Relations among criteria of police performance.

Job performance measures consisting of 35 objective indices and ratings on 8 behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) were available for 795 nonminority (mean age, 29.8 yrs) and 147 minority (mean age, 28.2 yrs) police officers. Eight of the 35 objective measures, plus age and job tenure, were used as predictors of the sum of the 8 BARS. Identical predictor sets validly forecast supervisory ratings in both minority and nonminority groups whether or not age and tenure were included. Unit weights were inferior to regression weights in both groups. It is concluded that supervisory ratings are linearly predictable from objective performance indices for both minority and nonminority subordinates, a finding that comports with civil rights legislation and recent US Supreme Court decisions. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some personality characteristics of soldiers exposed to extreme war stress.

Administered the MMPI to 24 Israeli and 433 American soldiers hospitalized for psychiatric reasons and to 12 Israeli and 48 American soldiers hospitalized for medical reasons. All Ss were under 26 yrs of age. The mean profiles of Israeli and American medical and psychiatric groups showed no scale overlap. 21 of 24 Ss in the Israeli psychiatric sample had 4 or more scales above a T score, whereas only 1 of the 12 medical Ss had 2 clinical scales above a T score of 70. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of external correlates of MMPI substance abuse scales across sex and race.

Examined the differential predictive accuracy of 7 MMPI Alcoholism scales and 2 Drug Abuse scales across both sex and race in a sample of alcoholic inpatients. Ss included 69 Black males (mean age 33.1 yrs), 43 White males (mean age 33.5 yrs), 25 Black females (mean age 38.1 yrs), and 34 White females (mean age 38 yrs). Results demonstrate considerable variance among the scales in their ability to predict alcohol and other drug use, expectancies, and consequences. Predictive accuracy within scales also varied across the 4 sex–race subgroups. (l9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Structure of personality needs in a young, deviant, male population.

Group profiles and personality trait factor structures on Form B of the Personality Research Form (PRF) are contrasted between 122 male prisoners (aged 17–56 yrs; mean age 24 yrs) and D. N. Jackson's (1974) normative sample of 1,000 male college students. Beyond expected mean level differences in the group profiles, interesting variations were found in the factor structures of the 2 groups. These differences suggest that the PRF measures some group-specific personality dimensions in inmates. Clinical and research implications of prisoner PRF factors are discussed in the context of the correctional psychology. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Erratum to Cascio and Valenzi.

Reports an error in the original article by Wayne F. Cascio and Enzo R. Valenzi (Journal of Applied Psychology, 1978, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 22-28). In the last sentence of the Results section of the article, the values are incorrect. The corrected values for line 33 of page 26 are provided. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1979-24955-001.) Job performance measures consisting of 35 objective indices and ratings on 8 behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) were available for 795 nonminority (mean age, 29.8 yrs) and 147 minority (mean age, 28.2 yrs) police officers. Eight of the 35 objective measures, plus age and job tenure, were used as predictors of the sum of the 8 BARS. Identical predictor sets validly forecast supervisory ratings in both minority and nonminority groups whether or not age and tenure were included. Unit weights were inferior to regression weights in both groups. It is concluded that supervisory ratings are linearly predictable from objective performance indices for both minority and nonminority subordinates, a finding that comports with civil rights legislation and recent US Supreme Court decisions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predicting prison adjustment with structured personality inventories.

Investigated the degree to which individual scales and multivariate combinations of scales on the MMPI and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) could predict criteria of adjustment in prison. Ss were 1,313 male inmates (mean age 22.2 yrs) at a federal correctional institution who were admitted over a 2-yr period. Two-thirds of the sample was used as a derivation sample and one-third was used for cross-validation. Ss completed the scales soon after incarceration. Results support the construct validity of several MMPI and CPI scales, but the absolute magnitude of the associations was low. Combinations of MMPI and CPI scales produced higher multiple correlations but generally did not hold up on cross-validation. It is concluded that neither the MMPI or CPI scales or weighted linear combinations thereof provided enough accuracy to be used alone for individual actuarial prediction. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Seven MMPI alcohol and drug abuse scales: An empirical investigation of their interrelationships, convergent and discriminant validity, and degree of racial bias.

