负载金属对复合炭极板电极的电化学性能研究

用高比表面积活性炭作为原料,酚醛树脂为粘结剂,在高温下粘结成型制备固体超级电容器用活性炭极板,用直流恒流循环实验考察活性炭极板电极的电化学性能.在活性炭中负载不同种类金属离子,考察金属离子的电化学性能对活性炭极板比电容的影响.实验发现负载廉价金属Mn、Co、Cu可以增加放电容量,负载金属Mn的电极在700℃炭化时比电容为265 F·g-1.     

超级电容器用活性炭电极材料的研究进展

活性炭因具有制备简单、成本低、比表面积大、导电性好以及化学稳定性高等特点,作为超级电容器电极材料已得到广泛应用.论述了活性炭电极超级电容器的工作原理及活性炭物化性质对超级电容器电化学性能的影响,介绍了活性炭电极材料的最新研究进展,展望了其应用前景,指出寻找新炭源及活化技术、探索活性炭孔结构和表面性质的有效控制手段、开发活性炭复合材料等是该领域今后研究的重点方向.     

氧官能团对活性炭超级电容器电容性能的影响（英文）

活性炭作为一种电极材料广泛应用于商业超级电容器中。炭材料表面的氧官能团是影响超级电容器电容性能的重要因素之一。通过(NH_4)_2S_2O_8温和的氧化过程在活性炭上引入氧官能团,并在不同温度下热处理样品来进一步除去氧官能团,同时又保留了活性炭原始的孔结构。结果表明,在水系电解液中,含氧官能团,特别是羧基和羰基,不仅加强了电解液在电极中的扩散,而且通过引入赝电容来提高电容。在300℃惰性气氛热处理后可以增加电极材料的电容和倍率性能。然而,不适量的氧官能团会堵塞活性炭的孔,导致其电化学性能差。在有机电解液中,含氧官能团会降低电极材料的电容,但在700℃惰性气氛热处理后可以有效提升材料的电容。研究结果揭示了氧官能团与电化学性能之间的关系,对于设计实际应用中的高性能超级电容器至关重要。     

超级电容器碳电极材料制备工艺优化与性能

以碳化后的中间相沥青为前驱体、KOH为活化剂制备了超级电容器用活性炭电极材料,考察了KOH活化温度和碱碳比对所制备的超级电容器用活性炭电极材料的孔隙结构和电化学行为的影响,分析了不同工艺条件下所制备的活性炭电极材料的孔结构和电化学性能的影响因素。结果表明,于800℃活化温度和4∶1碱碳比条件下制备的活性炭电极在1mol/L(C2H5)4NBF4/PC时的最大比电容量可达103.2F/g,活性炭孔结构和比电容量的变化依赖于具体的处理工艺,中孔的含量对活性炭电极的比电容量会产生重要影响。     

微波法煤基活性炭的制备及其电化学性能研究

以内蒙古优质褐煤为原料,KOH为活化剂,采用微波加热活化法制备超级电容器用活性炭,利用低温氮气吸附及恒流充放电、循环伏安等方法测定活性炭的孔结构及其用作电极材料的电化学性能,并与日本商业化超级电容器用活性炭在结构及性能方面进行对比分析。结果表明,在碱炭比为3,微波活化时间为20min的条件下,可制备出比表面积达2593m2/g、总孔容达1.685cm3/g、孔径主要分布在0.5～10nm之间、中孔率达67.3%、平均孔径为2.61nm的优质活性炭。该活性炭用作超级电容器电极材料在3mol/L KOH电解液中具有优异的电化学性能,电流密度由50mA/g提高到10A/g时,其比电容由346F/g降低到273F/g,显示出良好的功率特性,经1000次循环后,比电容保持率为93.2%。与商业活性炭相比,微波法活性炭的性能更加优良。     

预活化时间对稻壳基活性炭结构和电化学性能的影响

以农业废料稻壳为碳源,氢氧化钠为活化剂,采用干法两步活化法制备活性炭。X射线衍射分析表明该法能有效去除稻壳中的灰分,提高活性炭的孔隙率。扫描电镜结果表明,活性炭具有发达的孔隙结构。以活性炭制备超级电容器的电极,并组装成扣式电容器。采用恒流充放电、循环伏安、交流阻抗等测定超级电容器的电化学性能,并着重探究了预活化时间对活性炭的结构及电化学性能的影响。结果表明,预活化时间为120 min的活性炭的比电容最大,在0.25 A/g电流密度下,可达219F/g,经过1 000次循环后,其电容保持率仍达85.4%。这表明活性炭电极具有较理想的电容特性,且循环性能稳定。     

一种新型氧化还原活性凝胶电解质在超级电容器中的应用

以2-巯基吡啶(PySH)为氧化还原活性介质,以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为聚合物基体,采用溶液共混法制备了PVA-H2SO4-PySH凝胶电解质,研究了PySH添加量对凝胶电解质离子电导率的影响,并组装了活性炭电极超级电容器,利用循环伏安、恒流充放电、交流阻抗谱和自放电等测试对超级电容器电化学性能进行了表征。结果表明,PySH的引入提高了凝胶电解质的离子电导率,同时也改善了超级电容器的电化学性能,在相同电流密度下,超级电容器电极比电容由137F/g提高为394F/g,能量密度由3.6Wh/kg提高到12.4Wh/kg,经过3000次充放电循环后比电容保持率为89%。     

一种新型氧化还原活性凝胶电解质在超级电容器中的应用

以2-巯基吡啶(PySH)为氧化还原活性介质,以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为聚合物基体,采用溶液共混法制备了PVA-H2SO4-PySH凝胶电解质,研究了Py-SH添加量对凝胶电解质离子电导率的影响,并组装了活性炭电极超级电容器,利用循环伏安、恒流充放电、交流阻抗谱和自放电等测试对超级电容器电化学性能进行了表征。结果表明,PySH的引入提高了凝胶电解质的离子电导率,同时也改善了超级电容器的电化学性能,在相同电流密度下,超级电容器电极比电容由137F/g提高为394F/g,能量密度由3.6Wh/kg提高到12.4Wh/kg,经过3000次充放电循环后比电容保持率为89%。     

高性能炭电极材料的制备和电化学性能研究

以胡桃壳为前躯体,采用ZnCl2化学活化法制备炭电极材料,研究了活化剂与果壳的不同混合质量比例对炭材料性质的影响,用氮气吸附和傅立叶红外表征活性炭材料的比表面积、孔结构和表面性质,结果表明:活性炭材料表面存在着含氧官能团,为一种高微孔无定形炭材料;以制备的活性炭为电极材料,KOH为电解液构成超级电容器,采用循环伏安、恒流充放电等电化学方法研究了其电化学性能,结果表明:制备的活性炭电极材料表现出理想的电化学电容行为,比电容高达271.0F/g,漏电流和等效串联电阻分别只有0.25mA和0.39Ω,稳定性很高,循环充放电5000次后,电容量仍保持88%以上.     

酚醛基活性炭布的制备及电化学性能研究

以实验室自制的酚醛基纤维布为原料,以二氧化碳为活化剂制备了系列酚醛基活性炭布(Activated Carbon Cloths,ACCs),利用低温N2(77K)吸附法测定了所制活性炭布的孔结构,并将所制得活性炭布用做超级电容器电极材料,采用恒流充放电法和交流阻抗技术考察了所制模拟电容器的电化学性能(电解液:1 M(CH...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...