防伪技术具有一定的应用价值。     

基于CMYK颜色空间的光全息水印算法研究

在印刷CMYK颜色空间、傅里叶全息加密和数字水印理论的基础上,提出了基于CMYK颜色空间的光全息水印算法。该算法不用转换颜色空间,避免了未印刷就人为导致水印信息的丢失,提高了重建水印的相似度;解密时,由于傅里叶变换的特性,重建水印的共轭图像与原水印图像互相叠加,增强了重建水印的清晰度。实验结果表明,该算法有较好的不可见性和较强鲁棒性,可以抵抗一般图像处理等操作。     

Method of correcting stitching errors in reconstructing a synthetic-aperture digital hologram with seams

We propose a correction method based on the shift theorem of the Fourier transform for the non-integer pixel stitching error in a synthetic-aperture digital hologram with seams. After being Fourier transformed, the sub-holograms stemming from the dislocated recording planes are multiplied by a phase factor and then superposed onto in-place sub-holograms. Finally, the entire hologram is inverse Fourier transformed for reconstruction. This method is applied to simulated particle detection. The results show that the correlation coefficient (CC) between the reconstructed image and the simulated target image is 1.5 times, by comparison with an image that does not involve the phase-factor correction, and particles at the seams are clearly visible. In addition, the effect of noise on the method is small. These verify the feasibility of the method.     

Spatial-phase code-division multiple-access system with multiplexed Fourier holography switching for reconfigurable optical interconnection

A new, to our knowledge, space-variant optical interconnection system based on a spatial-phase code-division multiple-access technique with multiplexed Fourier holography is described. In this technique a signal beam is spread over wide spatial frequencies by an M-sequence pseudorandom phase code. At a receiver side a selected signal beam is properly decoded, and at the same time its spatial pattern is shaped with a Fourier hologram, which is recorded by light that is encoded with the same M-sequence phase mask as the desired signal beam and by light whose spatial beam pattern is shaped to a signal routing pattern. Using the multiplexed holography, we can simultaneously route multisignal flows into individually specified receiver elements. The routing pattern can also be varied by means of switching the encoding phase code or replacing the hologram. We demonstrated a proof-of-principle experiment with a doubly multiplexed hologram that enables simultaneous routing of two signal beams. Using a numerical model, we showed that the proposed scheme can manage more than 250 routing patterns for one signal flow with one multiplexed hologram at a signal-to-noise ratio of ~5.     

窄色域抗打印扫描全息水印算法

目的为了提升水印抗打印扫描攻击的鲁棒性,提出一种窄色域抗打印扫描全息水印算法。方法制作打印机的ICC特性文件,应用特性文件转换宿主图像到CMYK颜色模式,从而获得适应该设备的窄色域,将制成全息图的水印嵌入到宿主图像的DWT域内。结果实验表明,该算法经历打印扫描后可顺利提取水印,且打印扫描后获得的水印图像保真度较高。与在RGB颜色模式中嵌入水印相比,该算法水印的鲁棒性和宿主图像的保真度均具有明显优势;相较于嵌入水印到默认转换的CMYK颜色模式,鲁棒性相当,该算法宿主图像的保真度具有明显优势。结论该窄色域算法可提升打印扫描过程中颜色传递的一致性,结合全息图不可撕毁的优势权衡了鲁棒性与保真度的关系,该算法有益于数字水印在防伪印刷领域的应用。     

Suppression of undesired diffraction orders of binary phase holograms

A method to remove undesired diffraction orders of computer-generated binary phase holograms is demonstrated. Normally, the reconstruction of binary Fourier holograms, made from just two phase levels, results in an undesired inverted image from the minus first diffraction order, which is superposed with the desired one. This can be avoided by reconstructing the hologram with a diffuse light field with a pseudorandom, but known, phase distribution, which is taken into account for the hologram computation. As a consequence, only the desired image is reconstructed, whereas all residual light is dispersed, propagating as a diffuse background wave. The method may be advantageous to employ ferroelectric spatial light modulators as holographic display devices, which can display only binary phase holograms, but which have the advantage of fast switching rates.     

Image hiding in Fourier domain by use of joint transform correlator architecture and holographic technique

Based on joint transform correlator (JTC) architecture and holographic techniques, a new method for image hiding is presented. A hidden image encrypted by JTC architecture is embedded in the Fourier hologram of the host image. Inverse Fourier transform can be used to obtain the watermarked image, and JTC architecture is used to decode the hidden image from the watermarked hologram. Unlike other watermarking techniques, by prechoosing information, the noise added to the recovered hidden image by the host can be reduced. Unlike other watermarking systems based on double random-phase encoding, no conjugate key is used to recover the hidden image. Theoretical analyses have shown the system's feasibility. Computer simulations are presented to verify the system's validity and efficiency. Numerical simulations also show that the proposed system is robust enough to resist attacks, such as occlusion, noise, and filtering.