Investigated the interrelationships, convergent and discriminant validity, and magnitude of racial differences on 5 MMPI alcohol scales and 2 drug scales with a sample of 1,048 inmates (mean age 22.3 yrs) who were heavy and moderate alcohol users, heavy and moderate drug users, and nonpsychoactive substance users. Five scales showed some degree of convergent or discriminant validity. Racial differences were observed on 5 scales, with Blacks scoring lower on all these scales except one. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Identification of multiple sclerosis using double discrimination scales derived from the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery: An attempt at cross-validation.

Administered the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery to 3 groups of matched Ss: 14 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (mean age 35 yrs), 14 normals, and 14 brain-damaged (BD) Ss. The 76 items comprising the double-discrimination scales were derived from all Ss, and statistical comparisons were performed. Neither of the 2 scales were effective in discriminating MS from BD Ss, and no MS S was correctly diagnosed by either scale. Failure to cross-validate the scales is discussed in terms of the differences between the C. J. Golden's (1979) and the present sample. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WAIS—R factor structure in psychiatric and general medical patients.

Examined the factor structure of the WAIS—R in a sample of 200 general medical (GM) patients and 271 psychiatric patients. The mean age of the Ss was 38.9 yrs. Results of 2- and 3-factor principal factor solutions with varimax rotations were compared to the factor structure of the WAIS—R normative sample (n?=?1,880) and a sample of vocational counseling patients (n?=?84), as well as an additional sample of psychiatric patients (n?=?114). Across all of these samples, coefficients of congruence for the 1st 2 factors (Verbal, Performance) were .97 or greater, and coefficients of congruence for the 3rd factor (Freedom From Distractability) ranged from .93 to .97. Results indicate that the WAIS—R has a robust factor structure and provides empirical evidence for the existence of Verbal, Performance, and Freedom From Distractability factors on the WAIS—R in psychiatric and medical populations. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sex similarities in verbal and performance IQ deficits following unilateral cerebral lesions.

Investigated whether men and women produce similar Verbal IQ and Performance IQ patterns following unilateral cerebral lesions. Ss included 24 women (mean age 43.96 yrs) and 24 men (mean age 45.08 yrs) with independent neurological evidence of neoplastic or vascular lesions of the right cerebral hemisphere, 24 women (mean age 47.88 yrs) and 24 men (mean age 47.50 yrs) with such lesion evidence of the left cerebral hemisphere, and 14 female (mean age 46.43 yrs) and 14 male (mean age 45.50 yrs) controls. Each group was equated for education, lesion site, severity, chronicity, and etiology. Ss were administered the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, and differences in Verbal and Performance IQ values were compared. Contrary to reports in the literature, no consistent evidence of Sex?×?Lesioned Hemisphere interactions was found. Differences in the lateralization effects between men and women were not reflected in direction or pattern but only in magnitude, arguing against a theory of differential cognitive lateralization according to sex. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cohort differences in attitudes toward mental health services among older persons.

In order to investigate historical shifts in attitudes toward mental health and mental health services, two independent samples of older adults separated by a 14-year time interval were administered questionnaires. There were 91 in the 1977 sample (mean age 69.91 yrs) and 116 in the 1991 sample (mean age 71.94 yrs). Four newly created, internally consistent scales assessed multiple dimensions of their mental health attitudes (breadth of conceptions, bias, openness to help, range of problems). Analyses suggested that the younger cohorts of older adults held more positive attitudes toward mental health and mental health services than the older cohorts. These cohort differences remained when controlled for age, level of education, self-reported health, and income. These data indicate a positive cohort shift in attitudes toward mental health, a finding with numerous implications for the design and implementation of mental health services for future cohorts of older persons. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: The Reasons for Living Inventory.

