Ad Libitum or Twice Daily Feeding of Acidified Milk Replacer to Calves Housed Individually in Warm and Cold Environments

Forty-two Holstein calves were assigned randomly to treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of two milk replacer feeding systems (ad libitum vs. twice daily feeding of cold acidified milk replacer) and two housing types (warm vs. cold). The objectives were to compare the cold ad libitum system with a twice daily regimen and to evaluate its use under two housing types. For wk 1 to 5, calves fed ad libitum consumed more dry milk replacer (.86 vs. .65 kg/d), less calf starter (.07 vs. .15 kg/d), and less free choice water (.50 vs. 1.29 kg/d) than calves fed twice daily. Gains for ad libitum vs. twice daily were not different, but were significantly higher for cold than warm housing possibly due to respiratory problems in the barn. Calves did not increase consumption of replacer in response to cold housing. For wk 6 to 8, no differences in intake were observed, but daily gains were higher for calves in warm housing (.74 vs. .49 kg). There were no differences in weights or daily gain at 24, 36, or 52 wk of age. Plasma glucose was higher for calves fed ad libitum (127.1 vs. 110.6 mg/dl). All calves showed two distinct plasma glucose peaks during a day, indicating that calves fed ad libitum may consume two meals per day instead of small frequent meals.Ad libitum feeding of acidified replacer did not result in improved growth despite higher replacer intakes. There were no differences in response to ad libitum feeding in warm or cold housing.     

饲喂大豆类代乳料对犊牛生长发育和日粮养分消化率的影响

研究饲喂含常规大豆蛋白代乳料对犊牛生长增重、小肠发育和日粮养分消化率的影响.结果表明:A、B组日粮的养分表观消化率和氮沉积率明显低于C组,其中粗蛋白质表观消化率和氮沉积率差异显著(P＜0.05);A、B组犊牛小肠发育不良,小肠绒毛高度差异极显著(P＜0.01),平均日增重仅为C组的48.28%和70.96%,说明去皮豆粕和全脂大豆不宜作为36日龄前的犊牛代乳料的蛋白质来源.     

Effect of Duodenal Infusion of Glucose on Blood Parameters,Ileal Flow,and Digestibility in Preruminant Calves Fed a Nonclotting Milk Replacer

Four Holstein male calves, each fitted with a simple duodenal cannula and a reentrant ileal cannula at 7 to 10 d of age, were fed a nonclotting milk replacer based on skim milk powder. The calves were divided into two groups and were infused with either saline (control) or a saline-glucose solution (treatment) according to a switchover design. Glucose infusion improved N retention and decreased plasma concentration of amino acids and urea. Insulin and triglycerides in plasma were not different between the two groups. Ileal flow and digestibility of dietary components were not affected by glucose infusion. The data suggest that additional energy as glucose is needed to optimize N utilization in preruminant calves fed a nonclotting milk replacer.     

Cholesterol,Hemoglobin, and Mineral Composition from Nonruminating Holstein Bull Calves as Affected by a Milk Replacer Diet in High Phosphorus and Alpha-Tocopherol Supplement,

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary to copherol and P on the serum cholesterol, muscle cholesterol, serum vitamin E, and mineral composition of nonruminating calves. A milk replacer diet was supplemented with a high monosodium phosphate (18 g· calf⁻¹ ·d⁻¹) and vitamin E (as coated dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate 100 IU· calf⁻¹ ·d⁻¹) and was fed to Holstein bull calves (n = 15) for 2 wk prior to slaughter. This significantly decreased serum and muscle cholesterol; increased vitamin E, P, Ca in serum; and simultaneously reduced serum Na content 15% when compared with that of the control group (n = 15). There were no treatment effects on serum K, Mg, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin values. These findings may be beneficial in regulating the incidence of coronary heart disease if dietary tocopherol and P could cause the same effect in humans.     

The Effect of Improving Sanitation Prior to Milking on Milk Quality of Dairy Cow in Farmer Group

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of environmental and pre-milking sanitation on milk quality of dairy cow in the farmers. Milk quality were measured from samples that were taken from cows managed by farmers in Pakem, Sleman during the existing condition and implementation of treatment. Twenty three dairy cows were used to observed the effect of treatment, namely improve environmental sanitation and pre-milking. The treatment consisted of cleaning the floor stable, water and feed trough, washing the cow and udder, drying udder and discarded the first milk flow. The results showed that improving sanitation significantly decreased milk acidity from 0.19% to 0.14% and number of bacteria in milk. The treatments could also increase milk density and solid non fat. The study concluded that improving environmental sanitation and pre-milking gave significant effect to milk quality.