65 adults generated 72 distinct reasons for not committing suicide; these were reduced to 48 by factor analyses performed on 2 additional samples, and the items were arranged into the Reasons for Living Inventory (RFL), which requires a rating of how important each reason would be for living if suicide were contemplated. In addition, factor analyses indicated 6 primary reasons for living: Survival and Coping Beliefs, Responsibility to Family, Child-Related Concerns, Fear of Suicide, Fear of Social Disapproval, and Moral Objections. The RFL was then given to 2 additional samples, 197 Seattle shoppers (mean age 36 yrs) and 175 psychiatric inpatients (mean age 31 yrs). Both samples were divided into several suicidal (ideators and parasuicides) and nonsuicidal groups. Separate multivariate ANOVAs indicated that the RFL differentiated suicidal from nonsuicidal Ss in both samples. In the shopping-center sample, the Fear of Suicide scale further differentiated between previous ideators and previous parasuicides. In the clinical sample, the Child-Related Concerns scales differentiated between current suicide ideators and current parasuicides. In both samples, the Survival and Coping, the Responsibility to Family, and the Child-Related Concerns scales were most useful in differentiating the groups. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ethnic, socioeconomic, and home language influences upon early performance on measures of abilities.

Administered the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities to 84 Chicano and 87 non-Hispanic White Ss (aged 2 yrs 6 mo) to examine the levels and profiles of performance in 5 ability areas (verbal, reasoning, quantitative, memory, and motor). Data on family and language characteristics were obtained by individually administered interviews of mothers (Chicano mothers' mean age 28.4 yrs, non-Hispanic mothers' mean age 30.7 yrs) in their own homes. Results show ethnic group differences in (1) the absolute levels of performance and (2) the shapes of the profiles formed by the configuration of performance across the various ability areas. Chicanos' average performance was poorer on measures of verbal and quantitative ability and short-term memory. Analyses showed that these differences can be explained on the basis of the relatively low SES level and language minority status that characterized a disproportionately large number of Chicano families. Tests of regression parallelism in MANOVA are appended. (50 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MMPI profile characteristics of psychiatric patients in an urban Canadian setting.

Studied the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of 363 inpatient and outpatient urban Canadian psychiatric patients (mean age = 31.5 yrs). The profiles as a group did not differ markedly from 2 recent American samples in their single most elevated clinical scales, in the most commonly occurring 2-point code types, or in classifiability according to the profile typology of P. A. Marks and W. Seeman (1963). With no rule violations, the Marks and Seeman typology classified only 20% of the sample; allowing 1 rule violation per profile increased the classification rate to only 41%. Further research into the applicability of American MMPI clinical lore to English-speaking Canadian populations is encouraged. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Replicated MMPI subtypes for alcoholic men and women: Relationship to self-reported drinking behaviors.

Derived replicated MMPI clusters for 188 inpatient alcoholic males (mean age 40 yrs) and 112 inpatient alcoholic females (mean age 41 yrs) and conducted subsequent MANOVAS with the resulting subtypes for men and women to evaluate differences on an alcohol-use inventory measuring Ss' alcohol expectancies, patterns of use, and drinking consequences. It is noted that shortcomings of previous cluster-analytic research include failure to replicate clusters across separate samples and lack of external measures against which to evaluate the predictive validity of cluster typologies. In the present study, the alcoholic male sample included 94 experimental and 94 replication Ss, while the female sample included 56 experimental and 56 replication Ss. The MMPI was administered to all 150 experimental Ss, and the same MMPI scale scores were obtained from replication Ss' hospital records. The alcohol-use inventory was administered to all 150 experimental Ss. MANOVA revealed significant differences among subtypes of alcoholic women, but relatively poor differentiation among subtypes of men by these measures. Among women, increasing psychopathology on the MMPI was predictive of increasing quantities of alcohol intake and other substance abuse, obsessive preoccupation with alcohol consumption, and affective and physiological disturbances related to drinking consequences. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The personality of societal groups.

Examined the personality of social situations and evidence for the construct validity of the Multivariate Personality Inventory (MPI). The instrument was administered to 20 car salespersons (mean age 39.75 yrs), 25 fundamentalist church members (mean age 27.8 yrs), 40 campus nondenominational church members (mean age 21.28 yrs), 15 patrons of singles bars (mean age 27 yrs), 50 members of women's social organizations (mean age 32.39 yrs), 131 sorority members (mean age 20.25 yrs), 32 women's softball team members (mean age 27.38 yrs), 31 medical technologists (mean age 31.13 yrs), and 44 computer programmers (mean age 31.58 yrs). ANOVA yielded a significant scale effect and a significant interaction between the social-occupational groups and their scores on the personality scales. Five of the 7 groups about which predictions were made endorsed the predicted personality scale. Church members endorsed more depressive items, computer programmers endorsed more compulsive items, car salespersons endorsed more manic items, and sorority members endorsed more hysteric items. Findings support the hypothesis of the existence of a personality of situations and provide construct validity evidence for the MPI. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Generalization of the WAIS—R factor structure with a vocational rehabilitation sample.

Investigated the robustness of the WAIS—R factor structure with a generalization sample of 85 psychiatric and medical patients (mean age 35.38 yrs) receiving vocational rehabilitation services at a VA medical center. A principal factor analysis followed by varimax rotation identified the Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization factors. Coefficients of congruence indicate that the results are highly consistent with those reported by A. B. Silverstein (1982) for the standardization sample and provide added justification for specific interpretation of the WAIS—R Verbal and Performance IQs in this clinical group. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Empirical validation of the Marital Satisfaction Inventory in a nonclinical sample.

50 couples from the general population were interviewed conjointly using the Marital Satisfaction Inventory (MSI), and spouses were rated separately on a 76-item checklist pertaining to various aspects of their marriage. The mean age of the sample was 36.9 yrs. Subsequent analyses identified 269 significant Scale?×?Criterion correlations, including 203 replicated in independent mixed subsamples. Both the overall distribution and relative magnitude of correlations supported the basic interpretive intent of MSI scales. Discussion contrasts current results with previous findings using distressed samples and addresses implications for clinical use of the MSI. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neuroticism and extraversion in Turner's Syndrome.

Administered the Maudsley Personality Inventory to 5 groups of female Ss: (a) 13 Turner Syndrome Ss (mean age 19 yrs 2 mo) with karyotype 45X, (b) 18 Turner Syndrome (TS) Ss (mean age 26 yrs 11 mo) with other types of sex chromosomal abnormalities, (c) 16 sisters of Ss (mean age 24 yrs 2 mo), (d) 9 Ss with growth retardation and primary amenorrhea (mean age 22 yrs 4 mo), and (e) 19 nurses (mean age 22 yrs 8 mo). The results are compared to English and American normative values. The total group of TS Ss obtained a low Neuroticism (N) score compared to the control groups. When the total group was divided on the basis of their karyotypes, the low N score could be referred solely to Ss with karyotype 45X, who scored significantly lower than any other group tested so far with the MPI. TS Ss with chromosomal abnormalities other than 45X scored within normal limits. No variables other than karyotype 45X were related to an extremely low N score. It is concluded that exceptional emotional stability, as reflected in a very low N score on the MPI, is concomitant with the total absence of one sex chromosome, which is probably due to a developmental abnormality of the CNS. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Multimodal assessment of impulsiveness in abusing, neglecting, and nonmaltreating mothers and their preschool children.

Three groups of 12 mothers who had a history of child abuse (mean age 26.67 yrs), child neglect (mean age 25.75 yrs), or no known history of child maltreatment (mean age 29.08 yrs) and their 48–70 mo old children were compared on the nature and extent of their impulsiveness in a multimodal assessment procedure. Children were also rated by their mothers on the Revised Conners Parent Rating Scale and by their teachers on the Conners Teacher Rating Scale. Results indicate that comparison mothers performed better than did abusing mothers on 2 measures of motor inhibition, a modified Matching Familiar Figures Test and the Stroop Color and Word Test. Neglectful mothers rated their children as having more conduct problems than did comparison mothers. No significant differences were found on the other child measures of impulsiveness. Implications for assessing and treating child maltreatment are discussed. (48 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)